J/ApJ/740/59 1.4GHz and X-ray sources in 12 clusters of galaxies (Hart+, 2011)
The evolution of radio galaxies and X-ray point sources in Coma cluster
progenitors since z ∼ 1.2.
Hart Q.N., Stocke J.T., Evrard A.E., Ellingson E.E., Barkhouse W.A.
<Astrophys. J., 740, 59 (2011)>
=2011ApJ...740...59H 2011ApJ...740...59H
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Radio continuum ; X-ray sources ; Redshifts ;
Photometry, SDSS
Keywords: galaxies: active - galaxies: clusters: general - X-rays: galaxies -
radio continuum: galaxies - X-rays: galaxies: clusters
Abstract:
Using Chandra imaging spectroscopy and Very Large Array (VLA) L-band
radio maps, we have identified radio sources at
P1.4GHz≥5x1023W/Hz and X-ray point sources (XPSs) at
L0.3-8keV≥5x1042erg/s in L>L* galaxies in 12 high-redshift
(0.4<z<1.2) clusters of galaxies. The radio galaxies and XPSs in this
cluster sample, chosen to be consistent with Coma Cluster progenitors
at these redshifts, are compared to those found at low-z analyzed in
Hart et al. (Paper I, 2009ApJ...705..854H 2009ApJ...705..854H). Within a projected radius
of 1Mpc of the cluster cores, we find 17 cluster radio galaxies (11
with secure redshifts, including one luminous FR II radio source at
z=0.826, and six more with host galaxy colors similar to cluster
ellipticals). Within this same projected radius, we identify seven
spectroscopically confirmed cluster XPSs, all with cluster red-sequence
(CRS) host galaxy colors. Consistent with the results from Martini et al.
(2009ApJ...701...66M 2009ApJ...701...66M), we estimate a minimum X-ray active fraction of
1.4%±0.8% for cluster red-sequence galaxies in high-z
clusters, corresponding to an approximate 10-fold increase from
0.15%±0.15% at low-z. Although complete redshift information is
lacking for several XPSs in z>0.4 cluster fields, the increased
numbers and luminosities of the CRS radio galaxies and XPSs suggest a
substantial (9-10-fold) increase in the heat injected into
high-redshift clusters by AGNs compared to the present epoch.
Description:
Archival Chandra observations of the twelve 0.4<z<1.2 clusters in our
sample were reprocessed using CIAO version 4.1.2 and CALDB 4.1.3
(table 2).
In 2006 September/December, we obtained Very Large Array (VLA)
continuum observations at 1.4GHz (50MHz bandwidth) for five clusters
(RXJ1221, RXJ1113, RXJ1350, RXJ1716, and RXJ0910 under VLA Program
AS873); table 3.
Archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys
(ACS) images of four clusters in Table 4 (RXJ0152, RXJ1415, RXJ0910,
and RXJ0849) were obtained from the Multimission Archive at Space
Telescope Science Institute (MAST). For RXJ1053, two-color optical
images (Sloan i and z), obtained with Suprime-Cam on the Subaru 8.2m
telescope at Mauna Kea, were provided by Yasuhiro Hashimoto. For
MS1621, two-color optical images (Sloan i and z) were obtained from
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 (SDSS DR6;
Adelman-McCarthy et al. 2008, Cat. II/282). In spring 2006, we
obtained Sloan (r, i) images of RXJ1221, RXJ1350, and RXJ1716 with
SPIcam on the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5m Telescope
at the Apache Point Observatory (APO). Two-color optical images (Sloan
r and i) and photometry of MS2053, RXJ2302, and RXJ1113 were obtained
from the Chandra Multiwavelength Project (ChaMP; Green et al.
