J/ApJ/918/11 Infrared photometry of late-type brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2021)
Measuring and replicating the 1-20um energy distributions of the coldest brown
dwarfs: rotating, turbulent, and nonadiabatic atmospheres.
Leggett S.K., Tremblin P., Phillips M.W., Dupuy T.J., Marley M., Morley C.,
Schneider A., Caselden D., Guillaume C., Logsdon S.E.
<Astrophys. J., 918, 11 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...918...11L 2021ApJ...918...11L
ADC_Keywords: Stars, brown dwarf; Photometry, infrared; Spectral types;
Effective temperatures; References
Keywords: Stellar convective zones ; Infrared sources ; Brown dwarfs ;
Stellar atmospheres
Abstract:
Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the
terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing
atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such
objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new
candidate cold brown dwarfs were announced, and new spectroscopic
observations at λ∼4.8µm were published. In this paper we
present new infrared photometry for some of the coldest brown dwarfs,
and put the new data and models together to explore the properties of
these objects. We reconfirm the importance of mixing in these
atmospheres, which leads to CO and NH3 abundances that differ by
orders of magnitude from chemical equilibrium values. We also
demonstrate that the new models retain the known factor ≳3
discrepancy with observations at 2≲λµm≲4, for brown dwarfs
cooler than 600K. We show that the entire 1≲λµm≲20 energy
distribution of six brown dwarfs with 260≤TeffK≤475 can be well
reproduced, for the first time, by model atmospheres which include
disequilibrium chemistry as well as a photospheric temperature
gradient which deviates from the standard radiative/convective
equilibrium value. This change to the pressure-temperature profile is
not unexpected for rotating and turbulent atmospheres that are subject
to diabatic processes. A limited grid of modified-adiabat model colors
is generated, and used to estimate temperatures and metallicities for
the currently known Y dwarfs. A compilation of the photometric data
used here is given in Appendix C (Table 10).
Description:
To examine the nature of the candidate late-type brown dwarfs
identified by Marocco+ (2019ApJ...881...17M 2019ApJ...881...17M) and
Meisner+ (2020, J/ApJ/889/74 and 2020, J/ApJ/899/123), we obtained
J-band imaging at Gemini Observatory using the Near-InfraRed Imager
(NIRI) at Gemini North and FLAMINGOS-2 at Gemini South. Table 1 gives
target names and Gemini program identifications spanning 2019-Dec-11
to 2020-09-17.
The J filter is defined by the Maunakea Observatories (MKO)
photometric system (Tokunaga+ 2002PASP..114..180T 2002PASP..114..180T). The camera pixel
scales are 0.12" for NIRI and 0.18" for FLAMINGOS-2.
We measured YJHK magnitudes for the late-T subdwarf
WISEJ200520.38+542433.9, also known as Wolf 1130C, in order to have a
set of near-infrared colors for a known very metal-poor object with
[m/H]~-0.75. The data were obtained using NIRI at Gemini North.
We also used VVVX ESO Public Survey data to determine the J magnitude
for CWISE J092503.20-472013.8.
In addition, we searched for detections in the UKIDSS and VISTA
surveys' imaging data for Y dwarfs without near-infrared photometry.
Finally, we obtained K-band images of WISEJ064723.23-623235.5. We used
the adaptive optics imager GSAOI at Gemini South. See Section 2.3.
Besides, we revised WISE and Spitzer photometry for 15 brown dwarfs.
