J/ApJ/797/116 Chemical properties of M31 star clusters (Colucci+, 2014)
The detailed chemical properties of M31 star clusters.
I. Fe, alpha and light elements.
Colucci J.E., Bernstein R.A., Cohen J.G.
<Astrophys. J., 797, 116 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...797..116C 2014ApJ...797..116C (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, globular ; Equivalent widths ; Abundances, [Fe/H]
Keywords: galaxies: halos - galaxies: individual (M31) -
galaxies: star clusters: general - Local Group - stars: abundances
Abstract:
We present ages, [Fe/H] and abundances of the α elements CaI,
SiI, TiI, TiII, and light elements MgI, NaI, and AlI for 31 globular
clusters (GCs) in M31, which were obtained from high-resolution, high
signal-to-noise ratio >60 echelle spectra of their integrated light
(IL). All abundances and ages are obtained using our original
technique for high-resolution IL abundance analysis of GCs. This
sample provides a never before seen picture of the chemical history of
M31. The GCs are dispersed throughout the inner and outer halo, from
2.5kpc<RM31<117kpc.
Description:
Our GC targets were chosen from the Revised Bologna Catalog (Galleti
et al. 2004, Cat. J/A+A/416/917), and have all been previously
spectroscopically confirmed as members of the M31 GC system. Our
selection criteria required that the GCs be more luminous than
V∼17mag, but less luminous than V∼15mag.
We obtained high-resolution IL spectra of the M31 GCs using the HIRES
echelle spectrograph on the Keck I telescope. The data were taken over
several observing runs from 2008 to 2012. In all observing runs, we
used identical setups that utilized the D3 decker, which has a slit
size of 1.7"x7.0" and spectral resolution of R=24,000, which is
sufficient to resolve individual spectral lines of GCs with
vσ≥7km/s.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 71 32 Observations and cluster properties
table2.dat 61 26 Velocity dispersions and radial velocities
table3.dat 37 14 EW versus synthesis analysis
table4.dat 109 164 M31 GC FeI equivalent widths
table5.dat 63 83 M31 GC FeI synthesis abundances
table6.dat 50 31 M31 GC ages and FeI abundances
table7.dat 182 100 M31 GC line abundances
table8.dat 82 31 M31 GC mean abundances
table9.dat 84 31 M31 GC abundances continued
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See also:
V/143 : Revised Bologna Catalog of M31 clusters V.5 (Galleti+, 2012)
VII/195 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1996)
J/AJ/119/727 : M31 globular clusters photometry (Barmby+, 2000)
J/AJ/123/2490 : RV and [Fe/H] of M31 globular cluster system (Perrett+ 2002)
J/A+A/416/917 : Rev. Bologna Cat. of M31 globular clusters (Galleti+, 2004)
J/ApJS/161/304 : Star clusters in the MW and satellites (McLaughlin+, 2005)
J/AJ/130/2140 : Abundances and velocities in GCs (Pritzl+, 2005)
J/AJ/133/2764 : M31 GCs structural parameters (Barmby+, 2007)
J/ApJ/704/385 : M31 integrated light abundances (Colucci+, 2009)
J/A+A/508/1285 : Metallicity estimates of M31 GCs (Galleti+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/402/803 : M31 globular cluster system (Peacock+, 2010)
J/AJ/141/61 : Star clusters in M31. II. (Caldwell+, 2011)
J/ApJ/735/55 : High-resolution GCs abundances. III. LMC (Colucci+, 2011)
J/ApJ/746/29 : High-resolution GC abundances. IV. 8 LMC GCs (Colucci+ 2012)
J/ApJS/199/37 : GALEX catalog of star clusters in M31 (Kang+, 2012)
J/AJ/146/20 : Structural parameters for 79 GCs in M31 (Wang+, 2013)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster name
11 A1 --- f_Name [*] Indicates a cluster analyzed in
Colucci et al. 2009, Cat. J/ApJ/704/385 (1)
13- 14 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 17 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
19- 22 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
24 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
31- 34 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
36- 40 F5.2 mag Vmag [14.15/16.91]? V band magnitude
42- 45 F4.2 mag E(B-V) [0.05/0.46]? Reddening
46 A1 --- f_E(B-V) [a-d] Flag on E(B-V) (2)
48- 53 F6.2 kpc RM31 [1.77/117.05]? Projected galactocentric
radius from M31
55- 58 I4 yr Obs.Y Year of Observation
60- 62 A3 "month" Obs.M Month of Observation
64- 66 F3.1 h Texp [1/6] Exposure time
68- 70 I3 --- S/N [54/114]? Signal-to-Noise ratio
71 A1 --- f_S/N [e] Indicates S/N of combined 2009 and 2011
spectrum
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Note (1): Results from Colucci et al. 2009 (Cat. J/ApJ/704/385) are reproduced
here for completeness.
