J/ApJ/741/110 The BGPS. VII. Massive star-forming regions (Dunham+, 2011)
The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey.
VII. Characterizing the properties of massive star-forming regions.
Dunham M.K., Rosolowsky E., Evans II N.J., Cyganowski C., Urquhart J.S.
<Astrophys. J., 741, 110 (2011)>
=2011ApJ...741..110D 2011ApJ...741..110D
ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium ; Galactic plane ; Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: dust, extinction - ISM: clouds - ISM: molecules - stars: formation
Abstract:
We present the results of a Green Bank Telescope survey of NH3(1,1),
(2,2), (3,3) lines toward 631 Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS)
sources at a range of Galactic longitudes in the inner Galaxy. We have
detected the NH3(1,1) line toward 72% of our targets (456),
demonstrating that the high column density features identified in the
BGPS and other continuum surveys accurately predict the presence of
dense gas. We have determined kinematic distances and resolved the
distance ambiguity for all BGPS sources detected in NH3. The BGPS
sources trace the locations of the Scutum and Sagittarius spiral arms,
with the number of sources peaking between RGal∼4 and 5kpc. We
measure the physical properties of each source and find that depending
on the distance, BGPS sources are primarily clumps, with some cores
and clouds. Forty-eight percent of our sample should be forming stars
(including massive stars) with high efficiency, and 87% contain
subregions that should be efficiently forming stars. Indeed, we find
that 67% of the sample exhibit signs of star formation activity based
on an association with a mid-infrared source.
Description:
The BGPS has observed approximately 170deg2 of the northern Galactic
plane in 1.1mm continuum emission using Bolocam at the Caltech
Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). The survey methods and data reduction
are thoroughly described in Aguirre et al. (2011ApJS..192....4A 2011ApJS..192....4A), and
the source extraction algorithm and catalog are described in
Rosolowsky et al. (2010, Cat. J/ApJS/188/123). The effective FWHM beam
size of the BGPS is 33", slightly larger than the nominal Bolocam beam
at 1.1mm due to combining multiple observations of each field.
The NH3 observations where made with the Robert F. Byrd Green Bank
Telescope (GBT), in 14 observation runs between February 2008 and
September 2010.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 110 631 Observed 1.1mm properties of BGPS (Bolocam
Galactic Plane Survey) sources
table4.dat 142 511 Observed NH3 properties
table5.dat 77 514 Derived gas properties
table6.dat 31 456 Kinematic distances
table7.dat 156 456 Derived masses and densities
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See also:
J/MNRAS/422/3178 : Distances of 793 BGPS sources (Eden+, 2012)
J/ApJS/195/14 : The Bolocam GPS (BGPS). V. (Schlingman+, 2011)
J/ApJ/731/90 : Mid-IR content of BGPS sources (Dunham+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/94 : Red MSX sources in BGPS (Schenck+, 2011)
J/ApJS/188/123 : The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. II. (Rosolowsky+, 2010)
J/ApJ/721/137 : The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) (Bally+, 2010)
http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/BOLOCAM_GPS/ : BOLOCAM GPS archive
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- Seq [1307/6459] BGPS Identification number
6- 20 A15 --- BGPS Source name (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
22- 23 I2 h RAh [18/19] Centroid Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
25- 26 I2 min RAm Centroid Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 31 F4.1 s RAs Centroid Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
33 A1 --- DE- [-] Sign of the Centroid Declination (J2000)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd [0/22] Centroid Degree of Declination (J2000)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm Centroid Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DEs Centroid Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
