J/AJ/170/52 NETS. II. RV & astrometry of 7 star systems (Giovinazzi+, 2025)
The NEID Earth Twin Survey.
II. Dynamical masses in seven high-acceleration star systems.
Giovinazzi M.R., Blake C.H., Robertson P., Lin A.S.J., Gupta A.F.,
Mahadevan S., Wright J.T., Bardalez Gagliuffi D., Dong J., Fernandes R.B.,
Fitzmaurice E., Halverson S., Kanodia S., Logsdon S.E., Luhn J.K.,
McElwain M.W., Monson A., Ninan J.P., Rajagopal J., Roy A., Schwab C.,
Stefansson G., Terrien R., Eastman J.D., Horner J., Plavchan P.,
Wang S.X., Wilson M.L., Wittenmyer R.A.
<Astron. J., 170, 52 (2025)>
=2025AJ....170...52G 2025AJ....170...52G
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple; Radial velocities; Positional data;
Exoplanets; Photometry; Spectroscopy; Optical; Infrared
Keywords: Binary stars ; Exoplanet astronomy ; Astrometry ; Radial velocity
Abstract:
We present a set of companion dynamical masses and orbital parameters
of seven star systems from the NEID Earth Twin Survey with significant
absolute astrometric accelerations between the epochs of Hipparcos and
Gaia. These include four binary star systems (HD 68017 AB, 61 Cygni
AB, HD 24496 AB, and HD 4614 AB) and three planetary systems (HD
217107, HD 190360, and HD 154345). Our analyses incorporate a long
baseline of RVs that includes over 1100 previously unpublished
measurements from NEID and MINERVA, extending the overall RV baseline
for each system by ∼2.5yr, as well as relative astrometry for the
stellar binary systems where the positions of both stars are well
measured. In each case, the combination of astrometry and RVs
constrains the three-dimensional acceleration of the host star and
enables precise dynamical masses. We publish true masses for three
planets whose measurements were previously entangled with their
inclinations, four stellar masses with ≤1% relative precision, and
improved orbital solutions for all seven systems, including the first
for HD 24496 AB. These solutions not only agree with previous
estimates, but also improve their fidelity. We also explore each
system for evidence of periodic signals in the residuals around our
best-fit models, and discuss the potential that the three planetary
systems have for being directly imaged. With dynamical mass estimates
and reliable orbit ephemerides, these seven star systems represent
promising benchmarks for future stellar and planetary characterization
efforts, and are amenable for further improvement with the upcoming
release of Gaia epoch astrometry.
Description:
We identified seven NEID Earth-Twins Survey (NETS) systems with
significant (>3σ) astrometric acceleration in the Hipparcos-Gaia
Catalog of Accelerations (HGCA; Brandt 2021, J/ApJS/254/42) and
sufficient RV baselines to measure dynamical masses and orbital
parameters. Our targets consist of four binary star systems with no
known hierarchical companions (61 Cygni, HD 68017, HD 24496, and HD
4614) and three single stars with known planets (HD 217107, HD 190360,
and HD 154345).
The majority of relative astrometry measurements used in our analyses
were collected from the Washington Double Star (WDS) catalog
(Mason+2001, B/wds) which earliest measurements date back to 1690.
Additionally, we carefully investigated the literature to identify new
observations. In total, we include 1721 relative astrometric
measurements across our four binary systems.
We performed a thorough search through the literature for published RV
measurements, while also publishing new RVs from MINERVA and NEID. In
total, we have collected 4963 RVs that span more than 35yr. The
spectroscopic observations are:
- The MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array (MINERVA) is a set of
four 0.7m optical telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona, USA. We publish 543 MINERVA RVs across all
four telescopes with typical exposure times of 1800s.
- NEID is a high-resolution (R∼110,000) spectrometer with a broad
spectral grasp (λ=380-930nm) located at the WIYN 3.5m Telescope
on Kitt Peak in Arizona, USA. We publish 417 new NEID RVs from 2021
May 31 to 2022 June 12 across all seven of our systems.