See Section 2.4.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 160 21 New near-infrared photometry and estimates of Teff
table6.dat 54 50 Estimates of Teff and metallicity for candidate and
confirmed Y dwarfs
table10.dat 471 337 Compilation of measurements for T6 and later brown
dwarfs
fig5.dat 36 5503 Flux calibrated spectrum of UGPS J072227.51-054031.2
and its tuned-model
fig8.dat 52 6787 Flux calibrated spectra and tuned-models of
WISEPC J205628.90+145953.3, WISE J154114.00+223005.2,
and WISEPA J182831.08+265037.8(AB)
fig9.dat 52 5045 Flux calibrated spectra and tuned-models of
WISEPC J220922.10-273439, WISE J035000.31-565830.5,
and WISEPA J085510.83-071442.5
refs.dat 101 94 References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/A+A/337/403 : Low-mass stars evolutionary models (Baraffe+ 1998)
J/ApJ/564/421 : Spectra of T dwarfs. I. (Burgasser+, 2002)
J/AJ/126/2487 : T dwarfs in the southern hemisphere (Burgasser+, 2003)
J/AJ/127/2856 : Brown dwarfs in the 2MASS Survey (Burgasser+, 2004)
J/AJ/127/3553 : JHK phot. and spectroscopy for L and T dwarfs (Knapp+, 2004)
J/ApJ/637/1067 : NIR spectral classification of T dwarfs (Burgasser+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/2722 : New L and T dwarfs from the SDSS (Chiu+, 2006)
J/MNRAS/373/781 : JHK photometry of faint standard stars (Leggett+, 2006)
J/ApJ/651/502 : Spitzer IRAC phot. of M, L, and T dwarfs (Patten+, 2006)
J/AJ/134/1162 : 11 new T dwarfs in 2MASS (Looper+, 2007)
J/ApJ/710/1142 : SpeX spectroscopy of low mass bin. I. (Burgasser+, 2010)
J/ApJ/710/1627 : Mid-IR photometry of cold brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2010)
J/ApJS/197/19 : First brown dwarfs discovered by WISE (Kirkpatrick+, 2011)
J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)
J/ApJ/752/56 : BDKP. III. Plx for 70 ultracool dwarfs (Faherty+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/148 : IR phot. of brown dwarf and Hyper-LIRG (Griffith+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/433/457 : 76 T dwarfs from the UKIDSS LAS (Burningham+, 2013)
J/ApJS/205/6 : T dwarf population revealed by WISE (Mace+, 2013)
J/PASP/125/809 : New nearby M, L, and T dwarfs (Thompson+, 2013)
J/ApJ/814/118 : L/T dwarfs search with PS1 & WISE. II. (Best+, 2015)
J/ApJ/810/158 : M,L,T dwarfs fundamental param. and SEDs (Filippazzo+, 2015)
J/A+A/589/A21 : K-H2 line shapes for cool BDs spectra (Allard+, 2016)
J/ApJ/832/58 : IR monitoring of WISE J085510.83-071442.5 (Esplin+, 2016)
J/ApJS/231/15 : Astrom. monitoring of ultracool dwarf bin. (Dupuy+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/134 : Planetary-mass BDs in the Taurus SFR (Esplin+, 2017)
J/ApJ/842/118 : BDs with spectral type later than T6 (Leggett+, 2017)
J/ApJ/867/109 : Spitzer observations of Y and T dwarfs (Martin+, 2018)
J/A+A/624/A19 : GALAH survey, chemodynamical data with TGAS (Buder+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/182 : Discoveries from the NEOWISE PM survey (Greco+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/63 : Radii for low-metallicity M-dwarfs (Kesseli+, 2019)
J/ApJS/240/19 : Parallaxes of late-T and Y dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/257 : Hawaii IR plx prog. IV. L0-T8 BDs with UKIRT (Best+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/63 : New AO obs. of exoplanets & BD companions (Bowler+, 2020)
J/ApJ/889/176 : Very low-mass binaries with Gaia DR2 data (Faherty+, 2020)
J/ApJ/889/74 : Spitzer follow-up of Y brown dwarfs (Meisner+, 2020)
J/ApJ/899/123 : Spitzer follow up of 95 brown dwarfs (Meisner+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/63 : IR sp. of 5 brown dwarfs with Gemini IRS (Miles+, 2020)
J/ApJ/898/77 : NIR spectra of 2 extreme T-type subdwarfs (Schneider+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/38 : Spitzer variability detections of brown dwarfs (Vos+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/503/2265 : VISTA and Subaru/HSC obs. of Upper Scorpius (Lodieu+, 2021)
J/ApJS/253/7 : A full-sky census of BDs within 20pc (Kirkpatrick+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh WISE hour of right ascension (J2000)
3- 4 I2 min RAm WISE minute of right ascension (J2000)
5- 9 F5.2 s RAs WISE second of right ascension (J2000)
11 A1 --- DE- WISE sign of declination (J2000)