45- 46 I2 h RAPh Peak Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
48- 49 I2 min RAPm Peak Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
51- 54 F4.1 s RAPs Peak Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
56 A1 --- DEP- Sign of the Peak Declination (J2000)
57- 58 I2 deg DEPd Peak Degree of Declination (J2000)
60- 61 I2 arcmin DEPm Peak Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
63- 66 F4.1 arcsec DEPs Peak Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
68- 71 F4.1 arcsec Rmaj [12.6/83.2] Major axis
73- 76 F4.1 arcsec Rmin [8.2/48.8] Minor axis
78- 80 I3 deg PA [0/179] Position angle north of (l=0°)
82 A1 --- l_Robj Limit flag on Robj
83- 89 F7.2 arcsec Robj [6.48/145.51] Object radius
91- 95 I5 mJy S120 [128/52500] The 1.1mm flux density within a 120"
aperture
97-100 I4 mJy e_S120 Uncertainty in S120
102-106 I5 mJy SInt [50/78500] Integrated 1.1mm flux density
108-110 I3 mJy e_SInt Uncertainty in SInt
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- Seq [1307/6459] BGPS Identification number
5 A1 --- m_Seq [B-F] Multiple ammonia pointings (1)
7- 8 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
10- 11 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 16 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
18 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
19- 20 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
22- 23 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
25- 28 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
30- 35 F6.2 km/s Vlsr [-1/155] Local Standard of Rest velocity
37- 40 F4.2 km/s e_Vlsr Uncertainty in Vlsr
42- 45 F4.2 km/s sigV Gaussian line width σ(Vlsr)
47- 50 F4.2 km/s e_sigV Uncertainty in sigmaV
52- 55 F4.2 K Tmb11 ? NH3(1,1) brightness temperature (3)
57- 60 F4.2 K e_Tmb11 Uncertainty in Tmb11
62- 66 F5.2 K.km/s W11 ? NH3(1,1) integrated intensity(3)
68- 71 F4.2 K.km/s e_W11 ? Uncertainty in W11
73 A1 --- l_Tmb22 Limit flag on Tmb22 (2)
74- 79 F6.2 K Tmb22 ? NH3(2,2) brightness temperature (3)
81- 84 F4.2 K e_Tmb22 ? Uncertainty in Tmb22
86 A1 --- l_W22 Limit flag on W22 (2)
87- 93 F7.2 K.km/s W22 ? NH3(2,2) integrated intensity(3)
95- 98 F4.2 K.km/s e_W22 ? Uncertainty in W22
100 A1 --- l_Tmb33 Limit flag on Tmb33 (2)
101-107 F7.2 K Tmb33 ? NH3(3,3) brightness temperature (3)
109-112 F4.2 K e_Tmb33 ? Uncertainty in Tmb33
114 A1 --- l_W33 Limit flag on W33 (2)
115-120 F6.2 K.km/s W33 ? NH3(3,3) integrated intensity(3)
122-125 F4.2 K.km/s e_W33 ? Uncertainty in W33
127 A1 --- l_Tmb44 Limit flag on Tmb44 (2)
128-134 F7.2 K Tmb44 ? NH3(4,4) brightness temperature (3)
136 A1 --- l_W44 Limit flag on W44 (2)
137-142 F6.2 K.km/s W44 ? NH3(4,4) integrated intensity(3)
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Note (1): B, C, D, and E denote multiple ammonia pointings that fall within a
single 1.1mm source.
Note (2): Upper-limits are Tmb<4σ and W<5σΔvN0.5,
where σ is the rms noise, Δv is the width of a single
channel in velocity, and N is the number of pixels over which the
average RMS was calculated.
Note (3): NH3 transitions at frequencies:
(1,1) = 23.6945GHz
(2,2) = 23.7226GHz
(3,3) = 23.8701GHz
(4,4) = 24.1394GHz
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- Seq [1307/6459] BGPS Identification number
5 A1 --- m_Seq [B-F] Multiple ammonia pointings (1)
7- 11 F5.2 --- tau [0.01/12.22] NH3(1,1) optical depth
13 A1 --- l_Tkin Limit flag on Tkin (2)
16- 20 F5.2 K Tkin [5/59.41] Gas kinetic temperature
22- 26 F5.2 K e_Tkin Uncertainty in Tkin
28- 32 F5.2 K Tex [2.82/24.81] Measured excitation temperature
34- 40 F7.2 K e_Tex Uncertainty in Tex
42- 45 F4.2 km/s a [0.13/0.46] Sound speed
47- 52 F6.3 km/s e_a Uncertainty in a
54- 57 F4.2 km/s sigNT [0.08/4.41] Non-thermal velocity dispersion
59- 62 F4.2 km/s e_sigNT Uncertainty in sigNT
64 A1 --- H2O [Y/N] H2O maser at 22GHz? (Y=detected)
66- 77 A12 --- Mult Multiple velocity components? (3)
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Note (1): B, C, D, and E denote multiple ammonia pointings that fall within a
single 1.1mm source.
Note (2): Upper-limits are due to a non-detection of the NH3(2,2) transition.