- ELODIE is a fiber-fed echelle spectrograph installed on the 1.93m
reflector telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France,
sensitive to a wavelength range of λ=390.6-681.1nm with a
resolution of R∼42,000. Boisse+2012 (J/A+A/545/A55) published 49 RVs
from ELODIE to recover HD 154345 b. Naef+2003 (J/A+A/410/1051) used
the spectrograph to report the discovery of HD 190360 b using 56 RVs
reduced from ELODIE spectra.
- The Spectrographe pour l'Observation des Phenomenes des Interieurs
stellaires et des Exoplanetes (SOPHIE) is a fiber-fed echelle
spectrograph that replaced ELODIE. SOPHIE has two modes: high-resolution
(R=75,000) and high-efficiency (R=40,000), both spanning the
wavelength range λ=387.2-694.3nm. Boisse+2012 (J/A+A/545/A55)
collected 10 RVs in the high-resolution mode for HD 154345 to refine
the orbital solution for HD 154345 b.
- The Advanced Fiber Optic Echelle (AFOE) is a fiber-fed echelle
spectrograph with a maximum resolution of R∼56,000 and a sensitivity
to wavelengths between 400 and 700nm installed on the Tillinghast 1.5m
telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, USA.
Naef+2003 (J/A+A/410/1051) also published 13 RVs taken using AFOE to
aid in the discovery of HD 190360 b.
- CORALIE is an echelle spectrograph (R∼60,000, λ=390-680nm)
installed on the Euler Swiss telescope at La Silla Observatory in
Chile. Naef+2001 (J/A+A/375/205) published 63 RVs on HD 217107 to
confirm the presence of the hot Jupiter HD 217107 b. These
observations also revealed a long-term residual trend that was
ultimately determined to be due to the outer planet HD 217107 c.
- The Tull spectrograph (R∼60,000) is sensitive to a wavelength range
of λ∼340-1000nm and is installed at the McDonald Observatory's
Harlan J. Smith telescope in Texas, USA. Wittenmyer+2007 (J/ApJ/654/625)
published 23 RVs using Tull on the HD 217107 planetary system to
refine the system parameters.
- The Hamilton spectrograph installed at the Lick Observatory's Shane
3m telescope in California, USA, is capable of making broadband
(λ=0.34-1.10um) spectroscopic measurements up to a resolution
of R=60,000. We include 626 RVs published by Rosenthal+2021 (J/ApJS/255/8)
that were taken using Hamilton across 61 Cygni A/B, HD 4614, HD 217107,
and HD 190360.
- The high-resolution echelle spectrometer (HIRES) has R=67,000 with a
wavelength range spanning λ=0.31-1.10um located at Keck
Observatory on the 10m Keck I telescope in Hawaii, USA. We use 228 RV
measurements from HIRES taken prior to the CCD upgrade in 2004
(between HD 68017, HD 154345, HD 190360, HD 24496, and HD 217107) and
1514 taken after (spanning all seven systems), all published by
Rosenthal+2021 (J/ApJS/255/8).
- The Automated Planet Finder (APF) is an optical spectrograph with a
wavelength range of λ=0.37-0.97um configured with the 2.4m
telescope on Mount Hamilton at Lick Observatory in California, USA,
that can achieve a resolution up to R=150,000. We use 2195 RVs from
APF that were published by Rosenthal+2021 (J/ApJS/255/8) for 61 Cygni
A/B, HD 68017, HD 190360, HD 4614, and HD 217107.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
targets.dat 154 8 List of targets (Table added by CDS)
table2.dat 50 1721 Relative astrometry
table3.dat 47 5895 Relative radial velocity measurements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
III/135A : Henry Draper Cat. and Extension (Cannon+ 1918-1924; ADC 1989)
J/A+A/375/205 : The CORALIE survey for extrasolar planets V (Naef+ 2001)
J/A+A/410/1051 : ELODIE surv. for north. extra-solar planets. II. (Naef+, 2003)
J/ApJ/646/505 : Catalog of nearby exoplanets (Butler+, 2006)
J/ApJS/168/297 : Stellar parameters of nearby cool stars (Takeda+, 2007)
J/ApJ/654/625 : Radial velocities of 9 long-period objects (Wittenmyer+, 2007)
J/ApJ/680/728 : Diameters of exoplanet host stars (Baines+, 2008)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/ApJ/718/810 : Astrometry and Photometry in the Arches cluster (Stolte+, 2010)
