J/ApJ/864/150 Black holes & neutron stars in nearby galaxies (Vulic+, 2018)
Black holes and neutron stars in nearby galaxies: insights from NuSTAR.
Vulic N., Hornschemeier A.E., Wik D.R., Yukita M., Zezas A., Ptak A.F.,
Lehmer B.D., Antoniou V., Maccarone T.J., Williams B.F., Fornasini F.M.
<Astrophys. J., 864, 150-150 (2018)>
=2018ApJ...864..150V 2018ApJ...864..150V (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Black holes; Stars, neutron; X-ray sources; Galaxies, nearby
Keywords: galaxies: luminosity function, mass function; pulsars: general
stars: black holes; stars: neutron; X-rays: binaries; X-rays: galaxies
Abstract:
Nearby galaxy surveys have long classified X-ray binaries (XRBs) by
the mass category of their donor stars (high-mass and low-mass). The
NuSTAR observatory, which provides imaging data at E>10keV, has
enabled the classification of extragalactic XRBs by their compact
object type: neutron star (NS) or black hole (BH). We analyzed
NuSTAR/Chandra/XMM-Newton observations from a NuSTAR-selected sample
of 12 galaxies within 5 Mpc having stellar masses (M*)
107-11M☉ and star formation rates (SFRs)∼0.01-15M☉/yr.
We detected 128 NuSTAR sources to a sensitivity of ∼1038erg/s. Using
NuSTAR color-intensity and color-color diagrams we classified 43 of
these sources as candidate NSs and 47 as candidate BHs. We further
subdivide BHs by accretion states (soft, intermediate, and hard) and
NSs by weak (Z/Atoll) and strong (accreting pulsar) magnetic field.
Using eight normal (Milky Way-type) galaxies in the sample, we confirm
the relation between the SFR and galaxy X-ray point source luminosity
in the 4-25 and 12-25keV energy bands. We also constrained galaxy
X-ray point source luminosity using the relation
LX=α.M*+βSFR, finding agreement with previous work. The
X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of all sources in the 4-25 and
12-25keV energy bands matches the α=1.6 slope for high-mass
XRBs. We find that NS XLFs suggest a decline beginning at the
Eddington limit for a 1.4M☉ NS, whereas the BH fraction shows an
approximate monotonic increase in the 4-25 and 12-25keV energy bands.
We calculate the overall ratio of BH to NS to be ∼1 for 4-25keV and ∼2
for 12-25keV.
Description:
Using the HyperLeda database and the Updated Nearby Galaxy catalog
(Karachentsev+ 2013, J/AJ/145/101) we searched for all galaxies within
10Mpc that have been observed by NuSTAR as of 1 July 2017. In Table 1
we list the 12 galaxies selected in the sample (see Section 2).
Table 2 summarizes the simultaneous/archival NuSTAR and
Chandra/XMM-Newton observations (spanning 2001-Apr to 2017-Mar) for
galaxies in the sample that were analyzed in this work (Table 1).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 81 12 Galaxy properties
table2.dat 70 123 NuSTAR, Chandra, and XMM-Newton observations
of the NuSTAR galaxy sample
table3.dat 171 128 NuSTAR point source properties
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See also:
B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)
B/xmm : XMM-Newton Observation Log (XMM-Newton Science Operation Center, 2012)
VIII/76 : Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI (Kalberla+ 2005)
J/ApJ/554/202 : ROSAT X-ray observations of M81 (Immler+, 2001)
J/A+A/373/63 : M31 second ROSAT PSPC survey (Supper+, 2001)
J/ApJ/577/738 : M31 Chandra X-ray point sources (Kong+, 2002)
J/ApJS/144/213 : Chandra X-ray observations of M81 (Swartz+, 2003)
J/ApJ/602/231 : Chandra X-ray point sources in nearby galaxies (Colbert+, 2004)
J/AJ/127/1531 : Star formation history of SMC (Harris+, 2004)
J/ApJ/609/735 : M31 Chandra X-ray sources (Williams+, 2004)
J/ApJS/154/519 : Properties of ultraluminous X-ray candidates (Swartz+, 2004)
J/A+A/451/457 : X-ray properties of AGN in CDFS (Tozzi+, 2006)
J/A+A/475/775 : INTEGRAL all-sky survey of hard X-ray sources (Krivonos+, 2007)
