J/ApJ/921/72 Class II and III disks with Gaia and ALMA data (Michel+, 2021)
Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of
millimeter and micrometer-sized dust.
Michel A., van der Marel N., Matthews B.C.
<Astrophys. J., 921, 72 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...921...72M 2021ApJ...921...72M
ADC_Keywords: YSOs; Stars, pre-main sequence; Spectral types; Optical;
Infrared sources; Photometry, millimetric/submm; Stars, masses
Keywords: Protoplanetary disks ; Kuiper belt ; Pre-main-sequence stars ;
Young stellar objects ; Submillimeter astronomy
Abstract:
The connection between the nature of a protoplanetary disk and that of
a debris disk is not well understood. Dust evolution, planet
formation, and disk dissipation likely play a role in the processes
involved. We aim to reconcile both manifestations of dusty
circumstellar disks through a study of optically thin Class III disks
and how they correlate to younger and older disks. In this work, we
collect literature and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
archival millimeter fluxes for 85 disks (8%) of all Class III disks
across nearby star-forming regions. We derive millimeter-dust masses
Mdust and compare these with Class II and debris disk samples in the
context of excess infrared luminosity, accretion rate, and age. The
mean Mdust of Class III disks is 0.29±0.19M⊕. We propose a
new evolutionary scenario wherein radial drift is very efficient for
nonstructured disks during the Class II phase resulting in a rapid
Mdust decrease. In addition, we find possible evidence for long
infrared protoplanetary disk timescales, ∼8Myr, consistent with
overall slow disk evolution. In structured disks, the presence of dust
traps allows for the formation of planetesimal belts at large radii,
such as those observed in debris disks. We propose therefore that the
planetesimal belts in debris disks are the result of dust traps in
structured disks, whereas protoplanetary disks without dust traps
decrease in dust mass through radial drift and are therefore
undetectable as debris disks after the gas dissipation. These results
provide a hypothesis for a novel view of disk evolution.
Description:
We build a sample of Class II and III YSOs from low-mass nearby
star-forming regions, which have well-constrained membership studies,
e.g., using Gaia data. The selected regions span a range of ages from
1-12Myr; these include Ophiuchus, Taurus, Chamaeleon I, Chamaeleon II,
IC 348, Lupus (I, III, IV, V, and VI), epsilon Chamaeleontis, Corona
Australis, TW Hydra, eta Chamaeleontis, and Upper Sco.
The infrared data are preferentially, when available, chosen from
Spitzer IRAC/Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) 1 bands due to the
higher sensitivity, and if lacking, then these are from Wide-field
Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 1-4 bands. The complete list and
details per region can be found in Appendix A.
We collected ALMA 890um and 1.3mm continuum fluxes and upper limits
from the literature to derive the millimeter-dust disk masses, Mdust
of Class III disks. See Section 3.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 151 94 Class III targets with millimeter-flux or with
Macc measurements
table4.dat 160 142 Class II targets (in Lupus, η Cha, TW Hydra,
and Upper Sco) with millimeter-flux or with
Macc measurements used in Figures 2, 3, and 4.
