J/AJ/170/70 RV & light curves of 8 gas giant systems (Espinoza-Retamal+, 2025)
The spin-orbit alignment of eight warm gas giant systems.
Espinoza-Retamal J.I., Jordan A., Brahm R., Petrovich C., Sedaghati E.,
Stefansson G., Hobson M.J., Tala Pinto M., Munoz D.J., Boyle G., Leiva R.,
Suc V.
<Astron. J., 170, 70 (2025)>
=2025AJ....170...70E 2025AJ....170...70E
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Photometry; Spectroscopy; Optical; Radial velocities;
Infrared
Keywords: Exoplanets ; Exoplanet systems ; Planetary alignment ;
Exoplanet migration ; Exoplanet dynamics
Abstract:
Essential information about the formation and evolution of planetary
systems can be found in their architectures-in particular, in stellar
obliquity (ψ)-as they serve as a signature of their dynamical
evolution. Here we present ESPRESSO observations of the
Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect of eight warm gas giants, revealing
that, independently of the eccentricities, all of them have relatively
aligned orbits. Our five warm Jupiters (WASP-106 b, WASP-130 b,
TOI-558 b, TOI-4515 b, and TOI-5027 b) have sky-projected obliquities
|λ|∼0-10°, while the two less massive warm Saturns (K2-139 b
and K2-329 A b) are slightly misaligned, having |λ|∼15-25°.
Furthermore, for K2-139 b, K2-329 A b, and TOI-4515 b, we also measure
true 3D obliquities ψ∼15-30°. We also report a nondetection of
the RM effect produced by TOI-2179 b. Through hierarchical Bayesian
modeling of the true 3D obliquities of hot and warm Jupiters, we find
that around single stars warm Jupiters are statistically more aligned
than hot Jupiters. Independent of eccentricities, 95% of the warm
Jupiters have ψ≤25° with no misaligned planets, while hot
Jupiters show an almost isotropic distribution of misaligned systems.
This implies that around single stars warm Jupiters form in
primordially aligned protoplanetary disks and subsequently evolve in a
more quiescent way than hot Jupiters. Finally, we find that Saturns
may have slightly more misaligned orbits than warm Jupiters, but more
obliquity measurements are necessary to be conclusive.
Description:
The eight systems presented here are part of a dedicated survey with
the ESPRESSO spectrograph. The Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky
Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) is an
echelle spectrograph installed at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) ESO's
Paranal Observatory in Chile. It covers a wavelength range from 380 to
788nm at a resolving power of R∼140,000 in single unit telescope
high-resolution mode. We observed a single transit of each planet with
ESPRESSO, except K2-329 A b, which was observed twice.
Simultaneously with ESPRESSO, we observed the transits of WASP-106 b,
WASP-130 b, TOI-558 b, TOI-2179 b, and TOI-5027 b with the station of
the Observatoire Moana located in El Sauce (ES) observatory in Chile.
Observatoire Moana is a global network of small-aperture robotic
optical telescopes. We observed the transits of WASP-106 b, WASP-130
b, TOI-2179 b, and TOI-5027 b using a Sloan r' filter, while for
TOI-558 b we used a Sloan i' filter.
For TOI-2179, we obtained four spectra with the Fiber-fed Extended
Range Optical Spectrograph (FEROS) instrument installed at the 2.2m
MPG telescope in the ESO La Silla Observatory in Chile. The
observations were performed between 2022 January and 2024 July, and we
adopted an exposure time of 1200s.
we made use of most of the publicly available RVs and photometry of
the different targets. The photometric observations include data from:
- The Kepler telescope (K2), Campaigns 7, 12, and 19;
- The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 1 through 5;
- The 0.7m Chilean-Hungarian Automated Telescope (CHAT) at Las
Campanas Observatory (LCO) in Chile;
- The CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS);
- The Evans 50cm robotic telescope at the El Sauce (ES) Observatory in
Chile;
- The KeplerCam CCD on the 1.2m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory in Arizona, USA;
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), with the Cerro
Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile (B, i', and g'
bands), and the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) station
(z' band);
- Observatoire Moana located in El Sauce (ES) observatory in Chile;
- The Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope (PEST) in Australia.