J/ApJS/173/185 : GALEX UV atlas of nearby galaxies (Gil de Paz+, 2007)
J/ApJ/682/1020 : X-ray sources in NGC 4194 and NGC 7541 (Kaaret+, 2008)
J/ApJ/687/471 : Observational comparison between ULXs and XRBs (Berghea+, 2008)
J/A+A/495/733 : XMM-Newton spectral survey of M31 disc (Shaw+, 2009)
J/ApJ/703/517 : The Spitzer Local Volume Legacy: IR photometry (Dale+, 2009)
J/AJ/138/1243 : The star formation history of the LMC (Harris+, 2009)
J/ApJ/721/1843 : Swift-BAT survey of Galactic sources (Voss+, 2010)
J/ApJS/192/6 : A GALEX UV imaging survey of nearby galaxies (Lee+, 2011)
J/ApJS/192/10 : Chandra ACIS survey in 383 nearby galaxies. I. (Liu, 2011)
J/MNRAS/414/1329 : M82 X-ray sources long-term variability (Chiang+, 2011)
J/ApJ/735/26 : Chandra observations of M81 (Sell+, 2011)
J/A+A/534/A55 : Deep XMM-Newton Survey of M31 (Stiele+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/21 : AGNs detected by 60 month Swift/BAT survey (Ajello+, 2012)
J/ApJS/201/34 : Swift-INTEGRAL X-ray (SIX) survey (Bottacini+, 2012)
J/A+A/545/A27 : INTEGRAL/IBIS 9-yr Galactic hard X-ray survey (Krivonos+, 2012)
J/ApJ/758/15 : Chandra X-ray point sources of NGC 300 (Binder+, 2012)
J/ApJ/761/16 : IR colors of the Sun from Line-Depth Ratios (Casagrande+, 2012)
J/AJ/145/101 : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors and temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/AJ/146/86 : Cosmicflows-2 catalog (CF2) (Tully+, 2013)
J/ApJ/776/L31 : Energy feedback from XRB from z=0 to z=19.92 (Fragos+, 2013)
J/ApJ/780/83 : X-ray binaries observed in M31 with Chandra (Barnard+, 2014)
J/A+A/563/A2 : X-ray monitoring of M31 novae (Henze+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/440/405 : Brightest galaxies in Local Volume (McCall, 2014)
J/ApJS/212/21 : A deep Chandra ACIS survey of M83 (Long+, 2014)
J/A+A/586/A81 : High-mass X-ray binaries in the SMC (Haberl+, 2016)
J/ApJS/222/15 : WATCHDOG: an all-sky database of Gal. BHXBs (Tetarenko+, 2016)
J/A+A/587/A61 : BlackCAT, BH in X-ray trans. (Corral-Santana+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/459/140 : M81, LMC and 3C 273/Coma 17-60keV obs. (Mereminskiy+, 2016)
J/ApJ/825/7 : Evolution of ∼6Ms CDF-S galaxies (Lehmer+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/50 : Cosmicflows-3 catalog (CF3) (Tully+, 2016)
J/ApJ/829/20 : Chandra ACIS survey in nearby galaxies. II (Wang+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/461/3443 : M31 deepest Chandra catalog of point sources (Vulic+, 2016)
J/A+A/597/A12 : LMC X-3 formation history (Sorensen+, 2017)
J/ApJ/846/145 : PHAT. XIX. Formation history of M31 disk (Williams+, 2017)
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/nustar/numaster.html : NuSTAR master cat.
on Heasarc
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 11 A11 --- Gal Galaxy name
13 A1 --- f_Gal Flag on Gal (1)
15- 21 F7.3 deg RAdeg [10.6/213.3] Right ascension (J2000)
23- 29 F7.3 deg DEdeg [-66.5/70.8] Declination (J2000)
31- 34 A4 --- MType Morphological type from HyperLeda
36- 40 F5.1 arcmin D25 [2.5/178] Major isophotal diameter for
µB=25mag/arcsec2
42- 45 F4.1 --- d25 [2/69.2] Minor isophotal diameter for
µB=25mag/arcsec2
47- 48 I2 deg Inc [14/90] Inclination
50- 54 F5.2 pc Scale [3.7/23.7] Linear scale in pc represening 1"
at the adopted distance
56- 59 F4.2 Mpc Dist [0.7/5] Distance from
Tully+ 2013, J/AJ/146/86;
except for Circinus
(Tully+ 2009AJ....138..323T 2009AJ....138..323T)
61- 64 F4.2 pc e_Dist [0.04/0.8] Dist 1σ uncertainty
66- 69 F4.1 10+20cm-2 NH [1.4/60] Hydrogen column density from
Kalberla+ (2005, VIII/76)
71- 75 F5.2 10+9Msun Ms [0.02/94] Stellar mass (2)
77- 81 F5.2 Msun/yr SFR [0.01/12.6] Star formation rate (2)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = Results for M31 can be found in D. Wik et al. (2018, in preparation).