J/A+A/545/A55 : Extrasolar planets. Radial veloc. of 5 stars (Boisse+, 2012)
J/ApJ/746/101 : Diameters and temperatures of AFG stars (Boyajian+, 2012)
J/ApJ/771/40 : Main-sequence A, F, G, and K stars phot. (Boyajian+, 2013)
J/AJ/147/86 : From binaries to multiples. I. The FG-67 sample (Tokovinin, 2014)
J/AJ/147/87 : From binaries to multiples. II. Stat. data (Tokovinin, 2014)
J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)
J/AJ/154/183 : Speckle interferometry at the USNO. XXII. (Mason+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. 1305 stars (Petigura+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/136 : Planets & their host stars with Gaia parallaxes (Stassun+, 2017)
J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV. RECONS discoveries (Henry+, 2018)
J/ApJS/239/14 : Revised exoplanet radii from Gaia DR2 (Johns+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/240 : Speckle interferometry at the USNO. XXIII. (Mason+, 2018)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/484/L8 : Correcting HIRES/Keck RVs for systematic err. (Tal-Or+, 2019)
J/AN/341/762 : CCD observations of visual double stars (Izmailov+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/496/851 : Planet candidates from K2 Campaigns 1-13 (Wittenmyer+, 2020)
J/ApJS/254/42 : Hipparcos-Gaia (EDR3) Catalog of Accelerations (Brandt, 2021)
J/AJ/161/130 : List of 100 targets for the NEID Earth Twin Surv. (Gupta+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/134 : Survey of stellar & planetary comp. within 25pc (Hirsch+, 2021)
J/AJ/162/53 : Speckle interferometry at the USNO. XXIV. (Mason+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/510/2041 : Planetary systems study with GALAH surveys (Clark+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/81 : Radial velocity and photometric flux of TOI-3757 (Kanodia+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/200 : Robo-AO of northern stars companions (Salama+, 2022)
J/AJ/168/118 : Relative RVs for KELT-24 taken from MINERVA (Giovinazzi+, 2024)
J/ApJS/274/35 : The California Legacy Surv. V. Activ. cycles (Isaacson+, 2024)
J/A+A/682/A145 : Gaia FGK benchmark stars v3 (Soubiran+, 2024)
J/AJ/169/107 : Radial velocity curves of Gaia-4 and Gaia-5 (Stefansson+, 2025)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: targets.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Star Target name in this work
10- 15 I6 --- HD Henry Draper Catalog (III/135A)
identifier
17- 22 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos Catalog (I/311) identifier
24- 42 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 (I/355) identifier
44- 51 F8.2 --- RVZP-NEID [-1028/753] RV zero-point offsets for
NEID (1)
53- 59 F7.2 --- RVZP-MINERVA1 [-593/17]? RV zero-point offsets for
MInerva Telescope 1 (1)
61- 67 F7.2 --- RVZP-MINERVA2 [-597/15]? RV zero-point offsets for
MInerva Telescope 2 (1)
69- 75 F7.2 --- RVZP-MINERVA3 [-610/3]? RV zero-point offsets for
MInerva Telescope 3 (1)
77- 83 F7.2 --- RVZP-MINERVA4 [-605/7]? RV zero-point offsets for
MInerva Telescope 4 (1)
85- 91 F7.2 --- RVZP-HIRESpre [-937/10]? RV zero-point offsets for
HIRES pre-2004 (1)
93- 99 F7.2 --- RVZP-HIRESpost [-941/713] RV zero-point offsets for
HIRES post-2004 (1)
101- 107 F7.2 --- RVZP-APF [-616/730]? RV zero-point offsets for
APF (1)
109- 115 F7.2 --- RVZP-Hamilton [-716/667]? RV zero-point offsets for
Hamilton (1)
117- 122 F6.2 --- RVZP-CORALIE [417.04]? RV zero-point offsets for
CORALIE (1)
124- 127 F4.2 --- RVZP-Tull [1.62]? RV zero-point offsets for Tull
(1)
129- 136 F8.2 --- RVZP-ELODIE [45347/46951]? RV zero-point offsets
for ELODIE (1)
138- 145 F8.2 --- RVZP-AFOE [45349.94]? RV zero-point offsets for
AFOE (1)
147- 154 F8.2 --- RVZP-SOPHIE [46841.77]? RV zero-point offsets for
SOPHIE (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The RV zero-point offsets (RVZP) values are reported as
maximum-likelihood estimate from our analyses and are given in Tables 6 and 7