Note (2): Reddening values are taken from Caldwell et al. (2011, J/AJ/141/61),
with exceptions defined as follows:
a = Fan et al. (2008MNRAS.385.1973F 2008MNRAS.385.1973F),
b = Mackey et al. (2007ApJ...655L..85M 2007ApJ...655L..85M),
c = Barmby et al. (2007, Cat. J/AJ/133/2764),
d = Mackey et al. (2010MNRAS.401..533M 2010MNRAS.401..533M)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster name
12- 16 F5.2 km/s sigma [4.73/25.73] Velocity dispersion
18- 21 F4.2 km/s e_sigma [0.37/1.24] Error on sigma
23- 28 F6.1 km/s RV [-555.5/-53.1] Heliocentric radial velocity
30- 32 F3.1 km/s e_RV [0.1/0.6] Error on RV
34- 37 F4.1 km/s sigmal [6.8/27.2]? Velocity dispersion
from the literature
39- 41 F3.1 km/s e_sigmal [0.3/2.2]? Error on sigmal
43- 48 F6.1 km/s RVl [-539/-55.8] Radial velocity
from the literature
50- 53 F4.1 km/s e_RVl [0.3/48] Error on RVl
55- 61 A7 --- Refs References (1)
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Note (1): Where two references are listed, we have calculated the average of
the two results and an error equal to the standard deviation in the
mean. The references are defined as follows:
1 = Strader et al. 2011AJ....142....8S 2011AJ....142....8S.
2 = Galleti et al. 2004A&A...416..917G 2004A&A...416..917G.
3 = Dubath & Grillmair 1997A&A...321..379D 1997A&A...321..379D.
4 = Alves-Brito et al. 2009MNRAS.395L..34A 2009MNRAS.395L..34A.
5 = Djorgovski et al. 1997ApJ...474L..19D 1997ApJ...474L..19D.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster Name
12- 16 F5.2 --- [Fe/H] [-1.74/-0.26] [Fe/H] from the equivalent width
18- 21 F4.2 --- e_[Fe/H] [0.15/0.4] Error on [Fe/H]
23- 27 F5.2 --- [Fe/H]s [-1.81/-0.16] [Fe/H] from line synthesis
29- 32 F4.2 --- e_[Fe/H]s [0.1/0.2] Error on [Fe/H]s
34- 37 F4.1 km/s v [6.5/19.5] Velocity dispersion
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 F8.3 0.1nm lambda [4005.25/8239.13] Wavelength in Angstroms (1)
10- 14 F5.3 eV EP [0/4.77] Excitation potential
16- 21 F6.3 [-] log(gf) [-5.28/0.65] Log oscillator strength times
degeneracy
23- 27 F5.1 10-13m EWB006 [35.7/149.2]? FeI equivalent width in B006 (2)
29- 33 F5.1 10-13m EWB048 [34.1/148.9]? FeI equivalent width in B048 (2)
35- 39 F5.1 10-13m EWB088 [45.4/150.1]? FeI equivalent width in B088 (2)
41- 45 F5.1 10-13m EWB232 [50.5/149.6]? FeI equivalent width in B232 (2)
47- 51 F5.1 10-13m EWB235 [27.3/144.6]? FeI equivalent width in B235 (2)
53- 57 F5.1 10-13m EWB240 [32.1/146.8]? FeI equivalent width in B240 (2)
59- 63 F5.1 10-13m EWB311 [41.5/139.8]? FeI equivalent width in B311 (2)
65- 69 F5.1 10-13m EWB312 [40.3/199.7]? FeI equivalent width in B312 (2)
71- 75 F5.1 10-13m EWB383 [22.4/146.4]? FeI equivalent width in B383 (2)
77- 81 F5.1 10-13m EWB403 [37.2/189.7]? FeI equivalent width in B403 (2)
83- 87 F5.1 10-13m EWB514 [38.5/143.6]? FeI equivalent width in B514 (2)
89- 93 F5.1 10-13m EWG002 [35.9/143.5]? FeI equivalent width in G002 (2)
95- 98 F4.1 10-13m EWG327 [34.1/99.2]? FeI equivalent width in G327 (2)
100-104 F5.1 10-13m EWMCGC5 [36.4/144.3]? FeI equivalent width in MCGC5 (2)
106-109 F4.1 10-13m EWMGC1 [47.7/97.8]? FeI equivalent width in MGC1 (2)
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Note (1): Lines listed twice were measured in two orders with overlapping
wavelength coverage.