And the spectroscopic observations include data from:
- The CORALIE spectrograph installed on the Euler Swiss telescope at
La Silla Observatory in Chile, pre- and post-2014 update;
- The FIbre-fed Echelle Spectrograph (FIES) on the 2.56m Nordic
Optical Telescope (NOT) at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in
Spain;
- The High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) at ESO
3.6m optical telescope, La Silla Observatory, Chile;
- The High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern
hemisphere (HARPS-N) on the 3.58m Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo
at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain;
- The Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) on the 8.2m Subaru telescope at
the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) in Hawaii, USA;
- The Spectrographe pour l'Observation des Phenomenes des Interieurs
stellaires et des Exoplanetes (SOPHIE) installed on the 1.93m
reflector telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France;
- The Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES) on the 1.5m
Tillinghast telescope at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory in Arizona,
USA.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
targets.dat 33 8 List of targets (Table added by CDS)
lc.dat 57 25474 Light curve data (Data behind Figures A1-A8)
rv.dat 57 542 Radial velocity data (Data behind Figures A1-A8)
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See also:
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)
J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)
J/A+A/516/A95 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HD 80606b (Hebrard+, 2010)
J/ApJ/757/18 : RVs for 16 hot Jupiter host stars (Albrecht+, 2012)
J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)
J/ApJ/780/159 : Rot-mass-age relationship of old field stars (Epstein+, 2014)
J/A+A/570/A64 : WASP-104b and WASP-106b photometry (Smith+, 2014)
J/ApJ/821/89 : 12yrs of radial velocity obs. of exoplanet syst. (Bryan+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/465/3693 : 7 WASP-South transiting exoplanets (Hellier+, 2017)
J/AJ/158/45 : TESS light curve & radial velocities for HD 1397 (Brahm+, 2019)
J/ApJS/251/15 : LAMOST-Kepler/K2 surv. (LK-MRS) 1st year obs. (Zong+, 2020)
J/other/ExA/51.109 : Transit KELT-11b observed by CHEOPS (Benz+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/82 : Phot. & spectroscopic obs. of TOI-954 and K2-329 (Sha+, 2021)
J/A+A/664/A162 : LC and RV for HAT-P-15, 17, 21, 26 and 29 (Mancini+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/104 : NEID and HIRES radial velocity of TOI-1478 (Rice+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/21 : K2-139 G-band photometry with CHEOPS (Smith+, 2022)
J/ApJ/931/L15 : Obs. of two transits of GJ 3470b with NEID (Stefansson+, 2022)
J/AJ/166/159 : WASP-106 b Radial velocity follow up (Harre+, 2023)
J/AJ/168/185 : HATS-38b & WASP-139b: LCs & RVs (Espinoza-Retamal+, 2024)
J/AJ/167/175 : Radial velocity and photometry of TOI-677 (Hu+, 2024)
J/A+A/690/A379 : Obliquities of exoplanet host stars (Knudstrup+, 2024)
J/A+A/694/A268 : Discovery of 4 warm giants (Tala Pinto+, 2025)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: targets.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- Target Target identifier (1)
10- 11 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2015.5) from Gaia
DR3 (I/355) from Gaia DR3 (I/355)
13- 14 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2015.5) from Gaia
DR3 (I/355)
16- 20 F5.2 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2015.5) from Gaia
DR3 (I/355)
22 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2015.5) from Gaia DR3
(I/355)
23- 24 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2015.5) from Gaia DR3
(I/355)
26- 27 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2015.5) from Gaia
DR3 (I/355)
29- 33 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2015.5) from Gaia
DR3 (I/355)
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Note (1): The positional data comes from Table 2 of the paper for all sources,
except for TOI-2179. This source's positional data was taken from Table 2 of
Schlecker+ (2020AJ....160..275S 2020AJ....160..275S).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: lc.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Target Target identifier
10- 23 F14.6 d BJD [2457320/2460504] Barycentric Julian Date
25- 37 F13.6 --- Flux [0.93031/1.03086] Relative flux
39- 48 E10.3 --- e_Flux [5e-5/5.3e-3] Uncertainty in Flux