12- 13 I2 deg DEd WISE degree of declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 arcmin DEm WISE arcminute of declination (J2000)
16- 19 F4.1 arcsec DEs WISE arcsecond of declination (J2000)
21- 25 A5 --- DiscRef Discovery reference (1)
27- 30 A4 --- SpT Spectral type
32- 36 A5 --- SpTRef Type reference (1)
38- 52 A15 --- PID Gemini program identifier
54- 76 A23 --- Dates Observation date(s)
78- 88 A11 --- Inst Instrument
90 A1 --- f_Inst Flag on Inst (2)
92- 95 F4.2 h Exp [0.03/4.32]? On-source exposure time
97- 101 F5.2 mag Ymag [19.99/21.16]? Y band MKO magnitude
103- 106 F4.2 mag e_Ymag [0.07/0.34]? Uncertainty on the Ymag
108 A1 --- f_Ymag Flag on Ymag (2)
110- 114 F5.2 mag Jmag [18.29/24]? J-band MKO magnitude
116- 119 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.05/0.5]? Uncertainty on the Jmag
121- 125 F5.2 mag Hmag [19.55/21.59]? H-band MKO magnitude
127- 130 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.03/0.31]? Uncertainty on the Hmag
132- 136 F5.2 mag Ksmag [21.11/23.03]? Ks-band MKO magnitude (3)
138- 141 F4.2 mag e_Ksmag [0.15/0.5]? Uncertainty on the Ksmag
143- 147 F5.2 mag Kmag [21/21]? K band MKO magnitude
149- 152 F4.2 mag e_Kmag [0.09/0.09]? Uncertainty on the Kmag
154- 156 I3 K Teff [345/700] Effective temperature
158 A1 --- f_Teff Flag on Teff (2)
160 I1 --- TRef [1/2] Reference on Teff (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Reference as follows:
1 = This work
Ki13 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2013ApJ...776..128K 2013ApJ...776..128K),
Ki21 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2021, J/ApJS/253/7),
Ma13a = Mace et al. (2013, J/ApJS/205/6),
Ma13b = Mace et al. (2013ApJ...777...36M 2013ApJ...777...36M),
Ma18 = Martin et al. (2018, J/ApJ/867/109),
Ma19 = Marocco et al. (2019ApJ...881...17M 2019ApJ...881...17M),
Me20a = Meisner et al. (2020, J/ApJ/889/74),
Me20b = Meisner et al. (2020, J/ApJ/899/123),
PGpc = P. Pinfield and M. Gromadzki, private communication 2014;
Ti18 = Tinney et al. (2018ApJS..236...28T 2018ApJS..236...28T).
Note (2): Flag as follows:
b = Measured here using VISTA VHS imaging data.
c = In the native NIRI system Y=21.19±0.10 for J033605.05-014350.4;
we adopted YNIRI-YMKO=0.17±0.03 as determined by
Liu+ (2012) for late-T and Y dwarfs.
d = Measured here using VVVX ESO Public Survey imaging data.
e = Assuming the system is an equal-mass binary, see Section 6.3.
f = In the native NIRI system Y=20.03±0.05 for J200520.38-145857.3;
we synthesized YNIRI-YMKO for this object using the observed Y-band
spectrum from Mace+ (2013a) and the filter profiles
for NIRI (http://www.gemini.edu/instrumentation/niri/components#Filters)
and MKO (http://svo2.cab.inta-csic.es/theory/fps/index.php?id=UKIRT/
UKIDSS.Y&&mode=browse&gname=UKIRT&gname2=UKIDSS#filter).
Note (3): Leggett+ (2015) measure K-Ks=0.4±0.1 for a T8 and a T9
dwarf using FLAMINGOS-2, implying
K=21.8±0.5 for J033605.05-014350.4,
K=23.43±0.18 for J064723.23-623235.5, and
K=21.51±0.25 for J093852.89+063440.6.
Note (4): Reference as follows:
1 = This work, type (±∼0.5) based on the type color, and Teff (±∼50K)
based on the Teff-color, relationships of
Kirkpatrick+ (2019, J/ApJS/240/19 and 2021, J/ApJS/253/7).
2 = This work, Teff (±∼25K) based on the Teff-color relationships
determined in Section 6.2, with Teff values rounded to 5K.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh WISE hour of right ascension (J2000)
3- 4 I2 min RAm WISE minute of right ascension (J2000)
5- 9 F5.2 s RAs WISE second of right ascension (J2000)
11 A1 --- DE- WISE sign of declination (J2000)
12- 13 I2 deg DEd WISE degree of declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 arcmin DEm WISE arcminute of declination (J2000)
16- 19 F4.1 arcsec DEs WISE arcsecond of declination (J2000)
21- 22 A2 --- m_WISE Component if in close binary
24- 26 A3 --- f_WISE Flag on WISE (1)
28- 32 A5 --- DiscRef Discovery reference (2)
34- 38 A5 --- SpT Spectral type
40- 44 A5 --- SpTRef Type reference (2)
46- 48 I3 K Teff [260/485] Effective temperature
50 A1 --- l_[m/H] [~<>] Limit or uncertainty flag on [m/H]
51- 54 F4.1 [-] [m/H] [-0.5/0.3]? Metallicity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = No measured resolved 5um photometry is published for the close binary.
