J/AJ/170/84 SMASTES. I. KVN obs. SiO & H2O masers from AGB stars (Baek+, 2025)
Survey of oxygen-rich AGB stars using the KVN 4 receiving bands-SMASTES. I.
Baek H., Cho S.-H., Kim J., Son S.-M., Yoon D.-H., Suh K.-W.
<Astron. J., 170, 84 (2025)>
=2025AJ....170...84B 2025AJ....170...84B
ADC_Keywords: Masers; Stars, masers; Radio lines; Interferometry;
MK spectral classification; Molecular data; Radial velocities
Keywords: Asymptotic giant branch stars ; Late stellar evolution ;
Astrophysical masers ; Interstellar thermal emission
Abstract:
Simultaneous observations of 19 H2O and SiO maser and thermal lines
were performed toward 155 M-type oxygen-rich (O-rich) AGB stars. We
used the upgraded four-band (22/43/86/129GHz) wide receiving system
of the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). The 155 O-rich stars composed of 50
semiregulars (SRs), 55 Miras, and 50 OH/IR stars were selected based
on previous KVN H2O/SiO detected sources. Both H2O and SiO masers were
detected in 23 stars among 50 SRs, 50 stars among 55 Miras, and 24
stars among 50 OH/IRs, respectively. Out of 50 SRs, H2O-only masers,
without corresponding SiO maser detection, were observed in four
stars. In contrast, no H2O-only masers were detected in any of the 55
Mira or 50 OH/IR stars, which differs from the pattern seen with
SiO-only masers. Interestingly, in the 50 SRs, the SiO v=1, J=2-1
maser was detected more than the SiO v=1, J=1-0 maser despite
requiring a higher excitation energy. The 28 SiO v=0, J=1-0, 2-1,
3-2 lines were detected more frequently at higher rotational
transitions, especially in the SRs and Miras. The HCN and SiS were
detected from 11 and 3 stars, respectively. For our observational
results, we performed statistical analysis on the intensity ratio
variations among H2O and various SiO masers, chemical environments,
and wind kinematics. The characteristics of these property variations
were investigated in the IRAS two-color diagram in relation to their
evolutionary stages.
Description:
155 target sources were selected, consisting of 50 semiregulars (SRs),
55 Miras, and 50 OH/IR stars. The selection was as follows: 71 sources
from Kim+2010 (2010ApJS..188..209K 2010ApJS..188..209K), 8 from Cho+2012 (J/AJ/144/129),
26 from Kim+2012 (2012ApJ...145...22K 2012ApJ...145...22K), 23 from Yoon+2014
(J/ApJS/211/15), and 27 from Cho+2017 (2017ApJS..232...13C 2017ApJS..232...13C).
We observed the selected 155 M-type O-rich asymptotic giant branch
(AGB) stars with three Korean VLBI Network (KVN) 21m single-dish radio
telescopes, located in South Korea, from 2023 March to 2023 May,
except SY Scl, Z Eri, and II Hya in 2023 September and NV Aur in 2023
September and October. The recently upgraded KVN four wide-band
(22/43/96/129GHz) receiving system enables us to carry out
simultaneous observations of H2O and SiO multi-maser lines together
with several molecular thermal lines, in other words, 19 molecular
lines in total.
