J/ApJ/864/136 Massive star-forming regions multiwavelength study (Binder+, 2018)
A multiwavelength look at Galactic massive star-forming regions.
Binder B.A., Povich M.S.
<Astrophys. J., 864, 136 (2018)>
=2018ApJ...864..136B 2018ApJ...864..136B
ADC_Keywords: H II regions; Star Forming Region; Photometry, infrared;
Radio continuum
Keywords: dust, extinction; H II regions; infrared: ISM; radio continuum: ISM;
stars: early-type; stars: formation
Abstract:
We present a multiwavelength study of 28 Galactic massive star-forming
HII regions. For 17 of these regions, we present new distance
measurements based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes. By fitting a multicomponent
dust, blackbody, and power-law continuum model to the 3.6µm through
10mm spectral energy distributions, we find that ∼34% of Lyman
continuum photons emitted by massive stars are absorbed by dust before
contributing to the ionization of HII regions, while ∼68% of the
stellar bolometric luminosity is absorbed and reprocessed by dust in
the HII regions and surrounding photodissociation regions. The most
luminous, infrared-bright regions that fully sample the upper stellar
initial mass function (ionizing photon rates NC≥1050s-1 and
dust-processed LTIR≥106.8L☉) have on average higher
percentages of absorbed Lyman continuum photons (∼51%) and reprocessed
starlight (∼82%) compared to less luminous regions. Luminous HII
regions show lower average polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
fractions than less luminous regions, implying that the strong
radiation fields from early-type massive stars are efficient at
destroying PAH molecules. On average, the monochromatic luminosities
at 8, 24, and 70µm combined carry 94% of the dust-reprocessed
LTIR. L70 captures ∼52% of LTIR, and is therefore the preferred
choice to infer the bolometric luminosity of dusty star-forming
regions. We calibrate star formation rates (SFRs) based on L24 and L70
against the Lyman continuum photon rates of the massive stars in each
region. Standard extragalactic calibrations of monochromatic SFRs
based on population synthesis models are generally consistent with our
values.
Description:
IR data from Spitzer, MSX, and IRAS and radio data from Planck were
retrieved using the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA).
The majority (23) of our target MSFRs were included in the Galactic
Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE; see II/293
or Vela-Carina surveys; see Povich+ 2011, J/ApJS/194/14) using the
four Spitzer IRAC bands, centered at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0um. The
remaining seven MSFRs were included in the MYStIX survey, and for
these we used mosaic images produced by Kuhn+ (2013, J/ApJS/209/29)
from publicly available Spitzer/IRAC archival observations.
The Spirit III instrument on board the MSX satellite surveyed the
Galactic plane in four IR bands: A (8.28um), C (12.13um), D (14.65um),
and E (21.3um). The spatial resolution of Spirit III was ∼18.3".
From 1983 January to November IRAS mapped 98% of the sky in four IR
bands. These bands have effective wavelengths of 12, 25, 60, and 100um.
We use the Improved Reprocessing of the IRAS Survey (IRIS) products
available through IRSA.
All target MSFRs were included in one or more of the Herschel Hi-Gal,
HOBYS, or Gould Belt surveys (Andre+ 2010A&A...518L.102A 2010A&A...518L.102A ;
Molinari+ 2010PASP..122..314M 2010PASP..122..314M or Motte+ 2010A&A...518L..77M 2010A&A...518L..77M). Far-IR
and submillimeter images were downloaded from the Herschel Space
Observatory Science Archive. The beam sizes of the 70um, 160um, 250um,
350um, and 500um images were 5.8", 12.0", 18.0", 25.0", and 37.0",
respectively.
