J/ApJ/921/24 Planetary masses and radii (Schlaufman+, 2021)
The occurrence-weighted median planets discovered by transit surveys orbiting
solar-type stars and their implications for planet formation and evolution.
Schlaufman K.C., Halpern N.D.
<Astrophys. J., 921, 24 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...921...24S 2021ApJ...921...24S
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Stars, masses; Stars, diameters; References; Optical
Keywords: Exoplanet atmospheres ; Exoplanet evolution ; Exoplanet formation ;
Exoplanets ; Mini Neptunes ; Super Earths
Abstract:
Since planet occurrence and primordial atmospheric retention
probability increase with period, the occurrence-weighted median
planets discovered by transit surveys may bear little resemblance to
the low-occurrence, short-period planets sculpted by atmospheric
escape ordinarily used to calibrate mass-radius relations and planet
formation models. An occurrence-weighted mass-radius relation for the
low-mass planets discovered so far by transit surveys orbiting
solar-type stars requires both occurrence-weighted median Earth-mass
and Neptune-mass planets to have a few percent of their masses in
hydrogen/helium (H/He) atmospheres. Unlike the Earth that finished
forming long after the protosolar nebula was dissipated, these
occurrence-weighted median Earth-mass planets must have formed early
in their systems' histories. The existence of significant H/He
atmospheres around Earth-mass planets confirms an important prediction
of the core-accretion model of planet formation. It also implies core
masses Mc in the range 2 M⊕≲Mc≲8M⊕ that can
retain their primordial atmospheres. If atmospheric escape is driven
by photoevaporation due to extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux, then our
observation requires a reduction in the fraction of incident EUV flux
converted into work usually assumed in photoevaporation models. If
atmospheric escape is core driven, then the occurrence-weighted median
Earth-mass planets must have large Bond albedos. In contrast to Uranus
and Neptune that have at least 10% of their masses in H/He
atmospheres, these occurrence-weighted median Neptune-mass planets are
H/He poor. The implication is that they experienced collisions or
formed in much shorter-lived and/or hotter parts of their parent
protoplanetary disks than Uranus and Neptune's formation location in
the protosolar nebula.
Description:
We queried the NASA Exoplanet Archive on 2021 June 14 for all
transiting exoplanets with Doppler data or transit-timing variations
(TTVs). See Section 2 for further details on the sample selection.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 171 201 Periods, masses, radii, and occurrences for
transiting exoplanets
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See also:
I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/ApJ/667/308 : Weak-line T Tauri in Spitzer c2d Survey. II. (Cieza+, 2007)
J/ApJ/728/138 : Follow-up photometry of HAT-P-26 (Hartman+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's cand. multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)
J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing obs. (Steffen+, 2012)
J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/22 : Transit timing variation for 12 planetary pairs (Xie, 2013)
J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)
J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)
J/ApJ/795/167 : Transits of PH3 b, c & d through Jan-2019 (Schmitt+, 2014)
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J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)
J/ApJ/807/45 : Pot. habitable planets around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)
J/ApJ/809/25 : Stellar & planet properties for K2 cand. (Montet+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A72 : Transiting rocky planet at 6.5pc (Motalebi+ 2015)
J/AJ/152/160 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-70 (Buchhave+, 2016)
J/ApJS/226/7 : Planet cand. discovered using K2 1st-yr (Crossfield+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/204 : HARPS-N RVs of HD 179070 (Lopez-Morales+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)
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J/AJ/154/122 : RVs for the HD 3167 system (Christiansen+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/226 : Photometry and radial velocities of K2-131 (Dai+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)
J/A+A/608/A93 : K2-106 radial velocities measurements (Guenther+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing var. of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. (Johnson+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/142 : RVs of systems hosting sub-Saturns (Petigura+, 2017)
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J/AJ/155/112 : RVs & light curves for HATS-43-HATS-46 (Brahm+, 2018)
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J/A+A/619/L10 : pi Men radial velocity curves (Gandolfi+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/203 : HARPS-N RVs & activity for Kepler-1655 (Haywood+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/107 : HARPS-N obs. of K2-141 planetary system (Malavolta+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/136 : Planets around bright stars in K2 C0-C10 (Mayo+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/89 : RVs & transit-times for the K2-24 system (Petigura+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler pl. cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)
J/A+A/624/A38 : Radial velocities of K2-36 (Damasso+, 2019)
J/A+A/628/A108 : Photometry of Kepler-82b and c transits (Freudenthal+, 2019)
J/ApJ/876/L24 : HARPS RVs of the host star HD15337 (Gandolfi+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/116 : RVs of K2-291 with HIRES & HARPS-N (Kosiarek+, 2019)
J/A+A/631/A90 : K2-138 HARPS radial velocities (Lopez+, 2019)
J/A+A/623/A114 : Light curve of K2-292 (HD 119130) (Luque+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/165 : RV obs. & activity indicators for Kepler-538b (Mayo+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/145 : HIRES RVs of 3 compact, multiplanet systems (Mills+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/177 : Near-resonance in a sub-Neptune syst. (Quinn+, 2019)
J/A+A/624/A15 : Kepler-411 mid-transit times (Sun+, 2019)
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J/A+A/630/A135 : The exoplanet mass-radius relation (Ulmer-Moll+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/486/5094 : NGTS-4b A sub-Neptune transiting in the desert (West+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat. I. KIC (Berger+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/114 : Radial velocity monitoring of TOI-421 (Carleo+, 2020)
J/A+A/633/A133 : HD 80653 RV time series (Frustagli+, 2020)
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J/AJ/160/222 : RVs and RI-photometry of HATS-37 and HATS-38 (Jordan+, 2020)
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J/AJ/160/96 : CORALIE and PFS radial velocities of HD 86226 (Teske+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/265 : Compared rot. periods for 1189 CKS host stars (David+, 2021)
J/A+A/646/A183 : Transit photometry of NGTS-14Ab (Smith+, 2021)
J/ApJS/256/33 : Magellan-TESS Survey (MTS). I. (Teske+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/56 : The TESS-Keck Survey. II. RVs of TOI-561 (Weiss+, 2021)
http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA Exoplanet Archive home page
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 28 A28 --- Star Host (Simbad) name
30- 48 I19 --- Gaia Gaia DR2 Source ID
50- 68 A19 --- Planet Exoplanet name
70- 81 F12.8 d Per [0.28/284.3] Planetary orbital period
83- 87 F5.1 Mgeo Mp [0.1/281.3] Planetary mass, Earth units
89- 93 F5.1 Mgeo e_Mp [0.1/109] Lower uncertainty on Mp
95- 99 F5.1 Mgeo E_Mp [0.2/170] Upper uncertainty on Mp
101-105 F5.2 Rgeo Rp [0.7/11.3] Planetary radius, Earth units
107-110 F4.2 Rgeo e_Rp [0/1.34] Lower uncertainty on Rp
112-115 F4.2 Rgeo E_Rp [0/1.62] Upper uncertainty on Rp
117-123 F7.5 --- Occ [0.00027/0.094] Occurrence of known planets
of similar period/radius
125-131 A7 --- Method Mass Method ("Doppler", "TTV" or "joint")
133-151 A19 --- DRef Discovery Reference bibcode
153-171 A19 --- PRef Parameter Reference bibcode
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 03-Feb-2023