The bandwidths of 64MHz cover the range of radial velocities of
850km/s (at 22GHz), 440km/s (at 43GHz), 220km/s (at 86GHz), and
150km/s (at 129GHz). The velocity resolutions correspond to 0.21km/s
(4096 channels at 22GHz), 0.11km/s (4096 channels at 43GHz), 0.05km/s
(8192 channels at 86GHz), and 0.036km/s (8192 channels at 129GHz). The
integration time was 100∼120min per source to achieve 0.06-0.09K
(0.81∼1.23Jy) as the minimum detection level of the signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR)∼3.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 99 155 Observed target sources list
table8.dat 131 145 Peak flux densities
table9.dat 141 145 Integrated flux densities
table11.dat 132 145 Peak velocities
table12.dat 126 145 Full widths at zero power (FWZP)
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See also:
B/gcvs : General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)
J/A+AS/97/729 : JHKL'M Observations of O-Rich late-type star (Le Bertre 1993)
J/A+A/329/219 : 28SiO in O-rich evolved stars (Pardo+ 1998)
J/A+A/403/993 : Revised HIP periods for long-period variables (Knapp+, 2003)
J/ApJS/165/360 : SiO maser emission toward 10 late-type stars (Kang+, 2006)
J/AJ/144/129 : Properties of 83 known stellar SiO maser sources (Cho+, 2012)
J/A+A/546/A16 : 22-GHz water maser clouds (Richards+, 2012)
J/AJ/145/22 : Simultaneous SiO and H2O maser observations (Kim+, 2013)
J/A+A/565/A127 : SiO masers v=1,2,3 for 4 AGB (Desmurs+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/22 : Simultaneous SiO and H2O maser observations. IV. (Kim+, 2014)
J/ApJS/211/15 : SiO & H2O maser surv. toward AGB & post-AGB stars (Yoon+, 2014)
J/A+A/644/A45 : R Crt and RT Vir Medicina spectra (Brand+, 2020)
J/ApJS/253/44 : Surv. of SiO maser emission in oxygen-rich stars (Rizzo+, 2021)
J/A+A/660/A94 : Obs. properties of the ATOMIUM project (Gottlieb+, 2022)
J/A+A/681/A50 : ATOMIUM. Molecular inventory (Wallstrom+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Num Number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Source identifier
21- 25 A5 --- Type Source type (1)
27- 28 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
30- 31 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
33- 38 F6.3 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
40 A1 --- DE- Sign of the declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
44- 45 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
47- 52 F6.3 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
54- 65 A12 --- SpType Spectral type
67- 72 F6.1 d Per [43/1995]? Variability period
74- 79 F6.1 km/s RVel [-151.6/148.8] Radial velocity of the central
star
81 A1 --- l_TA-SiO Limit flag on TA-SiO
83- 88 F6.3 K TA-SiO [0.01/60.77] The SiO J=1-0, ν=1 peak
antenna temperature (2)
90 A1 --- l_TA-H2O Limit flag on TA-H2O
92- 97 F6.3 K TA-H2O [0.02/31.25] The H2O peak antenna
temperature (2)
99 A1 --- Ref Reference code (3)
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Note (1): Types of asymptotic giant branch star as follows:
Mira = Mira variable (55 occurrences)
OH/IR = OH/IR (50 occurrences)
SR = Semiregular (50 occurrences)
Note (2): The conversion factors from antenna temperatures (TA) to flux
density (Jy) are as follows from the corresponding reference codes:
a) 11.07Jy/K at 22GHz and 11.55Jy/K at 43GHz
b) 11.07Jy/K at 22GHz and 11.72Jy/K at 43GHz
c) 12.27Jy/K at 22GHz and 11.90Jy/K at 43GHz
d) 12.40Jy/K at 22GHz and 12.90Jy/K, 13.51Jy/K, 13.29Jy/K at 43GHz
e) 12.27Jy/K at 22GHz and 11.90Jy/K at 43GHz
Note (3): References as follows:
a = Kim+2010 (2010ApJS..188..209K 2010ApJS..188..209K)
b = Cho+2012 (J/AJ/144/129)
c = Kim+2012 (2012ApJ...145...22K 2012ApJ...145...22K)
d = Yoon+2014 (J/ApJS/211/15)