Note (2): Stellar mass and SFR as determined using the methods from Section 2.1.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Gal Galaxy name
13- 22 A10 --- Obs Observatory (1)
24- 34 I11 --- ObsID Observation ID
36- 46 A11 "Y/M/D" Date Date of observation (UT)
48- 55 F8.4 deg RAdeg [10.6/213.4]? Right ascension (J2000)
57- 64 F8.4 deg DEdeg [-66.6/70.8]? Declination (J2000)
66- 70 F5.1 ks Livetime [2.6/272]? Eposure time of the
cleaned event file
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Note (1): Observatory as follows:
NuSTAR = 74 occurrences
Chandra = 24 occurrences
XMM-Newton = 25 occurrences
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Gal Galaxy name
13- 14 I2 --- ID [1/25] Point source identifier
within Gal (1)
16- 25 F10.6 deg RAdeg [11.8/214] Right ascension (J2000)
27- 36 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-67/71] Declination (J2000)
38- 44 F7.2 10-4ct/s CR4-6keV [0.39/1559] Soft (4-6keV) count rate (2)
46- 50 F5.2 10-4ct/s E_CR4-6keV [0/37] Upper uncertainty on CR4-6keV (3)
52- 56 F5.2 10-4ct/s e_CR4-6keV [0/38] Lower uncertainty on CR4-6keV (3)
58- 64 F7.2 10-4ct/s CR6-12keV [0.79/2202] Medium (6-12keV) count
rate (2)
66- 70 F5.2 10-4ct/s E_CR6-12keV [0/20] Upper uncertainty on CR6-12keV (3)
72- 76 F5.2 10-4ct/s e_CR6-12keV [0/35] Lower uncertainty on CR6-12keV (3)
78- 83 F6.2 10-4ct/s CR12-25keV [0.39/476] Hard (12-25keV) count rate (2)
85- 89 F5.2 10-4ct/s E_CR12-25keV [0/14] Upper uncertainty on CR12-25keV (3)
91- 95 F5.2 10-4ct/s e_CR12-25keV [0/14] Lower uncertainty ob CR12-25keV (3)
97- 103 F7.2 10-4ct/s CR4-25keV [2/4895] Full (4-25keV) count rate (2)
105- 109 F5.2 10-4ct/s E_CR4-25keV [0/52] Upper uncertainty on CR4-25keV (3)
111- 115 F5.2 10-4ct/s e_CR4-25keV [0/61] Lower uncertainty on CR4-25keV (3)
117- 121 F5.2 --- HR1 [-0.45/0.95] Hardness ratio
HR1=(M-S)/(M+S) (4)
123- 126 F4.2 --- E_HR1 [0/0.93] Upper uncertainty on HR1
128- 131 F4.2 --- e_HR1 [0/0.42] Lower uncertainty on HR1
133- 137 F5.2 --- HR2 [-0.93/0.41] Hardness ratio
HR2=(H-M)/(H+M) (4)
139- 142 F4.2 --- E_HR2 [0/0.75] Upper uncertainty on HR2
144- 147 F4.2 --- e_HR2 [0/0.27] Lower uncertainty on HR2
149- 154 F6.2 10+31W LX [0.12/366] 4-25keV X-ray luminosity
in 1038erg/s (4)(5)
156- 159 F4.2 10+31W E_LX [0/4] Upper uncertainty on LX
161- 164 F4.2 10+31W e_LX [0/5] Lower uncertainty on LX
166- 167 A2 --- Type Source type (BH=47 occurrences or
NS=43 occurrences)
169- 171 A3 --- State State (6)
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Note (1): Sources are grouped by galaxy and sorted/numbered by decreasing
4-25keV count rate.
Note (2): These count rates were derived from individual PSF fittings of each
soft (S, 4-6keV), medium (M, 6-12keV), hard (H, 12-25keV), and
full (F, 4-25keV) energy band (Section 4.3.2).
Note (3): Where the σup and σdown values are 0.00 the NuSTAR
count rate represents the upper limit on the 90% confidence interval.
Note (4): The hardness ratios and luminosities were determined using the
results of simultaneous PSF fitting described in Section 4.3.3, and
thus can vary from values derived using count rates from individual
PSF fittings in each energy band.
Note (5): Luminosities were calculated using the NH values and distances from
Table 1, assuming an absorbed power law with spectral index
Γ=1.7
Note (6): State abbreviations are as follows:
AP = accreting pulsar (21 occurrences),
S = BH soft state (6 occurrences),
I = BH intermediate state (8 occurrences),
H = BH hard state (16 occurrences),
ZA = Z/Atoll NS (21 occurrences),
ULX = ultraluminous source (15 occurrences).
Compact object type and accretion state classifications are described
in Section 5.1.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 04-Oct-2023