Note (3): Abbreviations are:
TK = additional warm temperature component might provide a better fit;
vlsr = multiple velocity components required.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- Seq [1307/6459] BGPS Identification number
6 A1 --- IRDC [mny] IRDC (infrared dark cloud) flag (1)
8 A1 --- HISA [mny] HISA (HI self-absorption) flag (1)
10 A1 --- KDA [nft] kinematic distance ambiguity (KDA) flag (2)
12- 15 F4.1 kpc Dist [0.1/15] Kinematic distance
17- 21 F5.2 kpc E_Dist Upper uncertainty limit in Dist
23- 27 F5.2 kpc e_Dist Lower uncertainty limit in Dist
29- 31 F3.1 kpc Rgal [1.4/8.5] Galactic radius
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Note (1): Flag is (see section 5 for further explanations):
y = positive association;
n = no association;
m = questionable association.
Note (2): Flag is:
n = near kinematic distance;
f = far kinematic distance;
t = tangent distance.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- Seq [1307/6459] BGPS Identification number
6- 8 F3.1 pc Rad Radius
10- 14 I5 Msun Miso1 Isothermal mass in from aperture flux
16- 21 I6 Msun e_Miso1 Uncertainty in Miso1
23- 27 I5 Msun Miso2 Isothermal mass from integrated flux
29- 34 I6 Msun e_Miso2 Uncertainty in Miso2
36- 40 I5 Msun Mvir Virial mass from integrated flux
42- 46 I5 Msun e_Mvir ? Uncertainty in Mvir
48- 53 F6.2 10+3/cm3 np Proton density from integrated flux
55- 63 F9.2 10+3/cm3 e_np Uncertainty in npint
65- 69 F5.2 10+3/cm3 nex ? Excitation density (1)
71- 75 F5.2 10+3/cm3 e_nex ? Uncertainty in nex
77- 81 F5.2 10-2/cm2 Sigma Surface density Σ from integrated flux
83- 89 F7.2 10-2/cm2 e_Sigma Uncertainty in Sigma
91- 95 F5.2 10+14/cm2 NNH3 NH3 column density
97-108 F12.2 10+14/cm2 e_NNH3 Uncertainty in NNH3
110-114 F5.2 10+21/cm2 NH2a Average H2 column density
116-123 F8.2 10+21/cm2 e_NH2a Uncertainty in NH2a
125-129 F5.2 10+22/cm2 NH2b Beam H2 column density from peak
131-135 F5.2 10+22/cm2 e_NH2b Uncertainty in NH2b
137-141 F5.2 10-8 XNH3 NH3 column density as described in
Dunham et al. (2010ApJ...717.1157D 2010ApJ...717.1157D)
143-156 F14.2 10-8 e_XNH3 Uncertainty in XNH3
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Note (1): nex cannot be calculated for sources where we have set TK=Tex.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Aguirre et al. Paper I. 2011ApJS..192....4A 2011ApJS..192....4A
Rosolowsky et al. Paper II. 2010ApJS..188..123R 2010ApJS..188..123R Cat. J/ApJS/188/123
Dunham et al. Paper III. 2010ApJ...717.1157D 2010ApJ...717.1157D
Bally et al. Paper IV. 2010ApJ...721..137B 2010ApJ...721..137B Cat. J/ApJ/721/137
Schlingman et al. Paper V. 2011ApJS..195...14S 2011ApJS..195...14S Cat. J/ApJS/195/14
Dunham et al. Paper VI. 2011ApJ...731...90D 2011ApJ...731...90D Cat. J/ApJ/731/90
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper VIII. 2013ApJ...770...39E 2013ApJ...770...39E
Ginsburg et al. Paper IX. 2013ApJS..208...14G 2013ApJS..208...14G
Shirley et al. Paper X. 2013ApJS..209....2S 2013ApJS..209....2S Cat. J/ApJS/209/2
Merello et al. Paper XI. 2015ApJS..218....1M 2015ApJS..218....1M Cat. J/ApJS/218/1
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper XII. 2015ApJ...799...29E 2015ApJ...799...29E Cat. J/ApJ/799/29
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper XIII. 2015ApJ...805..157E 2015ApJ...805..157E Cat. J/ApJ/805/157
Svoboda et al. Paper XIV. 2016ApJ...822...59S 2016ApJ...822...59S Cat. J/ApJ/822/59
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 28-Feb-2013