For this work we deconvolve the Spitzer photometry
(Kirkpatrick+ 2019) using spectral types of T9 and Y0 for
the components (Dupuy+ 2015), and adopting
δ[3.6]=1.00±0.15 and δ[4.5]=0.7±0.10
(Kirkpatrick et al. 2021, their Figure 14).
b = Teff is estimated from [3.6]-[4.5] and J-[4.5]; the value is consistent
with the M[4.5]-implied value if the system is an equal-mass binary and
the true parallax is close to the upper limit on the current uncertain
measurement.
c = The M[4.5] magnitude was ignored in the estimate due to the large
uncertainty in the distance modulus (>0.4mag).
d = The parameter estimates are based on the full SED fits described in
Section 5.2.
e = The parameter estimates assume the system is an equal-mass binary.
Note (2): Reference as follows:
1 = this work, type (±∼0.5) based on the type-color relationship of
Kirkpatrick+ (2019, J/ApJS/240/19),
Ba20 = Bardalez Gagliuffi et al. (2020ApJ...895..145B 2020ApJ...895..145B),
Cu11 = Cushing et al. (2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C),
Du15 = Dupuy et al. (2015ApJ...803..102D 2015ApJ...803..102D),
Ki11 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2011, J/ApJS/197/19),
Ki12 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2012, J/ApJ/753/156),
Ki13 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2013ApJ...776..128K 2013ApJ...776..128K),
Ki19 = Kirkpatrick et al. (2019, J/ApJS/240/19),
Le14 = Leggett et al. (2014ApJ...780...62L 2014ApJ...780...62L),
Lu11 = Luhman et al. (2011ApJ...730L...9L 2011ApJ...730L...9L),
Lu14 = Luhman (2014ApJ...786L..18L 2014ApJ...786L..18L),
Ma13b = Mace et al. (2013, J/ApJS/205/6),
Ma18 = Martin et al. (2018, J/ApJ/867/109),
Ma19 = Marocco et al. (2019ApJ...881...17M 2019ApJ...881...17M),
Me20a = Meisner et al. (2020, J/ApJ/889/74);
Me20b = Meisner et al. (2020, J/ApJ/899/123);
Pi14a = Pinfield et al. (2014MNRAS.444.1931P 2014MNRAS.444.1931P),
Sc15 = Schneider et al. (2015ApJ...804...92S 2015ApJ...804...92S),
Ti12 = Tinney et al. (2012ApJ...759...60T 2012ApJ...759...60T),
Ti14 = Tinney et al. (2014ApJ...796...39T 2014ApJ...796...39T),
Ti18 = Tinney et al. (2018ApJS..236...28T 2018ApJS..236...28T).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Survey Survey name for object if any
11- 12 I2 h RAh Discovery hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)
13- 14 I2 min RAm Discovery minute of right ascension (J2000)
15- 19 F5.2 s RAs Discovery second of right ascension (J2000)
21 A1 --- DE- Discovery sign of declination (J2000) (1)
22- 23 I2 deg DEd Discovery degree of declination (J2000) (1)
24- 25 I2 arcmin DEm Discovery arcminute of declination (J2000)
26- 29 F4.1 arcsec DEs Discovery arcsecond of declination (J2000)
31- 42 A12 --- m_Survey ? Component if in close binary
44- 67 A24 --- OName Alternative object name if any
69- 79 A11 --- SpType Spectral type classification (2)
80- 84 F5.2 mag M-m [-3.63/3.21]? Absolute magnitude minus
apparent magnitude
86- 90 F5.2 mag Ymag [15.19/26.54]? Y Vega mag MKO system
92- 96 F5.2 mag Jmag [13.28/25.45]? J Vega mag MKO system
98- 102 F5.2 mag Hmag [13.53/25.29]? H Vega mag MKO system
104- 108 F5.2 mag Kmag [13.49/23.48]? K Vega mag MKO system
110- 114 F5.2 mag Lpmag [12.34/17.57]? L' Vega mag MKO system
116- 120 F5.2 mag Mpmag [11.74/17.56]? M' Vega mag MKO system
122- 129 A8 --- IRNote ? Note on the IR photometry (3)
131- 135 F5.2 mag 3.6mag [12.2/19.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band Vega mag
137- 141 F5.2 mag 4.5mag [11.3/16.8]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band Vega mag
143- 147 F5.2 mag 5.8mag [12.3/15.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band Vega mag