2004ApJS..150...43G 2004ApJS..150...43G).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 71 12 Chandra X-ray observations of twelve 0.4<z<1.2
clusters
table3.dat 44 13 1.4GHz observations of twelve 0.4<z<1.2 clusters
table4.dat 98 12 Optical images of twelve 0.4<z<1.2 clusters
table5.dat 145 26 *Radio sources within 1Mpc of clusters at z>0.4
table11.dat 262 86 X-ray point sources (XPSs) within 1Mpc of
Clusters at z>0.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on table5.dat: Only radio sources at P1.4GHz≥5x1023W/Hz at the cluster
redshift are included in this table.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2012)
B/hst : HST Archived Exposures Catalog (STScI, 2007)
II/294 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 7 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2009)
J/A+A/462/449 : Chandra point-source counts in galaxy cluster (Branchesi+,
2007)
J/ApJS/168/19 : Chandra sources in 5 galaxy clusters (Martel+, 2007)
J/ApJS/169/401 : ChaMP X-ray point source catalog (Kim+, 2007)
J/ApJS/165/19 : SEXSI catalog. III (Eckart+, 2006)
J/ApJ/644/829 : Chandra normal galaxies at intermediate redshift (Kim+, 2006)
J/A+A/432/381 : VLT spectroscopic survey of RX J0152.7-1357 (Demarco+, 2005)
J/ApJ/618/123 : Hard X-ray-emitting AGNs (Silverman+, 2005)
J/A+A/444/79 : XMM observations of Lockman Hole brightest AGNs (Mateos+,
2005)
J/A+A/434/801 : X-ray sources near Lockman Hole (Zappacosta+, 2005)
J/ApJS/150/19 : ChaMP. I. First X-ray source catalog (Kim+, 2004)
J/ApJ/594/154 : 160 square degree ROSAT survey (Mullis+, 2003)
J/ApJ/596/944 : SEXSI catalog (Harrison+, 2003)
J/ApJS/140/265 : WARPS survey. VI. (Perlman+, 2002)
J/AJ/123/2223 : SPICES II: CHANDRA observations of Lynx (Stern+, 2002)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- Cluster Cluster name
19- 21 A3 --- f_Cluster [abce, ] Notes about X-ray extraction (1)
23- 24 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000) (2)
26- 27 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
29- 32 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
34 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000) (2)
35- 36 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
41- 44 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
46- 53 A8 --- ObsID Chandra observation identification(s)
55- 56 A2 --- Chip ACIS aimpoint
58- 62 F5.1 ks Exp Exposure time of the observation after
filtering for flaring events
64- 66 F3.1 aW/m2 Fx X-ray flux limit (0.3-8.0keV) in
10-15erg/cm2/s (3)
68- 70 F3.1 10+35W Lx K-corrected X-ray luminosity limit
(0.3-8.0keV) in 1042erg/s for Fx
71 A1 --- f_Lx [d] not detected in X (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows (ICM = diffuse intracluster medium):
a = The ICM spectrum was extracted between 0.5 and 6.0keV.
b = The ICM spectrum was extracted within a 500kpc radius from the cluster
core.
c = The X-ray emission of RXJ0152 is double-peaked and this coordinate is
approximately between the peaks.
d = Although the X-ray luminosity limit for this cluster is
L0.3-8.0keV≥5.0x1042erg/s, RXJ0152 is included in radio-related
statistics in the later sections because the 1.4GHz radio map detects
sources at P1.4GHz>1.3x1023W/Hz.
e = The ICM spectrum was binned to a minimum of 40 counts per bin prior to
XSPEC model fitting.
Note (2): RA and DEC (J2000) of the intracluster matter (ICM) emission
centroid based on 2D elliptical Gaussian profile fits.
Note (3): X-ray flux limit (0.3-8.0keV) for a point source near the edge of our
survey region (R=1Mpc). See Section 3.1 for more details.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- Cluster Cluster name
19 A1 --- R [ab] Remark about radio detection (4)
21- 26 A6 --- VLAmap VLA program ID
28- 29 A2 --- Conf VLA array configuration
31- 34 F4.2 mJy S1.4 1.4GHz radio flux density limit in mJy/beam
36- 39 F4.1 10+23W/Hz P1.4 Radio power limit
41- 44 F4.1 10+32W L1.4 Radio luminosity limit at 1.4GHz in
1039erg/s (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (4): Flag as follows:
a = FIRST detects sources at P1.4GHz>2.3x1023W/Hz or
L1.4GHz>3.2x1039erg/s for this cluster.
b = This cluster is excluded from radio-related statistics because the radio
power limit is P1.4GHz≥5x1023W/Hz.