e = Cho+2017 (2017ApJS..232...13C 2017ApJS..232...13C)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Num [1/155] Number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Source identifier
21- 30 A10 "Y/M/D" Epoch Epoch of observation for NV Aur (G1)
32- 37 F6.2 Jy H2O [0.57/605.98]? The H2O peak flux
density
39- 43 F5.2 Jy 30SiO [0.34/17.18]? The 30SiO J=1-0, ν=0
peak flux density
45- 49 F5.2 Jy 29SiO(1-0)v0 [0.37/78.48]? The 29SiO J=1-0, ν=0
peak flux density
51- 54 F4.2 Jy SiO(1-0)v0 [0.22/4.36]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=0 peak
flux density
56- 62 F7.2 Jy SiO(1-0)v1 [0.37/1435.39]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=1
peak flux density
64- 70 F7.2 Jy SiO(1-0)v2 [0.37/1269.5]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=2
peak flux density
72- 76 F5.2 Jy SiO(1-0)v3 [0.25/27.36]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=3 peak
flux density
78- 82 F5.2 Jy 29SiO(2-1)v0 [0.43/30.94]? The 29SiO J=2-1, ν=0
peak flux density
84- 88 F5.2 Jy SiO(2-1)v0 [0.27/43.06]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=0 peak
flux density
90- 96 F7.2 Jy SiO(2-1)v1 [0.67/1051.99]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=1
peak flux density
98- 101 F4.2 Jy SiO(2-1)v2 [0.62/5.62]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=2 peak
flux density
103- 107 F5.2 Jy SiO(3-2)v0 [0.38/29.25]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=0 peak
flux density
109- 114 F6.2 Jy SiO(3-2)v1 [0.76/562.04]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=1
peak flux density
116- 121 F6.2 Jy SiO(3-2)v2 [0.76/227.65]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=2
peak flux density
123- 126 F4.2 Jy HCN [0.49/2.62]? The HCN peak flux density
128- 131 F4.2 Jy SiS [0.3/0.55]? The SiS peak flux density
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Num [1/155] Number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Source identifier
21- 30 A10 "Y/M/D" Epoch Epoch of observation for NV Aur (G1)
32- 38 F7.2 Jy/beam H2O [0.69/1447.5]? The H2O integrated flux
density
40- 44 F5.2 Jy/beam 30SiO [0.34/52.17]? The 30SiO J=1-0, ν=0
integrated flux density
46- 51 F6.2 Jy/beam 29SiO(1-0)v0 [0.33/135.36]? The 29SiO J=1-0, ν=0
integrated flux density
53- 57 F5.2 Jy/beam SiO(1-0)v0 [1.01/45.07]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=0
integrated flux density
59- 65 F7.2 Jy/beam SiO(1-0)v1 [1.0/5313.6]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=1
integrated flux density
67- 73 F7.2 Jy/beam SiO(1-0)v2 [0.72/6105.6]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=2
integrated flux density
75- 79 F5.2 Jy/beam SiO(1-0)v3 [0.37/46.8]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=3
integrated flux density
81- 86 F6.2 Jy/beam 29SiO(2-1)v0 [3.28/104.83]? The 29SiO J=2-1, ν=0
integrated flux density
88- 93 F6.2 Jy/beam SiO(2-1)v0 [1.62/204.13]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=0
integrated flux density
95- 101 F7.2 Jy/beam SiO(2-1)v1 [1.08/3229.05]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=1
integrated flux density
103- 107 F5.2 Jy/beam SiO(2-1)v2 [0.62/18.58]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=2
integrated flux density
109- 114 F6.2 Jy/beam SiO(3-2)v0 [1.32/287.43]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=0
integrated flux density
116- 122 F7.2 Jy/beam SiO(3-2)v1 [0.76/1369.71]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=1
integrated flux density
124- 129 F6.2 Jy/beam SiO(3-2)v2 [0.96/621.73]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=2
integrated flux density
131- 135 F5.2 Jy/beam HCN [3.92/67.36]? The HCN integrated flux
density
137- 141 F5.2 Jy/beam SiS [4.64/16.44]? The SiS integrated flux
density
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Num [1/155] Number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Source identifier
