J/AJ/170/103 EGPM. III. HPF RVs & activity of young giant planets (Tran+, 2025)
The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration planet search program. III. The occurrence
rate of young giant planets inside the water ice line.
Tran Q.H., Bowler B.P., Cochran W.D., Bender C.F., Halverson S.,
Mahadevan S., Ninan J.P., Robertson P., Roy A., Stefansson G.,
Terrien R.C.
<Astron. J., 170, 103 (2025)>
=2025AJ....170..103T 2025AJ....170..103T
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Radial velocities; Spectra, infrared; Stars, emission
Keywords: Exoplanet migration ; Radial velocity ; Exoplanet evolution ;
Astrostatistics
Abstract:
We present statistical results from the Epoch of Giant Planet
Migration RV planet search program. This survey was designed to
measure the occurrence rate of giant planets interior to the water ice
line of young Sun-like stars, compare this to the prevalence of giant
planets at older ages, and provide constraints on the timescale and
dominant inward migration mechanism of giant planets. Our final sample
amounts to 85 single young (20-200Myr) G and K dwarfs that we target
across a 4yr time baseline with the near-infrared Habitable-zone
Planet Finder spectrograph at McDonald Observatory's Hobby- Eberly
Telescope. As part of this survey, we discovered the young hot Jupiter
HS Psc b. We characterize survey detection completeness with realistic
injection-recovery tests and measure an occurrence rate of
1.9-1.4+2.6% for intermediate-age giant planets
(0.3MJ<Msin(i)<13MJ) within 2.5AU. This is lower than the field
age occurrence rate for the same planet masses and separations and
favors an increase in the prevalence of giant planets over time from
∼100Myr to several Gyr, although our results cannot rule out a
constant rate. A decaying planet occurrence rate is, however, strongly
excluded. This suggests that giant planets located inside the water
ice line originate from a combination of in situ formation or early
migration coupled with longer-term inward scattering. The
completeness-corrected prevalence of young hot Jupiters in our sample
is 1.5-1.1+2.2% -similar to the rate for field stars-and the 95%
upper limit for young brown dwarfs within 5000 days is <3.6% .
Description:
Our survey targets comprise bona fide and high-probability candidate
members of 11 young moving groups (YMGs). Our final statistical sample
consists of 85 young single Sun-like stars with G and K spectral
types.
The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration (EGPM) survey operated between
2018 October and 2024 March using the Habitable Zone Planet Finder
(HPF) spectrograph. HPF is an NIR (0.81-1.27um), high-resolution
(R∼55,000) spectrograph located on the 9.2m Hobby-Eberly Telescope
(HET) at the McDonald Observatory in Texas, USA. Between 2022 May and
June, maintenance was carried out on HPF, which included a vacuum
warm-up and cool-down cycle that introduces a velocity offset in the
RV measurements. We choose to empirically model and correct for this
offset using RV standard stars.
In total, we obtained 2654 spectra across 884 epochs for 104 stars.
The average number of epochs is 9 per star, the average number of
spectra is 26 per star, average time baseline is 1536days (4.2yr),
and the average signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) at 1.07um is 136pixel-1.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
targets.dat 26 107 List of studied objects in this work (added by CDS)
table5.dat 90 85 Properties of the EGPM Sample of Young Stars
table8.dat 122 2198 Relative HPF RVs, activity indicators, and indices
of the Ca II IRT lines for the 85 science targets
table9.dat 97 200 Relative HPF RVs, activity indicators, and indices
of the Ca II IRT lines for the 3 RV standards
table10.dat 120 479 Relative HPF RVs, activity indicators, and indices
of the Ca II IRT lines for the 19 excluded
systems
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/131 : Tonantzintla Pleiades Flare Stars (Haro+ 1982)
III/123B : Dwarf K and M stars of small proper motion (Stephenson 1986)
I/146 : Positions and Proper Motions - North (Roeser+, 1988)