149- 153 F5.2 mag 8.0mag [11.7/14.6]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band Vega mag
155- 159 F5.2 mag W1mag [12.97/19.81]? WISE W1 Vega mag from ALLWISE
Source Catalog
161- 165 F5.2 mag W2mag [11.27/16.82]? WISE W2 Vega mag from ALLWISE
Source Catalog
167- 172 F6.3 mag W3mag [9.66/14.5]? WISE W3 Vega mag from ALLWISE
Source Catalog
173- 177 F5.2 mag W4mag [9.27/11.1]? WISE W4 Vega mag from ALLWISE
Source Catalog
179- 187 A9 --- MIRNote ? Note on the Mid-IR photometry (4)
189- 192 F4.2 mag e_M-m [0/1.2]? Uncertainty in M-m
195- 198 F4.2 mag e_Ymag [0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in Ymag
200- 203 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in Jmag
205- 208 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in Hmag
210- 213 F4.2 mag e_Kmag [0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in Kmag
215- 218 F4.2 mag e_Lpmag [0.02/0.15]? Uncertainty in L'mag
220- 223 F4.2 mag e_Mpmag [0.06/0.2]? Uncertainty in M'mag
225- 228 F4.2 mag e_3.6mag [0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in 3.6mag
234- 237 F4.2 mag e_4.5mag [0.02/0.11]? Uncertainty in 4.5mag
243- 246 F4.2 mag e_5.8mag [0.03/0.15]? Uncertainty in 5.8mag
252- 255 F4.2 mag e_8.0mag [0.03/0.2]? Uncertainty in 8.0mag
262- 265 F4.2 mag e_W1mag [0.02/0.53]? Uncertainty in W1mag
268- 271 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.3]? Uncertainty in W2mag
274- 277 F4.2 mag e_W3mag [0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in W3mag
280- 283 F4.2 mag e_W4mag [0.3/0.65]? Uncertainty in W4mag
286- 325 A40 --- DiscRef Discovery reference (see refs.dat file)
327- 353 A27 --- r_SpType Spectral type classification reference
(see refs.dat file)
355- 388 A34 --- plxRef ? Parallax measurement for M-m reference
(see refs.dat file)
390- 438 A49 --- NIRRef ? Near-infrared photometry reference
(see refs.dat file)
440- 471 A32 --- SpitRef ? Spitzer photometry reference
(see refs.dat file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): 2MASSI J1546291-332511 is a recurrent misprint for
2MASSI J1546271-332511; corrected at CDS.
Note (2): Where 6.0=T6 and 10.0=Y0.
Note (3): Mags transformed to MKO. Note as follows:
HST = from HST Leggett et al. (2017, J/ApJ/842/118);
H2M = from 2MASS, Stephens & Leggett (2004PASP..116....9S 2004PASP..116....9S);
Ks2M = from 2MASS, Stephens & Leggett (2004PASP..116....9S 2004PASP..116....9S);
Ks = from Ks to K, Stephens & Leggett (2004PASP..116....9S 2004PASP..116....9S) and
Leggett et al. (2015ApJ...799...37L 2015ApJ...799...37L);
NY = from NIRI Y, Liu et al. (2012ApJ...758...57L 2012ApJ...758...57L);
SJ = from SOAR(CIT), Stephens & Leggett (2004PASP..116....9S 2004PASP..116....9S);
SH = from SOAR(CIT), Stephens & Leggett (2004PASP..116....9S 2004PASP..116....9S).
Note (4): Note as follows:
W3 = the W3 value was measured from WISE Catalog images in this work;
W4 = the W4 value was measured from WISE Catalog images in this work;
Deconv. = individual magnitudes calculated in this work for the unresolved
binary components using total flux and component spectral types.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Type Data type (1)
3- 12 E10.4 um lambda [0.6/1980.2] Wavelength
14- 24 E11.4 W/m2/um Flux [-2.1e-16/1.81e-15] Flux density
26- 36 E11.4 W/m2/um e_Flux [3.4e-20/5.7e-16]? Uncertainty in Flux
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Data type as follows:
O = Observed data. IR spectrum flux calibrated with JHK per
Lucas+ (2010MNRAS.408L..56L 2010MNRAS.408L..56L). Optical spectrum flux
calibrated using GMOS-z. L band spectrum calibrated using IRAC [3.6].
