J/ApJ/727/114 BLAST 2005: a 10deg2 survey in Cygnus X (Roy+, 2011)
The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) 2005: a
10 deg2 survey of star formation in Cygnus X.
Roy A., Ade P.A.R., Bock J.J., Chapin E.L., Devlin M.J., Dicker S.R.,
France K., Gibb A.G., Griffin M., Gundersen J.O., Halpern M.,
Hargrave P.C., Hughes D.H., Klein J., Marsden G., Martin P.G., Mauskopf P.,
Morales Ortiz J.L., Netterfield C.B., Noriega-Crespo A., Olmi L.,
Patanchon G., Rex M., Scott D., Semisch C., Truch M.D.P., Tucker C.,
Tucker G.S., Viero M.P., Wiebe D.V.
<Astrophys. J., 727, 114 (2011)>
=2011ApJ...727..114R 2011ApJ...727..114R
ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium ; Infrared sources ; H II regions ;
Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: balloons - ISM: clouds - stars: formation - stars: massive -
submillimeter: general
Abstract:
We present Cygnus X in a new multi-wavelength perspective based on an
unbiased BLAST survey at 250, 350, and 500um, combined with rich data
sets for this well-studied region. Our primary goal is to investigate
the early stages of high-mass star formation. We have detected 184
compact sources in various stages of evolution across all three BLAST
bands. From their well-constrained spectral energy distributions, we
obtain the physical properties mass, surface density, bolometric
luminosity, and dust temperature. Some of the bright sources reaching
40K contain well-known compact HII regions. We relate these to other
sources at earlier stages of evolution via the energetics as deduced
from their position in the luminosity-mass (L-M) diagram. The BLAST
spectral coverage, near the peak of the spectral energy distribution
of the dust, reveals fainter sources too cool (∼10K) to be seen by
earlier shorter-wavelength surveys like IRAS. We detect thermal
emission from infrared dark clouds and investigate the phenomenon of
cold "starless cores" more generally. Spitzer images of these cold
sources often show stellar nurseries, but these potential sites for
massive star formation are "starless" in the sense that to date there
is no massive protostar in a vigorous accretion phase.
Description:
With the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST),
we surveyed 10deg2 in Cyg X for 10.6hr during the 2005 June flight
(BLAST05), mapping the area on three visits to provide cross-linked
scanning. In addition, a significant amount of calibration-related
time was spent observing a circular cap of radius 1° centered on
W75N, resulting in even higher signal to noise and dynamic range
there.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 112 184 Measured flux densities
table3.dat 45 34 Structures observed at 1.2mm associated with
BLAST clumps
table4.dat 47 169 Results from SED fits
table5.dat 51 29 Compact HII regions and protostars
table6.dat 41 56 MSX counterparts
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See also:
VIII/58 : A Survey of Radio H II Regions in the Northern Sky (Lockman+ 1989)
J/A+A/543/A101 : Cygnus new members of massive stellar pop. (Comeron+, 2012)
J/A+A/527/A135 : Gas dynamics in Massive Dense Cores in Cyg-X (Csengeri+, 2011)
J/ApJ/720/679 : Optical spectroscopy in Cygnus X region (Beerer+, 2010)
J/A+A/510/A89 : RMS survey of young massive stars in far-IR (Mottram+, 2010)
J/other/Nat/458.737 : BLAST sources at 250, 350 and 500um (Devlin+, 2009)
J/ApJ/681/428 : BLAST sources in Galactic plane survey (Chapin+, 2008)
J/ApJS/175/277 : Submillimeter-Continuum SCUBA detections (Di Francesco+, 2008)
J/A+A/481/345 : SED evolution in massive YSOs (Molinari+, 2008)
J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)