Note (2): In units of milli-Angstroms.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 F8.3 0.1nm lambda [4294.14/7583.79] Wavelength (in Angstroms)
10- 13 F4.2 [-] AB012 [5.2/6.2]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B012 (1)
15- 18 F4.2 [-] AB029 [6.7/7.4]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B029 (1)
20- 23 F4.2 [-] AB034 [6.3/7.1]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B034 (1)
25- 28 F4.2 [-] AB110 [6.5/7.1]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B110 (1)
30- 33 F4.2 [-] AB163 [6.5/7.3]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B163 (1)
35- 38 F4.2 [-] AB171 [6.8/7.9]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B171 (1)
40- 43 F4.2 [-] AB182 [5.9/7.0]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B182 (1)
45- 48 F4.2 [-] AB193 [6.8/7.6]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B193 (1)
50- 53 F4.2 [-] AB225 [6.6/7.3]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B225 (1)
55- 58 F4.2 [-] AB384 [6.5/7.1]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B384 (1)
60- 63 F4.2 [-] AB457 [5.8/6.9]? FeI synthesis log abundance in B457 (1)
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Note (1): Abundances for individual lines are measured in steps of 0.1dex from
the mean abundance using all lines. The typical statistical
measurement uncertainty of individual lines is 0.05dex. Note that
these statistical uncertainties do not dominate the total uncertainty.
See text for further discussion. Abundances for each GC are calculated
using its CMD solution that has the oldest age.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster name
11 A1 --- f_Name [*] Indicates a cluster analyzed in Colucci
et al. 2009, Cat. J/ApJ/704/385 (1)
13- 16 F4.1 Gyr Age Age
18- 20 F3.1 Gyr DAge Delta Age
22- 26 F5.2 [-] [FeI/H] Abundance [FeI/H]
28- 29 I2 --- N Number of FeI lines measured
31- 34 F4.2 --- e_N Statistical error of the mean FeI abundance (2)
36- 39 F4.2 --- sAge Uncertainty due to the dependence of the final
abundance on the age of the CMD (2)
41- 44 F4.2 --- sT Final total uncertainty in abundance (2)
46- 48 A3 --- Fin Final analysis performed with GETJOB (EW)
or line synthesis (SYN)
50 A1 --- Com Denotes whether solar-scaled (S) or
α-enhanced (A) isochrones and stellar
atmospheres were used in the final analysis.
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Note (1): Results from Colucci et al. 2009 (Cat. J/ApJ/704/385) are reproduced
here for completeness.
Note (2): Final total uncertainty in abundance:
σT=((σN/sqrt(N-1))2+σAge2)(1/2)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file:table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 5 A5 --- Species Species identifier
7- 14 F8.3 0.1nm lambda [4122.66/7932.35] Wavelength in Angstroms
16- 20 F5.3 eV EP [0/5.96] Excitation potential
22- 27 F6.3 [-] log(gf) [-5.569/0.504]? Log of oscillator strength
times degeneracy
29- 32 F4.2 [-] B006 [4.33/7.48]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B006
34- 37 F4.2 [-] B012 [3.51/7.59]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B012
39- 42 F4.2 [-] B029 [4.25/7.3]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B029
44- 47 F4.2 [-] B034 [3.99/7.57]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B034
49- 52 F4.2 [-] B045 [4.14/7.25]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B045
54- 57 F4.2 [-] B048 [3.79/7.2]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B048
59- 62 F4.2 [-] B088 [2.81/7.15]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B088
64- 67 F4.2 [-] B110 [4.04/7.19]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B110
69- 72 F4.2 [-] B163 [4.28/7.63]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B163
74- 77 F4.2 [-] B171 [3.99/7.73]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B171
79- 82 F4.2 [-] B182 [3.85/7.65]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B182
84- 87 F4.2 [-] B193 [4.33/7.82]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B193
89- 92 F4.2 [-] B225 [4.65/7.93]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B225