III/150A : Perkins Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars (Keenan+ 1989)
III/182 : HDE Charts: positions, proper motions (Nesterov+ 1995)
III/221A : Catalogue of [Fe/H] of F, G, K stars (Cayrel de Strobel+, 2001)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/352 : Dist. to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/ApJS/85/315 : F, G and K dwarf stars of the Pleiades (Soderblom+ 1993)
J/MNRAS/328/45 : Late-type stars members of young groups (Montes+, 2001)
J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)
J/AJ/128/463 : A preliminary 20pc census from the NLTT cat. (Reid+, 2004)
J/ApJS/152/261 : Chromospheric Ca II emission in nearby stars (Wright+, 2004)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)
J/A+A/460/695 : Search for Associations Containing Young stars (Torres+, 2006)
J/ApJS/172/663 : Infrared observations of the Pleiades (Stauffer+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2524 : Spectra of young nearby stars (White+, 2007)
J/AJ/139/1338 : UV-selected stars in Tau and Upper Sco (Findeisen+, 2010)
J/AJ/140/119 : βPic and AB Dor moving groups members (Schlieder+, 2010)
J/ApJ/757/18 : RVs for 16 hot Jupiter host stars (Albrecht+, 2012)
J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)
J/ApJ/756/46 : Lithium abundances in HIP stars (Ramirez+, 2012)
J/ApJ/762/88 : Young stellar kinematic group candidate members (Malo+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/52 : Abundances of late K and M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/788/81 : BANYAN III. RVel and rotation of low-mass stars (Malo+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)
J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)
J/A+A/590/A13 : New candidate members in young associations (Elliott+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/40 : High resolution NIR RVs of K2-M4 low-mass stars (Gagne+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)
J/A+A/597/A52 : K and G dwarfs stellar granulation variability (Meunier+, 2017)
J/ApJ/836/77 : A library of high-S/N optical spectra of FGKM stars (Yee+, 2017)
J/A+A/614/A55 : Lithium abundance in dwarfs & subgiants (Aguilera-Gomez+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/475/1609 : RV variability in NGC 2516 and NGC 2422 (Bailey+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/473/2465 : New young stars in Pisces Moving Group (Binks+, 2018)
J/ApJ/860/43 : BANYAN. XII. New members from Gaia-Tycho data (Gagne+, 2018)
J/A+A/616/A10 : 46 open clusters GaiaDR2 HR diagrams (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/ApJ/877/60 : YMGs. I. Young binaries & lithium-rich stars (Bowler+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)
J/A+A/638/A5 : HD 285507 and AD Leo light and velocity curves (Carleo+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/235 : Radial Velocity jitters in ∼600 planet host stars (Luhn+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of the dwarf G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/192 : Photometry and RVs of K2-25b with HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/106 : Radial velocities of 12 Psc and HD 159062 (Bowler+, 2021)
J/A+A/650/A39 : SOPHIE and HARPS Young Nearby Stars - YNS (Grandjean+ 2021)
J/ApJS/256/33 : Magellan-TESS Survey (MTS). I. Midsurvey results (Teske+, 2021)
J/ApJ/921/117 : 43yr spect. monitoring of the Pleiades region (Torres+, 2021)
J/A+A/674/A110 : Gl 388 (AD Leo) RV curves (Carmona+, 2023)
J/A+A/669/A12 : HARPS Sco-Cen + SOPHIE YNS and HARPS YNS (Grandjean+ 2023)
J/ApJ/950/92 : Radial velocities and V-band phot. of DI Tau (Tang+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: targets.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Object Object identifier
25- 26 A2 --- Status Status of the object in this work (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Status as follows:
Sc = Science targets (85 occurrences, Tables 5 & 8)
RS = RV standards (3 occurrences, Table 9)
Ex = Excluded systems (19 occurrences, Table 10)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Object Object identifier
25- 28 F4.1 mag Jmag [6.1/11.7] 2MASS (II/246) J-band magnitude