Note (5): Radio luminosity limit at 1.4GHz for a 3σ detection at the edge
of our survey region.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- Cluster Cluster name
20- 33 A14 --- n_CI.o Filter of the color index (6)
35- 38 F4.2 mag CI.o Observed mean color index in filter (7)
40- 43 F4.2 mag e_CI.o CI.o uncertainty (7)
45 A1 --- u_CI.e [~] Uncertainty flag on CI.e
46- 49 F4.2 mag CI.e Expected color index in filter (8)
50 A1 --- n_CI.e [a] Note on CI.e (9)
52 A1 --- n_Mlim1 [ri] Filter used for Mlim1
53- 56 F4.1 mag Mlim1 The 3σ limiting optical magnitude of
the images in the specified bandpass
58 A1 --- n_Mlim2 [riz] Filter used for Mlim2
59- 62 F4.1 mag Mlim2 The 3σ limiting optical magnitude of
the images in the specified bandpass
64- 67 F4.1 mag M* Observed magnitude of an L* galaxy at the
cluster redshift (10)
68 A1 --- n_M* Filter used for M*
70- 71 I2 --- Ncrs Number of CRS (cluster red-sequence) galaxies
brighter than L*
73- 98 A26 --- Images Survey images origin (11)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (6): Optical colors used to create the color-magnitude diagram for the
cluster.
Note (7): Mean color and the 3σ spread of cluster red-sequence (CRS)
galaxies determined by fitting a single-component Gaussian profile to
the color distribution of cluster red galaxies. See Section 4.1 for
details.
Note (8): The expected observed color of CRS galaxies, as estimated from
Fukugita et al. (1995PASP..107..945F 1995PASP..107..945F) for E0 galaxies.
Note (9):
a = The expected (r-i) color of a passive galaxy at z∼1.0 is estimated from
Figure 2 of Mei et al. (2006ApJ...644..759M 2006ApJ...644..759M). Using the stellar
population models of Bruzual & Charlot (2003MNRAS.344.1000B 2003MNRAS.344.1000B), these
authors estimated the (F775W-F850LP) colors of passive ellipticals at
z∼1.0, assuming solar metallicities and a stellar population age of 4Gyr.
Note (10): Observed magnitude of an L* galaxy at the cluster redshift. See
Section 4.1 for details on L*.
Note (11): Origin of the survey images, which includes the Sloan Digital Sky
Survey Data Release 6 (SDSS DR6; Adelman-McCarthy et al. 2008,
Cat. II/282; superseded by cat. II/294), the Chandra Multiwavelength
Project (ChaMP; Green et al. 2004ApJS..150...43G 2004ApJS..150...43G), the Astrophysical
Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point Observatory,
the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST ACS) with
Program ID, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan's 8.2m
Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Seq [1/26] Running sequence number
4- 13 A10 --- Name Radio galaxy name (1)
14 A1 --- n_Name [*] * = brightest cluster galaxy (BCG)
16- 17 A2 --- Mm [S/NP/NS ] Cluster membership (2)
19- 20 I2 h RAh Radio source hour of right ascension (J2000)
22- 23 I2 min RAm Radio source minute of right ascension (J2000)
25- 28 F4.1 s RAs Radio source second of right ascension (J2000)
30 A1 --- DE- Radio source sign of declination (J2000)
31- 32 I2 deg DEd Radio source degree of declination (J2000)
34- 35 I2 arcmin DEm Radio source arcminute of declination (J2000)
37- 40 F4.1 arcsec DEs Radio source arcsecond of declination (J2000)
42- 47 F6.4 --- z [0.391/2.067]? Redshift
48 A1 --- r_z [a-p] Reference for z (G1)
50 A1 --- l_mag Limit flag on mag
51- 55 F5.2 mag mag [18.91/24.56] Observed Sloan r-band or i-band
magnitude
56 A1 --- n_mag [ri] Filter used
58- 61 F4.2 mag (r-i) ? Observed (r-i) color index
63- 66 F4.2 mag (i-z) ? Observed (i-z) color index
68- 71 F4.2 mag CRS Mean color of L≥L* cluster red-sequence
(CRS) galaxy (3)
73- 76 F4.2 mag e_CRS 3σ spread in CRS
78- 82 F5.3 Mpc Rad Projected radial distance from the cluster
X-ray emission centroid
84- 89 F6.2 mJy S1.4 Observed 1.4GHz radio flux density
91- 95 F5.2 mJy e_S1.4 S1.4 uncertainty
97 A1 --- n_P1.4 [c] c=P1.4 at the cluster redshift (source
redshift unknown)
98-102 F5.1 10+23W/Hz P1.4 ? 1.4GHz radio power at the known redshift
104-108 E5.2 10+23W/Hz e_P1.4 ? P1.4 uncertainty
110 A1 --- l_Fx Limit flag on Fx
111-114 F4.1 aW/m2 Fx Observed X-ray flux (0.3-8.0keV) in units of
10-15erg/cm2/s (4)
116-118 F3.1 aW/m2 e_Fx ? Fx uncertainty
120 A1 --- n_Lx [c] c=Lx at the cluster redshift (source
redshift unknown)
121 A1 --- l_Lx Limit flag on Lx
122-126 F5.1 10+35W Lx ? Rest-frame X-ray luminosity (0.3-8.0keV) or
limit in units of 1042erg/s at the source
redshift
128-131 F4.1 10+35W e_Lx ? Lx uncertainty
133-142 A10 --- XPS X-ray point source name, as in table 11
144-145 I2 --- T11 ? Source number, as in table 11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): No radio galaxy was detected at P_1.4GHz≥3x1023W/Hz in MS2053 nor
RXJ0152.