refs.dat 69 88 References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/AJ/121/1040 : PMS members of upper Sco OB association (Preibisch+, 2001)
J/AJ/124/404 : U Sco OB association Lithium survey. II. (Preibisch, 2002)
J/A+A/404/913 : Kinematics & HR Diag of Southern Young Stars (Sartori+ 2003)
J/ApJ/602/816 : Chamaeleon I star-forming region census (Luhman, 2004)
J/AJ/129/907 : New Ori OB1 members (Briceno+, 2005)
J/AJ/130/1733 : Optical spectroscopy of ρ Oph stars (Wilking+, 2005)
J/AJ/131/1574 : Infrared photometry of IC348 members (Lada+, 2006)
J/ApJ/661/1119 : Spectroscopy in the 25 Ori group (Briceno+, 2007)
J/ApJ/667/308 : Weak-line T Tauri in Spitzer c2d Survey. II. (Cieza+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2072 : Spitzer observations of NGC 2362 (Dahm+, 2007)
J/ApJ/663/1149 : Spitzer survey of Serpens YSO population (Harvey+, 2007)
J/ApJ/662/1067 : Sptizer observations of sigma Orionis (Hernandez+, 2007)
J/ApJS/173/104 : Stellar population in Chamaeleon I (Luhman, 2007)
J/ApJ/676/427 : MIPS and IRAC data on ChaII PMS stars (Alcala+, 2008)
J/ApJ/675/1375 : IRAC/MIPS photometry in Cha I (Luhman+, 2008)
J/ApJS/177/551 : Spitzer c2d survey of Lupus dark clouds (Merin+, 2008)
J/ApJ/688/377 : Low-mass objects in Upper Scorpius. II. (Slesnick+, 2008)
J/A+A/500/1045 : Cool stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus clouds (Comeron+, 2009)
J/ApJ/698/1 : Spitzer observations of NGC 2362 (Currie+, 2009)
J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJ/704/531 : The coevality of young binary systems (Kraus+, 2009)
J/ApJ/691/672 : Sp. of YSOs in Serpens molecular cloud (Oliveira+ 2009)
J/ApJ/712/925 : Transition circumstellar disks in Ophiuchus (Cieza+, 2010)
J/ApJS/186/259 : Taurus Spitzer survey: new candidate members (Rebull+, 2010)
J/ApJ/724/835 : The Spitzer c2d survey of WTTSs. III. (Wahhaj+, 2010)
J/AJ/142/140 : Opt spectroscopy of ρ Oph stars. II. (Erickson+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/424/3178 : PMS isochrones. Pleiades benchmark (Bell+, 2012)
J/A+A/539/A119 : Pismis 24 stars with X-ray emission (Fang+, 2012)
J/ApJ/751/115 : mm emission from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)
J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)
J/ApJ/758/31 : IR photometry for members of Upper Sco (Luhman+, 2012)
J/ApJ/744/134 : SONYC new brown dwarfs in ρ Oph (Muzic+, 2012)
J/ApJ/746/154 : Kinematic parallaxes for Sco-Cen members (Pecaut+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/79 : Transition disks. II. Southern MoC (Romero+, 2012)
J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/434/806 : Pre-main-sequence isochrones. II. SFR (Bell+, 2013)
J/A+A/551/A107 : X-shooter sp. of 24 young stellar objects (Manara+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/435/1325 : Membership of the ε Cha association (Murphy+, 2013)
J/A+A/561/A2 : 36 accreting YSOs emission lines (Alcala+, 2014)
J/A+A/570/A29 : TBOSS Survey I: Herschel/PACS (Bulger+, 2014)
J/ApJ/784/126 : IR photometry of all known members in Taurus (Esplin+, 2014)
J/ApJ/786/97 : Photospheric properties of T Tauri stars (Herczeg+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)
J/ApJ/813/83 : Multiple star formation in Ophiuchus (Cheetham+, 2015)
J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/453/976 : Herbig Ae/Be X-shooter observations (Fairlamb+, 2015)
J/A+A/575/A4 : Activity & accretion in γ Vel & Cha I (Frasca+, 2015)
J/A+A/580/A26 : T Tauri star population in Lupus (Galli+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/448/2737 : New PMS K/M Stars in Upper Scorpius (Rizzuto+, 2015)
J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)
J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA obs. of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties for 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)
J/ApJ/831/125 : ALMA 887um obs. of ChaI (Pascucci+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)
J/A+A/592/A126 : Transition disk survey (van der Marel+, 2016)
J/A+A/600/A20 : Lupus YSOs X-shooter spectroscopy (Alcala+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/240 : ALMA survey of protopl. disks in sigma Ori (Ansdell+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/188 : Sp. of the foreground population in Orion A (Fang+, 2017)