21- 30 A10 "Y/M/D" Epoch Epoch of observation for NV Aur (G1)
32- 37 F6.1 km/s H2O [-148.1/94.3]? The H2O peak velocity
39- 43 F5.1 km/s 30SiO [-72.5/75.4]? The 30SiO J=1-0, ν=0
peak velocity
45- 49 F5.1 km/s 29SiO(1-0)v0 [-72.5/74.8]? The 29SiO J=1-0, ν=0
peak velocity
51- 55 F5.1 km/s SiO(1-0)v0 [-76.0/49.4]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=0 peak
velocity
57- 62 F6.1 km/s SiO(1-0)v1 [-148.9/146.4]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=1
peak velocity
64- 70 F7.2 km/s SiO(1-0)v2 [-148.9/146.0]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=2
peak velocity
73- 77 F5.1 km/s SiO(1-0)v3 [-53.5/80.0]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=3 peak
velocity
79- 83 F5.1 km/s 29SiO(2-1)v0 [-53.3/44.7]? The 29SiO J=2-1, ν=0
peak velocity
85- 89 F5.1 km/s SiO(2-1)v0 [-72.4/48.7]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=0 peak
velocity
91- 96 F6.1 km/s SiO(2-1)v1 [-149.4/98.0]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=1
peak velocity
98- 102 F5.1 km/s SiO(2-1)v2 [-25.2/12.8]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=2 peak
velocity
104- 108 F5.1 km/s SiO(3-2)v0 [-72.3/74.7]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=0 peak
velocity
110- 115 F6.1 km/s SiO(3-2)v1 [-124.8/92.0]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=1
peak velocity
117- 121 F5.1 km/s SiO(3-2)v2 [-72.4/58.7]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=2 peak
velocity
123- 127 F5.1 km/s HCN [-29.3/38.5]? The HCN peak velocity
129- 132 F4.1 km/s SiS [11.8/31.9]? The SiS peak velocity
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table12.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Num [1/155] Number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Source identifier
21- 30 A10 "Y/M/D" Epoch Epoch of observation for NV Aur (G1)
32- 36 F5.2 km/s H2O [2.78/35.0]? The H2O FWZP
38- 42 F5.2 km/s 30SiO [2.54/11.32]? The 30SiO J=1-0, ν=0
FWZP
44- 48 F5.2 km/s 29SiO(1-0)v0 [3.1/30.53]? The 29SiO J=1-0, ν=0
FWZP
50- 54 F5.2 km/s SiO(1-0)v0 [1.24/45.63]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=0 FWZP
56- 60 F5.2 km/s SiO(1-0)v1 [4.07/39.97]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=1 FWZP
62- 66 F5.2 km/s SiO(1-0)v2 [4.04/31.9]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=2 FWZP
68- 72 F5.2 km/s SiO(1-0)v3 [2.02/16.18]? The SiO J=1-0, ν=3 FWZP
74- 78 F5.2 km/s 29SiO(2-1)v0 [7.03/40.64]? The 29SiO J=2-1, ν=0
FWZP
80- 84 F5.2 km/s SiO(2-1)v0 [6.38/48.73]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=0 FWZP
86- 90 F5.2 km/s SiO(2-1)v1 [2.75/40.13]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=1 FWZP
92- 96 F5.2 km/s SiO(2-1)v2 [3.93/14.95]? The SiO J=2-1, ν=2 FWZP
98- 102 F5.2 km/s SiO(3-2)v0 [6.87/43.75]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=0 FWZP
104- 108 F5.2 km/s SiO(3-2)v1 [2.11/31.95]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=1 FWZP
110- 114 F5.2 km/s SiO(3-2)v2 [3.01/21.93]? The SiO J=3-2, ν=2 FWZP
116- 120 F5.2 km/s HCN [12.95/54.55]? The HCN FWZP
122- 126 F5.2 km/s SiS [37.93/41.98]? The SiS FWZP
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Global Notes:
Note (G1): NV Aur was observed in two epochs, 2023 September 18 and
2023 October 13. Therefore, we cannot obtain the optical phase. The H2O
maser was not detected on 2023 September 18 but was detected on
2023 October 13, as a redshifted weak emission peaked at 14.6km/s (0.61Jy).
History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
References:
Baek et al. Pap I 2025AJ....170...84B 2025AJ....170...84B This catalog
Son et al. Pap II 2025AJ....170..266S 2025AJ....170..266S J/AJ/170/266
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 28-May-2026