Radio galaxy name format: abbreviation name of 8 clusters and R[1-6]
Note (2): Cluster membership is identified as follows:
S = spectroscopically confirmed cluster member;
NS = non-cluster member based on spectroscopy;
P = probable cluster member based on photometry, which places the host galaxy
on the CRS;
NP = probable non-cluster based on either being a blank field, host galaxy at
L≥L*, and/or bluer than the CRS.
See Section 4.2 for details.
Note (3): See Section 4.1 for details.
Note (4): Observed X-ray flux (0.3-8.0keV), assuming a power-law spectrum with
Γ=1.7(NE∝E-Γ). See Section 3.1 for details.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Seq Running sequence number
4 A1 --- m_Seq [A-G] Source letter (1)
6- 16 A11 --- Name Cluster X-ray point source ID (2)
18- 22 A5 --- Cl Classification tag (3)
24- 25 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000) (4)
27- 28 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
30- 33 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
35 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000) (4)
36- 37 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
39- 40 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
42- 45 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
47- 52 F6.4 --- z ? Source redshift
54 A1 --- r_z [a-j] Reference for z (G1)
56- 60 F5.1 ct NCts Net X-ray (0.3-8.0keV) counts
62- 65 F4.1 ct e_NCts NCts uncertainty
67- 71 F5.1 aW/m2 Fx X-ray (0.3-8.0keV) flux in units of
10-15erg/cm2/s (5)
73- 75 F3.1 aW/m2 e_Fx Fx uncertainty
77- 82 F6.1 10+35W Lx X-ray (0.3-8.0keV) luminosity in units of
1042erg/s (5)
84- 88 F5.1 10+35W e_Lx Lx uncertainty
90- 94 F5.3 Mpc R Projected distance, R, from the cluster
X-ray emission centroid
96 A1 --- n_mag [riR] Filter used for mag
97 A1 --- l_mag Limit flag on mag
98-102 F5.2 mag mag Apparent optical magnitude
104-108 A5 --- n_CI Filters used color index
109 A1 --- l_CI Limit flag on CI
110-114 F5.2 mag CI ? Apparent optical color index
116 A1 --- l_P1.4 Limit flag on P1.4
117-124 F8.4 10+23W/Hz P1.4 1.4GHz radio power or limit of the X-ray
source in units of 1023W/Hz
126-132 F7.4 10+23W/Hz e_P1.4 ? P1.4 uncertainty
134-149 A16 --- CXOMP Alternative name of the X-ray point source
(XPS) from CXOMP (Cat. J/ApJS/150/19 and
Cat. J/ApJS/169/401; JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
151-166 A16 --- CXOSEXSI Alternative name of the XPS from CXOSEXSI
(Cat. J/ApJ/596/944; JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
168-198 A31 --- xid Alternative name(s) of the XPS from other
X-ray surveys (6)
200-262 A63 --- Com Optical spectral line identifications and
other comments (7)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Seven spectroscopically confirmed cluster members are detected at
z>0.8. These sources are marked by letter identifiers (A-G) in
Table 6 (same data as in Table 11) and in Figure 4.