30- 31 I2 --- Nepoch [5/38] Number of visits (composed of three
continuous observations of each target)
33- 35 I3 --- Nspec [15/114] Number of individual observations
(or RVs)
37- 42 F6.1 d dt [728/1900] Time baseline of observations
44- 46 I3 pix-1 SNR [30/454] Signal-to-noise ratio estimated at
1.07um
48- 52 F5.1 m/s sigRV [7.3/829.6] Average radial velocity uncertainty
54- 58 F5.1 m/s rmsRV [8/846.5] Radial velocity rms
60 A1 --- f_rmsRV [*] Rms of RV residuals after subtracting the
best-fit planetary model reported by Tran+
(2024AJ....167..193T 2024AJ....167..193T)
62- 65 F4.1 km/s vsini [1.4/33] Projected rotational velocity measured
in this work
67- 69 F3.1 km/s e_vsini [0.2/7.8] vsini uncertainty
71- 72 A2 --- SpType Spectral type
74- 75 I2 --- r_SpType [1/39] Reference on SpType (1)
77- 87 A11 --- YMG Yound moving group (2)
89- 90 I2 --- r_YMG [2/34] Reference on YMG (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References as follows:
1 = Prosser+1991 (1991AJ....101.1361P 1991AJ....101.1361P)
2 = Stauffer+2007 (J/ApJS/172/663)
3 = Soderblom+1993 (J/ApJS/85/315)
4 = Wilson, 1963 (1963ApJ...138..832W 1963ApJ...138..832W)
5 = Gagne+2018 (J/ApJ/856/23)
6 = Shvonski+2016 (2016arXiv161206924S 2016arXiv161206924S)
7 = Torres+2006 (J/A+A/460/695)
8 = Binks+2018 (J/MNRAS/473/2465)
9 = Roeser+1988 (I/146)
10 = Gagne+2018 (J/ApJ/860/43)
11 = Reid+2004 (J/AJ/128/463)
12 = Zuckerman+2011 (2011ApJ...732...61Z 2011ApJ...732...61Z)
13 = Zuckerman+2004 (2004ApJ...613L..65Z 2004ApJ...613L..65Z)
14 = Kraft, 1967 (1967ApJ...150..551K 1967ApJ...150..551K)
15 = Mendoza, 1956 (1956ApJ...123...54M 1956ApJ...123...54M)
16 = Hill+1952 (1952CoRut..32....1H 1952CoRut..32....1H)
17 = Nesterov+1995 (III/182)
18 = Alcala+1996 (1996A&AS..119....7A 1996A&AS..119....7A)
19 = Torres+2008 (2008hsf2.book..757T 2008hsf2.book..757T)
20 = Findeisen+2010 (J/AJ/139/1338)
21 = Breger, 1984 (1984A&AS...57..217B 1984A&AS...57..217B)
22 = Stephenson, 1986 (III/123B)
23 = White+2007 (J/AJ/133/2524)
24 = Abt, 1988 (1988ApJ...331..922A 1988ApJ...331..922A)
25 = Houk+1999 (1999mctd.book.....H 1999mctd.book.....H)
26 = Cayrel de Strobel+2001 (III/221A)
27 = Gray+2003 (J/AJ/126/2048)
28 = Cannon+1989 (III/135A)
29 = Yoss, 1961 (1961ApJ...134..809Y 1961ApJ...134..809Y)
30 = Adolfsson, 1954 (1954ArA.....1..425A 1954ArA.....1..425A)
31 = Bowler+2015 (J/ApJS/216/7)
32 = Schlieder+2010 (J/AJ/140/119)
33 = Gray+2006 (J/AJ/132/161)
34 = Zuckerman+2013 (2013ApJ...778....5Z 2013ApJ...778....5Z)
35 = Haro+1982 (II/131)
36 = Montes+2001 (J/MNRAS/328/45)
37 = Elliott+2016 (J/A+A/590/A13)
38 = Skiff, 2009 (B/mk)
39 = Soderblom+2005 (2005AJ....129.1616S 2005AJ....129.1616S)
Note (2): Young moving groups as follows:
32 Ori = 3 occurrences
AB Dor = 22 occurrences
Car = 1 occurrence
Carina-Near = 9 occurrences
Columba = 3 occurrences
Oct-Near = 1 occurrence
Pisces = 1 occurrence
Pleiades = 40 occurrences
Tuc-Hor = 1 occurrence
β Pic = 4 occurrences
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 F12.4 d BJD [2458425/2460381] Barycentric Julian Date in
Barycentric Dynamical Time format
14- 20 F7.1 m/s RVel [-1981/1563] Relative radial velocity
22- 27 F6.1 m/s e_RVel [2.2/1697] Uncertainty in RVel
29- 36 F8.1 m2/s2 dLW [-33165/10185] Differential line width
38- 44 F7.1 m2/s2 e_dLW [5/13234] Uncertainty in dLW
46- 50 F5.2 --- CRX [-3.9/2.2] Chromatic index (1)
52- 55 F4.2 --- e_CRX [0/3.2] Uncertainty in CRX (1)
57- 61 F5.3 --- CaIRT1 [0.4/1.7] First Calcium 2 infrared triplet
emission line index
63- 69 F7.3 --- e_CaIRT1 [1e-3/331.7] Uncertainty in CaIRT1
71- 75 A5 --- CaIRT2 Second Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
77- 81 A5 --- e_CaIRT2 Uncertainty in CaIRT2
83- 87 A5 --- CaIRT3 Third Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
89- 93 A5 --- e_CaIRT3 Uncertainty in CaIRT3
95- 98 A4 --- Main Pre- or post-maintenance HPF Observing Window
(2)
100- 122 A23 --- Object Object identifier
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): In units of m/s/Np where Np refers to Neper, or logarithmic (e)
wavelength ratio (Zechmeister+, 2018A&A...609A..12Z 2018A&A...609A..12Z).