We retrieved Planck cut-out images4 at 30, 44, 70, and 100GHz centered
on each MSFR. The images were scaled to be four or eight times the
FWHM of the effective beam at each frequency to provide an adequate
estimate of the background. The effective FWHM in the 30, 44, 70, and
100GHz channels were 32.41', 27.10', 13.32', and 9.69', respectively.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 49 28 Massive star-forming region sample
table6.dat 118 28 Monochromatic luminosities and SFRs
table8.dat 298 30 Photometry data for all massive star-forming regions
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See also:
VIII/64 : Westerhout's Catalogue of 82 Discrete Sources (Westerhout 1958)
VII/216 : H-α emission regions in Southern Milky Way (Rodgers+ 1960)
III/85 : Sixth Catalogue of Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars (van der Hucht+ 1981)
II/125 : IRAS catalogue of Point Sources, Version 2.0 (IPAC 1986)
II/249 : WHAM Northern Sky Survey, V-1.1 (Haffner+, 2003)
VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)
J/AJ/102/642 : UBV photometry in Westerlund 2 (Moffat+, 1991)
J/ApJ/393/149 : W49N H2O maser outflow: distance and kinematics (Winn+, 1992)
J/A+A/275/67 : Velocity Field of the outer Galaxy (Brand+ 1993)
J/A+A/357/1020 : JHK photometry in NGC 6334 IV (Persi+, 2000)
J/MNRAS/328/17 : Parkes Multi-Beam Pulsar Survey (Manchester+, 2001)
J/A+A/397/213 : Galactic HII regions (Paladini+, 2003)
J/A+A/397/133 : Star-forming complexes in the Galaxy (Russeil+, 2003)
J/ApJ/598/375 : Chandra X-ray observations of NGC 2024 (Skinner+, 2003)
J/ApJ/608/781 : NGC 6530 Chandra X-ray catalog (Damiani+, 2004)
J/ApJ/607/904 : Chandra obs. of Trifid nebula (Rho+, 2004)
J/ApJ/633/871 : Positions and photometry of HII knots in M51 (Calzetti+, 2005)
J/AJ/129/2018 : RXTE scaled fluxes of eta Car (Corcoran+, 2005)
J/A+A/438/1163 : Catalogue of Open Cluster Data (COCD) (Kharchenko+, 2005)
J/A+A/430/941 : Star formation region NGC 6530 (Prisinzano+, 2005)
J/A+A/457/265 : The VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars (Dufton+, 2006)
J/A+A/450/253 : JHKL photometry of RCW57/NGC3576 (Maercker+, 2006)
J/ApJ/648/987 : UV through far-IR analysis of M81 (Perez-Gonzalez+, 2006)
J/ApJ/643/965 : Spitzer photometry of the Trifid nebula (M20) (Rho+, 2006)
J/AJ/132/1100 : X-ray and IR sources in RCW 38 (Wolk+, 2006)
J/A+A/462/245 : BVI photometry in NGC 6611 (Guarcello+, 2007)
J/ApJ/665/1297 : X-ray sources around G12.82-0.02 (Helfand+, 2007)
J/A+A/462/123 : VLT/Flames spectroscopic data of NGC 6530 (Prisinzano+, 2007)
J/ApJS/168/100 : X-ray study of star-forming region NGC 6357 (Wang+, 2007)
J/ApJ/675/1319 : Infrared photometry of NGC 3603 (Harayama+, 2008)
J/ApJ/690/706 : Distances of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2009)
J/AJ/138/33 : VLT JHKs imaging of RCW 38 (Derose+, 2009)
J/ApJ/703/1672 : Far-IR and Hα fluxes in galaxies (Kennicutt+, 2009)
J/ApJ/701/1965 : Radial dust properties of SINGS galaxies (Munoz-Mateos+, 2009)
J/ApJ/696/1278 : The extended star-forming environment of M17 (Povich+, 2009)
J/ApJ/714/1256 : Far-IR star formation rate indicators (Calzetti+, 2010)
J/ApJ/715/506 : Aromatic inventory of the local volume (Marble+, 2010)
J/ApJ/709/424 : HII regions identified with WMAPS and GLIMPSE (Murray+, 2010)
J/A+A/515/A55 : NGC 6334-NGC 6357 complex (Russeil+, 2010)
J/ApJ/719/1191 : Mid-IR indicators of SF and AGN in galaxies (Treyer+, 2010)
J/ApJS/194/4 : Classification of CCCP X-ray sources (Broos+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/2 : Chandra Carina Complex Project (CCCP) catalog (Broos+, 2011)
J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/5 : Carina OB stars in the CCCP catalog (Gagne+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/14 : A Pan-Carina YSO catalog (Povich+, 2011)
J/A+A/526/A151 : Hi-Gal sources distance determination (Russeil+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/11 : Chandra study of Trumpler 15 in Carina (Wang+, 2011)
J/ApJ/752/146 : Star forming complexes in Galactic WMAP sources (Lee+, 2012)