See section 7.3 for further details.
Note (2): X-ray point source name format: abbreviation name of 11 cluster and
X[1-16]
Note (3): Classification tag as follows:
XC = spectroscopically-confirmed cluster member on the CRS;
XB = spectroscopically-confirmed cluster member bluer than the CRS;
FG = spectroscopically-confirmed foreground non-cluster source;
BG = spectroscopically-confirmed background non-cluster source;
CRS = source host galaxy with CRS colors at an unknown redshift and
with L≥L* if located at the cluster redshift;
CRS2 = similar to CRS but with L<L* host galaxy;
BLU = XPS hosted in L≥L* host galaxy with colors bluer than typical
CRS galaxies and with unknown redshift;
BLU2 = similar to BLU, but with L<L* host galaxy at the cluster redshift;
BLU3 = similar to BLU, but with L≥LBCG host galaxy;
NO = No optical counterpart is detected in one or both optical images;
NP = No photometric data in one or both optical images.
Note (4): J2000 RA and DEC from CIAO wavdetect routine.
Note (5): X-ray (0.3-8.0keV) flux and corresponding luminosity at the source
redshift or at the cluster redshift, if the source redshift is unknown
Note (6): Abbreviations in references as below:
G99 = Table 1 of Gioia et al. (1999AJ....117.2608G 1999AJ....117.2608G; <[GHM99] NN> in Simbad)
M07 = Tables 5-6 of Martel et al. (2007, Cat. J/ApJS/168/19;
<[MMT2007] {Cluster} NNN> for Simbad)
St02 = Table 1 of Stanford et al. (2002AJ....123..619S 2002AJ....123..619S;
<[SHR2002] NNN> in Simbad)
S02 = Tables 1-3 of Stern et al. (2002, Cat. J/AJ/123/2223;
<[STS2002] NNN> in Simbad)
M05 = Table 8 of Mateos et al. (2005, Cat. J/A+A/444/79;
<[MBC2005] NNNN> in Simbad)
T5 = table 5 of this paper
H98 = Table 1 of Hasinger et al. (1998A&A...340L..27H 1998A&A...340L..27H; <[HGG98] NN> in
Simbad)
B07 = Table 2 of Branchesi et al. (2007, Cat. J/A+A/462/449;
<[BGF2007] {Cluster} NN> in Simbad)
Note (7): Notation is used in this column (identification by Eckart et al.
2006, Cat. J/ApJS/165/19):
BLAGN = broad-line AGN;
ELG = emission-line galaxy per SEXSI
identification by Eckart et al. (2006, Cat. J/ApJS/165/19).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): References as follows:
a = Eckart et al. (2006, Cat. J/ApJS/165/19 (SEXSI));
b = Silverman et al. (2005, Cat. J/ApJ/618/123 (CXOMP));
c = Kim et al. (2006, Cat. J/ApJ/644/829 (CXOMP));
d = Gioia et al. (1999AJ....117.2608G 1999AJ....117.2608G (RX J1716.6+6708));
e = Demarco et al. (2005, Cat. J/A+A/432/381 (RX J0152.7-1357));
f = Martel et al. (2007, Cat. J/ApJS/168/19);
g = Stanford et al. (2002AJ....123..619S 2002AJ....123..619S - RDCS J0910+5422);
h = Hasinger et al. (1998A&A...340L..27H 1998A&A...340L..27H - ROSAT Deep Survey);
i = Mateos et al. (2005, Cat. J/A+A/444/79);
j = Stern et al. (2002, Cat. J/AJ/123/2223 - SPICES II).
k = Stocke et al. 1999AJ....117.1967S 1999AJ....117.1967S;
l = Mullis et al. 2003, Cat. J/ApJ/594/154;
m = Perlman et al. 2002, Cat. J/ApJS/140/265;
n = Henry et al. 1997AJ....114.1293H 1997AJ....114.1293H;
o = Hashimoto et al. 2005A&A...439...29H 2005A&A...439...29H;
p = Zappacosta et al. 2005, Cat. J/A+A/434/801;
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Hart et al. Paper I. 2009ApJ...705..854H 2009ApJ...705..854H
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 30-Jan-2013