Note (2): Maintenance windows as follows:
Pre = Pre-maintenance, before May 2022 (1447 occurrences)
Post = Post-maintenance, after June 2022 (751 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 F12.4 d BJD [2458583/2460256] Barycentric Julian Date in
Barycentric Dynamical Time format
14- 18 F5.1 m/s RVel [-26/45.7] Relative radial velocity
20- 23 F4.1 m/s e_RVel [2.9/18.8] Uncertainty in RVel
25- 30 F6.1 m2/s2 dLW [-109/105.6] Differential line width
32- 35 F4.1 m2/s2 e_dLW [3.4/34.4] Uncertainty in dLW
37- 41 F5.2 --- CRX [-0.04/0.05] Chromatic index (1)
43- 46 F4.2 --- e_CRX [0/0.02] Uncertainty in CRX (1)
48- 52 F5.3 --- CaIRT1 [0.431/1.036] First Calcium 2 infrared triplet
emission line index
54- 58 F5.3 --- e_CaIRT1 [1e-3/2e-3] Uncertainty in CaIRT1
60- 64 A5 --- CaIRT2 Second Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
66- 70 A5 --- e_CaIRT2 Uncertainty in CaIRT2
72- 76 A5 --- CaIRT3 Third Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
78- 82 A5 --- e_CaIRT3 Uncertainty in CaIRT3
84- 87 A4 --- Main Pre- or post-maintenance HPF Observing Window
(2)
89- 97 A9 --- Object Object identifier
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): In units of m/s/Np where Np refers to Neper, or logarithmic (e)
wavelength ratio (Zechmeister+, 2018A&A...609A..12Z 2018A&A...609A..12Z).
Note (2): Maintenance windows as follows:
Pre = Pre-maintenance, before May 2022 (119 occurrences)
Post = Post-maintenance, after June 2022 (81 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 F12.4 d BJD [2458465/2460379] Barycentric Julian Date in
Barycentric Dynamical Time format
14- 20 F7.1 m/s RVel [-7043/8317] Relative radial velocity
22- 27 F6.1 m/s e_RVel [3.8/4207.8] Uncertainty in RVel
29- 36 F8.1 m2/s2 dLW [-22174/108202] Differential line width
38- 43 F6.1 m2/s2 e_dLW [7.9/9671] Uncertainty in dLW
45- 49 F5.2 --- CRX [-3.8/2.4] Chromatic index (1)
51- 55 F5.2 --- e_CRX [0/10.1] Uncertainty in CRX (1)
57- 61 F5.3 --- CaIRT1 [0.4/1.3] First Calcium 2 infrared triplet
emission line index
63- 67 F5.3 --- e_CaIRT1 [1e-3/0.03] Uncertainty in CaIRT1
69- 73 A5 --- CaIRT2 Second Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
75- 79 A5 --- e_CaIRT2 Uncertainty in CaIRT2
81- 85 A5 --- CaIRT3 Third Calcium 2 infrared triplet emission line
index
87- 91 A5 --- e_CaIRT3 Uncertainty in CaIRT3 ed triplet emission line
index uncertainty
93- 96 A4 --- Main Pre- or post-maintenance HPF Observing Window
(2)
98- 120 A23 --- Object Object identifier
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): In units of m/s/Np where Np refers to Neper, or logarithmic (e)
wavelength ratio (Zechmeister+, 2018A&A...609A..12Z 2018A&A...609A..12Z).
Note (2): Maintenance windows as follows:
Pre = Pre-maintenance, before May 2022 (328 occurrences)
Post = Post-maintenance, after June 2022 (151 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
References:
Tran et al. Pap I 2021AJ....161..173T 2021AJ....161..173T
Tran et al. Pap II 2024AJ....167..193T 2024AJ....167..193T
Tran et al. Pap III 2025AJ....170..103T 2025AJ....170..103T This catalog
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 12-Jun-2026