J/ApJ/755/40 : HII regions in the Magellanic clouds (Pellegrini+, 2012)
J/A+A/538/A142 : OB stars in NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 (Russeil+, 2012)
J/A+A/552/A123 : Far-IR study of G29.96-0.02 (Beltran+, 2013)
J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/435/2003 : G305 star-forming complex in 13CO (Hindson+, 2013)
J/ApJS/209/29 : MYStIX: Mid-IR observations and catalogs (Kuhn+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/125 : Spectroscopy & HST photometry in Westerlund 2 (Vargas+, 2013)
J/ApJ/787/108 : Age estimates for massive SFR stellar pop. (Getman+, 2014)
J/A+A/572/A63 : Intensity maps in the star-forming complex W33 (Immer+, 2014)
J/ApJS/213/1 : The MSFRs Omnibus X-ray Catalog (MOXC) (Townsley+, 2014)
J/A+A/576/A33 : KINGFISH galaxy sample radial profile SED (Hunt+, 2015)
J/ApJ/813/42 : O and B type stars in W3: first results (Kiminki+, 2015)
J/ApJS/224/4 : GOSSS III. 142 additional O-type syst. (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016)
J/ApJ/831/73 : Galactic MCs associated with HII reg. (Vutisalchavakul+, 2016)
J/A+A/589/A16 : Spectra of W49 massives young stars (Wu+, 2016)
J/ApJ/838/61 : Candidate X-ray OB stars in MYStIX regions (Povich+, 2017)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 11 A11 --- Name Star-forming region name
13- 17 F5.1 deg GLON Galactic longitude
18- 22 F5.1 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
24- 28 F5.2 kpc Dist [0.3/11.4] Distance
30- 33 F4.2 kpc e_Dist [0.01/1.4]? Negative uncertainty on Dist
35- 38 F4.2 kpc E_Dist [0.01/2.9]? Positive uncertainty on Dist
40- 41 I2 --- r_Dist [1/12] Reference (1)
43- 49 A7 --- SpT Earliest spectral type (2)
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Note (1): References as follows:
1 = Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018, I/345),
2 = Schneider et al. (2010A&A...520A..49S 2010A&A...520A..49S),
3 = Blum et al. (2000AJ....119.1860B 2000AJ....119.1860B),
4 = Immer et al. (2013A&A...553A.117I 2013A&A...553A.117I),
5 = Figueredo et al. (2005AJ....129.1523F 2005AJ....129.1523F),
6 = Moscadelli et al. (2009ApJ...693..406M 2009ApJ...693..406M),
7 = Koumpia & Bonanos (2012A&A...547A..30K 2012A&A...547A..30K),
8 = Xu et al. (2009ApJ...693..413X 2009ApJ...693..413X),
9 = Zhang et al. (2014ApJ...781...89Z 2014ApJ...781...89Z),
10 = Russeil et al. (2011, J/A+A/526/A151),
11 = Harayama et al. (2008, J/ApJ/675/1319),
12 = Gwinn et al. (1992, J/ApJ/393/149).
Note (2): For a discussion of the spectral types found in each stellar
population (including references), see Appendix A.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 11 A11 --- Name Star-forming region name
13 A1 --- f_Name [a] Flag on Name (3)
15 A1 --- l_SFRLyC Limit flag on SFRLyC (3)
16- 21 F6.3 10-3Msun/yr SFRLyC [0.007/10.4] Lyman continuum SFR (4)
23- 27 F5.3 10-3Msun/yr e_SFRLyC [0.005/2.3]? SFRLyC uncertainty
29- 34 F6.3 10-3Msun/yr SFRtir [0.01/10.4] Total IR SFR (5)
36- 40 F5.3 10-3Msun/yr e_SFRtir [0.004/2.86] SFRtir uncertainty
42- 47 F6.3 10-3Msun/yr SFRrad [0.007/12.6]? Radio SFR
49- 53 F5.3 10-3Msun/yr e_SFRrad [0.003/6.53]? SFRrad uncertainty
55- 59 I5 Jy Snu8um [280/34900] 8um flux density
61- 65 F5.2 10+32W L8 [0.02/12.8] 8um luminosity
67- 70 F4.2 --- L8/Ltir [0.06/0.53] L8 to LTIR ratio (6)
72- 77 I6 Jy Snu24um [1000/203640] 24um flux density
79- 83 F5.2 10+32W L24 [0.03/28.4] 24um luminosity
85- 89 F5.2 10-3Msun/yr SFR24 [0.01/10.4] 24um SFR
91- 94 F4.2 --- L24/Ltir [0.09/0.9] L24 to LTIR ratio (6)
96-101 I6 Jy Snu70 [360/632930] 70um flux density
103-107 F5.2 10+32W L70 [0.03/40.6] 70um luminosity
109-113 F5.2 10-3Msun/yr SFR70 [0.01/10.8] 70um SFR
115-118 F4.2 --- L70/Ltir [0.08/0.7] L70 to LTIR ratio (6)
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Note (3):
a = Regions for which massive stellar content remains incompletely cataloged;
reported SFRLyC is a lower limit.
Note (4): Values for SFRLyC in each MSFR computed using Equation (15):
SFRLyC/M☉yr-1=(7.5x10-54)NC/s-1
with NC, the Lyman continuum photon rate.
Note (5): The SFRTIR is analogous to the Kennicutt+ 2009, J/ApJ/703/1672
"total IR" SFR tracer.