94- 97 F4.2 [-] B232 [3/7.41]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B232
99-102 F4.2 [-] B235 [3.96/6.81]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B235
104-107 F4.2 [-] B240 [3.34/7.22]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B240
109-112 F4.2 [-] B311 [3.16/6.5]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B311
114-117 F4.2 [-] B312 [3.75/6.99]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B312
119-122 F4.2 [-] B358 [2.64/6.91]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B358
124-127 F4.2 [-] B381 [3.92/6.77]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B381
129-132 F4.2 [-] B383 [4.17/7.22]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B383
134-137 F4.2 [-] B384 [4.17/7.23]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B384
139-142 F4.2 [-] B386 [3.71/7.33]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B386
144-147 F4.2 [-] B403 [3.83/7.08]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B403
149-152 F4.2 [-] B405 [3.49/7.48]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B405
154-157 F4.2 [-] B457 [3.57/6.52]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B457
159-162 F4.2 [-] B514 [3.2/6.51]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in B514
164-167 F4.2 [-] G002 [2.77/6.12]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in G002
169-172 F4.2 [-] G327 [3.36/6.32]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in G327
174-177 F4.2 [-] MCGC5 [3.21/6.67]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in MCGC5
179-182 F4.2 [-] MGC1 [3.36/6.42]? 12+log(X/H) abundance in MGC1
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster name
12- 16 F5.2 [-] [FeII/H] Mean [FeII/H] abundance (G1)
18- 21 F4.2 [-] e_[FeII/H] Statistical error on [FeII/H] (G2)
23- 24 I2 --- o_FeII Number of FeII lines
26- 29 F4.2 [-] eA[FeII/H] Uncertainy on [FeII/H] due to age (G3)
31- 35 F5.2 [-] [NaI/Fe] ? Mean abundance ratio [NaI/FeI] (G1)
37- 40 F4.2 [-] e_[NaI/Fe] ? Statistical error on NaI (G2)
42 I1 --- o_NaI ? Number of NaI lines
44- 47 F4.2 [-] eA[NaI/Fe] ? Uncertainy on [NaI/Fe] due to age (G3)
49- 53 F5.2 [-] [MgI/Fe] Mean abundance ratio [MgI/Fe] (G1)
55- 58 F4.2 [-] e_[MgI/Fe] Statistical error on [MgI/Fe] (G2)
60 I1 --- o_MgI Number of MgI lines
62- 65 F4.2 [-] eA[MgI/Fe] Uncertainy on [MgI/Fe] due to age (G3)
67- 70 F4.2 [-] [AlI/Fe] ? Mean abundance ratio [AlI/Fe] (G1)
72- 75 F4.2 [-] e_[AlI/Fe] ? Statistical error on AlI (G2)
77 I1 --- o_AlI ? Number of AlI lines
79- 82 F4.2 [-] eA[AlI/Fe] ? Uncertainy on [AlI/Fe] due to age (G3)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Cluster name
12- 16 F5.2 [-] [CaI/Fe] Mean [CaI/Fe] abundance (G1)
18- 21 F4.2 [-] e_[CaI/Fe] Statistical error on [CaI/Fe] (G2)
23- 24 I2 --- o_Ca1 Number of CaI lines
26- 29 F4.2 [-] eACa1 Uncertainy on [CaI/Fe] due to age (G3)
31- 34 F4.2 [-] [SiI/Fe] ? Abundance [SiI/Fe] abundance (G1)
36- 39 F4.2 [-] e_[SiI/Fe] ? Statistical error on [SiI/Fe] (G2)
41 I1 --- o_Si1 ? Number of Si1 lines
43- 46 F4.2 [-] eA[SiI/Fe] ? Uncertainy on [SiI/Fe] due to age (G3)
48- 52 F5.2 [-] [TiI/FeI] ? Abundance [TiI/FeI] abundance (G1)
54- 57 F4.2 [-] e_[TiI/FeI] ? Statistical error on [TiI/FeI] (G2)
59- 60 I2 --- o_TiI ? Number of TiI lines
62- 65 F4.2 [-] eA[TiI/FeI] ? Uncertainy on [TiI/FeI] due to age (G3)
67- 71 F5.2 [-] [TiII/FeII] Abundance [TiII/FeII] abundance (G1)
73- 76 F4.2 [-] e_[TiII/FeII] Statistical error on [TiII/FeII] (G2)
78- 79 I2 --- o_TiII Number of TiII lines
81- 84 F4.2 [-] eA[TiII/FeII] Uncertainy on [TiII/FeII] due to age (G3)
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Global Notes:
Note (G1): All abundances are obtained from line synthesis.
Note (G2): Statistical error in the mean for each species
σX=σ/sqrt(NX-1).
For species with only one line measurement σX is set to a
value of 0.1dex, which is a typical line-to-line uncertainty in our
analysis.
Note (G3): Uncertainty in the abundance due to the age of the CMD
(σA,X).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Marianne Brouty [CDS] 22-Feb-2017