Error for optical spectrum is based on visual estimate only.
Uncertainty in flux calibration is 10% for optical, 3% for near-IR,
5% for 3-4um L band. Added M-band spectrum from
Miles+ (2020, J/AJ/160/63), calibrated by M' phot ±6%.
M = Tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model (Teff=540K, logg=4.5,
[m/H]=0.0, gamma=1.27, logKzz=7). Spectral flux assumes D=4.12pc
for R=0.115Rsun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Identifier
17 A1 --- Type Data type (1)
19- 28 E10.4 um lambda [0.62/1980.2] Wavelength
30- 40 E11.4 W/m2/um Flux [-1.1e-16/2.4e-16] Flux density
42- 52 E11.4 W/m2/um e_Flux [8.2e-20/9e-17]? Uncertainty in Flux
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Data type as follows:
O = WISE 2056+14 far-red spectrum from Leggett+ (2013ApJ...763..130L 2013ApJ...763..130L),
near-IR spectrum from Kirkpatrick+ 2012 (J/ApJ/753/156) and
Cushing+ (2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C).
The 5um is from Miles+ (2020, J/AJ/160/63]. Calibrated
by YJH and M' photometry.
WISEPA J1541-22 near-IR spectrum Schneider+ (2015ApJ...804...92S 2015ApJ...804...92S),
5um from Miles+ (2020, J/AJ/160/63).
Calibrated by YJH and M' (estimated from Spitzer colors)
WISEPA J1828+26 HST spectrum from Cushing+ (2021ApJ...920...20C 2021ApJ...920...20C),
fluxed by YJH photometry (J by spectrum is 1.4-sigma too bright; phot
uncertainty is 0.17/0.3/0.13mag
M = WISE 2056+14 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model (Teff=475K,
logg=4.25, [m/H]=0.0, gamma=1.20, logKzz=7). Spectral flux assumes
7.21pc for R=0.11Rsun.
WISEPA J1541-22 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model
(Teff=375K logg=4.5 [m/H]=+0.3 gamma=1.27 logKzz=6). Spectral
flux assumes 5.94pc for R=0.11Rsun.
WISEPA J1828+26 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model
(Teff=375K logg=4.0 [m/H]=-0.5 gamma=1.20 logKzz=7) Spectral
9.91pc for R=0.12Rsun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Identifier
17 A1 --- Type Data type (1)
19- 28 E10.4 um lambda [0.83/1980.2] Wavelength
30- 40 E11.4 W/m2/um Flux [-3.9e-17/1.8e-16] Flux density
42- 52 E11.4 W/m2/um e_Flux [9.8e-19/4.3e-17]? Uncertainty in Flux
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Note (1): Data type as follows:
O = WISEPC 2209-27 spectrum from Schneider+ (2015ApJ...804...92S 2015ApJ...804...92S).
Flux calibrated by YJ photometry.
WISEA J0350-56 spectrum from Leggett+ (2016ApJ...824....2L 2016ApJ...824....2L).
WISE J0855-07 0855 spectra from Morley+ (2018ApJ...858...97M 2018ApJ...858...97M) and
Miles+ 2020, J/AJ/160/63. Flux calibrated by L' and M' photometry,
±0.15mag.
M = WISEPC 2209-27 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model (Teff=350K,
logg=4.0 [m/H]=0.0 gamma=1.25 logKzz=7). Spectral flux assumes
6.252pc for R=0.105Rsun.
WISEA J0350-56 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model
(Teff=325K logg=4.0 [m/H]=+0.3 gamma=1.3 logKzz=6). Spectral
flux assumes 5.73pc for R=0.12Rsun.
WISE J0855-07 tuned adiabat ATMO 2020 non-equilibrium model
(Teff=260K logg=4.0 [m/H]=0.0 gamma=1.33 logKzz=8.7). Spectral
flux assumes 2.27pc for R=0.1Rsun.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 23 A23 --- Ref Reference code
25- 43 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference
45- 74 A30 --- Auth First author's name(s)
76- 101 A26 --- Comm Comment
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 12-Jan-2023