J/A+A/445/971 : Mid-infrared images of W75N (Persi+, 2006)
J/A+A/375/539 : Photometry of compact HII regions in Cyg X (Comeron+, 2001)
J/ApJS/95/419 : Molecular clouds in Cygnus. I. (Dobashi+ 1994)
J/ApJS/91/659 : Ultracompact HII regions radio images (Kurtz+ 1994)
J/A+A/241/551 : Radio continuum in Cygnus X region (Wendker+ 1991)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- ID BLAST identification (CNNN)
6- 19 A14 --- BLAST Source name (JHHMMSS+DDMMSS)
21- 27 F7.4 deg GLON Galactic longitude
29- 35 F7.4 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
37- 40 F4.1 Jy S1200 ? Flux density at 1200um
42- 46 F5.1 Jy S850 ? Flux density at 850um
48- 52 F5.1 Jy S500 Flux density at 500um
54- 58 F5.1 Jy e_S500 S500 uncertainty
60- 65 F6.1 Jy S450 ? Flux density at 450um
67- 72 F6.1 Jy S350 Flux density at 350um
74- 79 F6.1 Jy e_S350 S350 uncertainty
81- 86 F6.1 Jy S250 Flux density at 250um
88- 92 F5.1 Jy e_S250 S250 uncertainty
94-100 F7.1 Jy S100 ? Flux density at 100um
102 A1 --- l_S100 [a] a: S100 is an upper limit
104-110 F7.1 Jy S60 ? Flux density at 60um
112 A1 --- l_S60 [a] a: s60 is an upper limit
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- ID BLAST identification (CNNN)
6- 28 A23 --- Core Core(s) identification (WNN) (1)
30- 35 A6 --- Clump Clump identification (Cl-WNN) (1)
37- 40 F4.2 g/cm2 Sigco Surface density of the core (1)
42- 45 F4.2 g/cm2 Sigcl ? Surface density of the clump (1)
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Note (1): Core, clump ID, and surface density are from Motte et al. (2007,
Cat. J/A+A/476/1243; <[MBS2007c] CygX-WNN> for the cores or
<[MBS2007c] Cl-WNN> for the clumps in Simbad).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- ID BLAST identification (CNNN)
5 A1 --- f_ID [a] Distance differs from Cyg OB2 (1)
7- 10 F4.1 K T Temperature
12- 14 F3.1 K e_T T uncertainty
16- 19 F4.1 100Msun Mass Mass
21- 23 F3.1 100Msun e_Mass Mass uncertainty
25- 29 F5.3 g/cm2 Sigma Surface column density
31- 35 F5.1 100Lsun L Total luminosity
37- 41 F5.1 100Lsun e_L L uncertainty
43- 47 F5.1 100Lsun Lbol ? Bolometric luminosity
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Note (1):
a = M and L not corrected for different distance than Cyg OB2 (see
Section 4.2).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- ID BLAST identification (CNNN)
5 A1 --- f_ID [b] b: M and L corrected for distance (see
Section 4.2)
7- 8 I2 K T Temperature
10- 13 F4.1 100Msun Mass Mass
15- 20 F6.1 100Lsun L Total luminosity
22- 41 A20 --- Name Source name (IRAS or WNN from Motte et al.
2007, Cat. J/A+A/476/1243)
43- 48 A6 --- MAMBO MAMBO 1.2mm class (1)
50- 51 I2 --- Fig ? Figure number of the images containing
individual sources
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Note (1): Class (from Motte et al. 2007, Cat. J/A+A/476/1243) as follows:
CH II = compact HII region
HCH II = hypercompact HII region
HLIRPC = high-luminosity infrared protostellar core
IRQP = infrared quiet protostar (not so massive as MIRQP)
MIRQP = massive infrared quiet protostellar cores
UCH II = ultracompact HII region
See section 5.4 and Figure 24 for further explanations.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- ID BLAST identification (CNNN)
6- 10 F5.1 arcsec oRA Offset in right ascension of MSX source with
respect to BLAST counterpart
12- 16 F5.1 arcsec oDE Offset in declination of MSX source with
respect to BLAST counterpart
18- 22 F5.1 Jy S8 Flux density at 8um
24- 28 F5.1 Jy S12 Flux density at 12um
30- 34 F5.1 Jy S14 Flux density at 14um
36- 41 F6.1 Jy S25 Flux density at 25um
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 31-Aug-2012