Note (6): LTIR is the bolometric, thermal IR luminosity.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Name Star-forming region identifier
12- 13 A2 --- m_Name Multiple component on Name
15- 21 F7.3 deg GLON Galactic longitude
23- 29 F7.3 deg GLAT [-19.4/3.5] Galactic latitude
31- 34 I4 Jy F3.6 [16/1680]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band
flux density
36- 39 I4 Jy e_F3.6 [2/68]?=-999 Uncertainty in F3.6
41- 44 I4 Jy F4.5 [15/2120]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band
flux density
46- 49 I4 Jy e_F4.5 [1/60]?=-999 Uncertainty in F4.5
51- 54 I4 Jy F5.8 [120/7160]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band
flux density
56- 59 I4 Jy e_F5.8 [4/200]?=-999 Uncertainty in F5.8
61- 65 I5 Jy F8.0 [210/24010]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band
flux density
67- 70 I4 Jy e_F8.0 [3/720]?=-999 Uncertainty in F8.0
72- 76 I5 Jy F8.28 [23/16730]?=-999 MSX 8.28um band flux density
78- 81 I4 Jy e_F8.28 [3/400]?=-999 Uncertainty in F8.28
83- 87 I5 Jy F12.13 [24/51810]?=-999 MSX 12.13um band flux density
89- 92 I4 Jy e_F12.13 [4/790]?=-999 Uncertainty in F12.13
94- 98 I5 Jy F14.65 [120/51200]?=-999 MSX 14.65um band flux density
100-103 I4 Jy e_F14.65 [10/540]?=-999 Uncertainty in F14.65
105-110 I6 Jy F21.3 [250/157460]?=-999 MSX 21.3um band flux density
112-115 I4 Jy e_F21.3 [20/880]?=-999 Uncertainty in F21.3
117-121 I5 Jy F12 [570/52620]?=-999 IRAS 12um flux density
123-126 I4 Jy e_F12 [10/480]?=-999 Uncertainty in F12
128-133 I6 Jy F25 [700/167110]?=-999 IRAS 25um flux density
135-138 I4 Jy e_F25 [10/860]?=-999 Uncertainty in F25
140-145 I6 Jy F60 [360/664300]?=-999 IRAS 60um flux density
147-150 I4 Jy e_F60 [40/4580]?=-999 Uncertainty in F60
152-157 I6 Jy F100 [510/784070]?=-999 IRAS 100um flux density
159-163 I5 Jy e_F100 [90/13360]?=-999 Uncertainty in F100
165-170 I6 Jy F70 [310/633410]?=-999 Herschel/PACS 70um band
flux density
172-177 I6 Jy e_F70 [210/154480]?=-999 Uncertainty in F70
179-184 I6 Jy F160 [430/594240]?=-999 Herschel/PACS 160um band
flux density
186-191 I6 Jy e_F160 [380/213200]?=-999 Uncertainty in F160
193-198 I6 Jy F250 [130/223730]?=-999 Herschel/SPIRE 250um band
flux density
200-204 I5 Jy e_F250 [110/14940]?=-999 Uncertainty in F250
206-210 I5 Jy F350 [65/99860]?=-999 Herschel/SPIRE 350um band
flux density
212-215 I4 Jy e_F350 [55/7060]?=-999 Uncertainty in F350
217-221 I5 Jy F500 [22/35320]?=-999 Herschel/SPIRE 500um band
flux density
223-226 I4 Jy e_F500 [17/2530]?=-999 Uncertainty in F500
228-234 F7.2 deg r100 [0.1/1.07]?=-999 Planck 100GHz aperture size
236-242 F7.2 deg r70 [0.2/1.07]?=-999 Planck 70GHz aperture size
244-250 F7.2 deg r44 [0.4/1.07]?=-999 Planck 44GHz aperture size
252-258 F7.2 deg r30 [0.5/1.07]?=-999 Planck 30GHz aperture size
260-263 I4 Jy F100GHz [6/210]?=-999 Planck 100GHz flux density
265-268 I4 Jy e_F100GHz [1/50]?=-999 Uncertainty in F100GHz
270-273 I4 Jy F70GHz [6/410]?=-999 Planck 70GHz flux density
275-278 I4 Jy e_F70GHz [1/20]?=-999 Uncertainty in F70GHz
280-283 I4 Jy F44GHz [9/390]?=-999 Planck 44GHz flux density
285-288 I4 Jy e_F44GHz [1/20]?=-999 Uncertainty in F44GHz
290-293 I4 Jy F30GHz [7/350]?=-999 Planck 30GHz flux density
295-298 I4 Jy e_F30GHz [5/70]?=-999 Uncertainty in F30GHz
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 20-Aug-2019