49- 57 A9 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Instruments as follows:
CHAT = The 0.7m Chilean-Hungarian Automated Telescope (CHAT) at Las
Campanas Observatory (LCO) in Chile; 112 occurrences
CHEOPS = The CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS); 1698 occurrences
EVANS = The Evans 50cm robotic telescope at the El Sauce (ES) Observatory
in Chile; 339 occurrences
K2-C07 = The Kepler telescope, Campaign 7; 154 occurrences
K2-C12 = The Kepler telescope, Campaign 12; 105 occurrences
K2-C19 = The Kepler telescope, Campaign 19; 670 occurrences
KEPLERCAM = KeplerCam CCD on the 1.2m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory in Arizona, USA; 541 occurrences
LCOGT = Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile (i' filter for
TOI-2179 and TOI-5027, g' filter for TOI-4515); 306 occurrences
LCOGT-B = Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile, B filter;
298 occurrences
LCOGT-i = Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) station in Chile in the
i' band; 220 occurrences
LCOGT-z = Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT), South African
Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) station in the z' band;
268 occurrences
MOANA = Observatoire Moana located in El Sauce (ES) observatory in Chile;
2774 occurrences
PEST = The Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope (PEST) in Australia;
117 occurrences
TESS-Y1 = The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 1;
2479 occurrences
TESS-Y2 = The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 2;
62 occurrences
TESS-Y3 = The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 3;
6286 occurrences
TESS-Y4 = The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 4;
4757 occurrences
TESS-Y5 = The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), Year 5;
4288 occurrences
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: rv.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Target Target identifier
10- 23 F14.6 d BJD [2456298/2460551] Barycentric Julian Date
25- 37 F13.6 m/s RVel [-34679/29928] Radial velocity
39- 48 E10.3 m/s e_RVel [0.712/67] Uncertainty in RVel
49- 57 A9 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Instruments as follows:
CORALIE = The CORALIE spectrograph installed on the Euler Swiss telescope
at La Silla Observatory in Chile; 19 occurrences
CORALIE1 = The CORALIE spectrograph installed on the Euler Swiss telescope
at La Silla Observatory in Chile, pre-2014; 16 occurrences
CORALIE2 = The CORALIE spectrograph installed on the Euler Swiss telescope
at La Silla Observatory in Chile, post-2014; 10 occurrences
ESPRESSO = The Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable
Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) on the Very Large Telescope
(VLT) in Chile; 212 occurrences
ESPRESSO1 = The Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable
Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) on the Very Large Telescope
(VLT) in Chile, 1st transit of K2-329 A b; 30 occurrences
ESPRESSO2 = The Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable
Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) on the Very Large Telescope
(VLT) in Chile, 2nd transit of K2-329 A b; 29 occurrences
FEROS = The Fiber-fed Extended Range Optical Spectrograph (FEROS) on the
2.2m MPG telescope in the European Southern Observatory in Chile;
88 occurrences
FIES = The FIbre-fed Echelle Spectrograph (FIES) on the 2.56m Nordic
Optical Telescope (NOT) at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
in Spain; 10 occurrences
HARPS = The High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) at ESO
3.6m optical telescope, La Silla Observatory, Chile;
48 occurrences
HARPS-N = The High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern
hemisphere (HARPS-N) on the 3.58m Italian Telescopio Nazionale
Galileo at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain;
29 occurrences
PFS = The Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) on the 8.2m Subaru telescope
at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) in
Hawaii, USA; 24 occurrences
SOPHIE = The Spectrographe pour l'Observation des Phenomenes des Interieurs
stellaires et des Exoplanetes (SOPHIE) installed on the 1.93m
reflector telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory, France;
9 occurrences
TRES = The Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES) on the
1.5m Tillinghast telescope at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory in
Arizona, USA; 18 occurrences
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 21-May-2026