of the paper. RVZP is set to zero when no observation of the source was done
with that instrument.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Star Target name
10- 17 F8.3 yr Year [1822.7/2021.8] Year of observation
19- 26 F8.5 arcsec rho [0.52/32.05] Angular separation
28- 34 F7.5 arcsec e_rho [5e-5/0.8] Uncertainty in rho
36- 43 F8.4 deg theta [96.5/333.8] Position angle
45- 50 F6.4 deg e_theta [1e-4/5] Uncertainty in theta
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Star Target name
10- 20 F11.3 d JD [2446957/2459743] Julian Date of observation
22- 30 F9.2 m/s RVel [-46986/294.31] Radial velocity (1)
32- 36 F5.2 m/s e_RVel [0.2/50.94] Uncertainty in RVel
38- 47 A10 --- Inst Instrument used to collect data (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): RVel values are quoted as published in the original datasets. Due to
the instruments having different methods for extracting the velocities, some
velocities are absolute (or heliocentric) while some are relative. All
relative RVel values can be recovered using the RV zero-point offsets given
in Tables 6 and 7 of the paper, and Table target on VizieR.
Note (2): Instruments as follows:
AFOE = The Advanced Fiber Optic Echelle spectrograph installed on the
Tillinghast 1.5m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory in Arizona, USA (13 occurrences)
APF = The Automated Planet Finder configured with the 2.4m telescope on
Mount Hamilton at Lick Observatory in California, USA
(2195 occurrences)
CORALIE = The CORALIE spectrograph installed on the Euler Swiss telescope
at La Silla Observatory in Chile (63 occurrences)
ELODIE = The ELODIE spectrograph installed on the 1.93m reflector
telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France
(105 occurrences)
HIRES-post = The HIgh-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer located at Keck
Observatory on the 10m Keck I telescope in Hawaii, USA; after the
CCD upgrade in 2004 (1514 occurrences)
HIRES-pre = The HIgh-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer located at Keck
Observatory on the 10m Keck I telescope in Hawaii, USA; before
the CCD upgrade in 2004 (228 occurrences)
Hamilton = The Hamilton spectrograph installed at the Lick Observatory's
Shane 3m telescope in California, USA (626 occurrences)
MINERVA_T1 = Telescope-1 of the MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array, a
set of four 0.7m optical telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona, USA (200 occurrences)
MINERVA_T2 = Telescope-2 of the MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array, a
set of four 0.7m optical telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona, USA ( 166 occurrences)
MINERVA_T3 = Telescope-3 of the MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array, a
set of four 0.7m optical telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona, USA ( 99 occurrences)
MINERVA_T4 = Telescope-4 of the MINiature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array, a
set of four 0.7m optical telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory on Mt. Hopkins in Arizona, USA (236 occurrences)
NEID = NEID, high-resolution spectrometer located at the WIYN
3.5m Telescope on Kitt Peak in Arizona, USA (417 occurrences)
SOPHIE = The Spectrographe pour l'Observation des Phenomenes des Interieurs
stellaires et des Exoplanetes (SOPHIE) installed on the 1.93m
reflector telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France
(10 occurrences)
Tull = The Tull spectrograph installed at the McDonald Observatory's
Harlan J. Smith telescope in Texas, USA (23 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Gupta et al. Pap I 2025AJ....169....1G 2025AJ....169....1G
Giovinazzi et al. Pap II 2025AJ....170...52G 2025AJ....170...52G This catalog
Gupta et al. Pap III 2025AJ....170..264G 2025AJ....170..264G J/AJ/170/264
Giovinazzi et al. Pap IV 2026AJ....171..286G 2026AJ....171..286G J/AJ/171/286
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 29-Apr-2026