J/ApJ/838/150 : The Taurus-Auriga ecosystem. I. (Kraus+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/46 : Spectroscopy of candidate members in Taurus (Luhman+, 2017)
J/ApJ/847/31 : Protoplanetary disk data in Cha I and Lupus (Mulders+, 2017)
J/ApJ/849/63 : FIR-mm data of YSOs in star-forming regions (Ribas+, 2017)
J/ApJ/859/21 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. II. (Ansdell+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/75 : Circumstellar disks in the Upper Sco assoc. (Esplin+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/76 : New young stars and brown dwarfs in U Sco (Luhman+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/478/3674 : IC 348 circumstellar discs ALMA data (Ruiz-Rodriguez+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/54 : TBOSS Survey. II. ALMA continuum obs. (Ward-Duong+, 2018)
J/ApJ/858/41 : PS1 PM survey for brown dwarfs. I. Taurus (Zhang+, 2018)
J/ApJ/872/158 : Class II sources in Taurus with ALMA (Akeson+, 2019)
J/A+A/626/A80 : Census of Rho Oph members from Gaia DR2 (Canovas+, 2019)
J/A+A/626/A11 : Corona Australis ALMA and X-Shooter data (Cazzoletti+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/54 : Taurus members from stellar to pl. masses (Esplin+, 2019)
J/A+A/630/A137 : Structure and kinematics of the Taurus region (Galli+, 2019)
J/ApJ/878/111 : Members in Serpens MoC with Gaia DR2 (Herczeg+, 2019)
J/A+A/632/A46 : TW Hydrae association with X-shooter (Venuti+, 2019)
J/ApJ/875/L9 : ODISEA: Disk dust mass distributions (Williams+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/488/3588 : Debris discs in medium separation bin. (Yelverton+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/282 : Membership in Oph & Upper Scorpius complex (Esplin+, 2020)
J/A+A/634/A98 : Corona-Australis DANCe. I. (Galli+, 2020)
J/A+A/643/A148 : Lupus DANCe. Census & 6D structure with Gaia (Galli+, 2020)
J/ApJ/895/126 : ALMA observation of 152 1-11Myr aged stars (Hendler+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/186 : Gaia survey of stars associated with Lupus (Luhman, 2020)
J/AJ/160/44 : Upper Scorpius spectroscopy and photometry (Luhman+, 2020)
J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)
J/A+A/640/A27 : Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024 (van Terwisga+, 2020)
J/A+A/646/A46 : Chamaeleon DANCe. Stellar pop. with Gaia-DR2 (Galli+, 2021)
J/AJ/162/28 : Studying of protopl. disks in SFRs with ALMA (Van+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Region Star-forming region object belongs to
11- 26 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS Point Source Catalog name
(HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)
28- 46 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia DR2 source name
48- 53 F6.2 pc Dist [45.9/326] Distance to target (1)
55- 58 A4 --- SpT Spectral type
60- 61 I2 --- r_SpT Spectral type reference (see refs.dat file)
63- 66 F4.2 mag Av [0/6] Extinction in V-band
68- 72 A5 --- r_Av Extinction reference (see refs.dat file)
74- 78 F5.3 Lsun Lstar [0.015/8.71] Luminosity
80- 81 I2 --- r_Lstar Stellar luminosity reference
(see refs.dat file)
83- 86 F4.2 Msun Mstar [0.1/2.1]? Stellar mass
88 I1 --- r_Mstar ? Stellar mass evolutionary isochrone model
used (see refs.dat file)
90 A1 --- l_Macc Upper limit flag on Macc
92- 97 F6.2 Msun/yr Macc [-11.7/-9]? Mass accretion rate
99-100 I2 --- r_Macc ? Mass accretion rate reference
(see refs.dat file)
102-108 E7.2 --- Ldisk [0.00014/0.2] Fractional disk luminosity
110-115 F6.3 mJy Fmm [0.038/62]? ALMA millimeter flux (mJy)
117 A1 --- l_Fmm Upper limit flag on Fmm
119-122 F4.2 mJy e_Fmm [0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in ALMA millimeter flux
124-125 I2 --- r_Fmm ? ALMA millimeter flux reference
(see refs.dat file)
127 I1 --- Band [6/7]? ALMA band used for millimeter flux
observations
129-135 F7.4 Mgeo Mdust [0.01/16.4]? Disk dust mass
137 A1 --- l_Mdust Upper limit flag on Mdust
139-144 F6.4 Mgeo e_Mdust [0.007/0.1]? Uncertainty in disk dust mass
146-151 A6 --- Fit Flag(s) when Av or Lstar (L*) used are
beyond literature reported uncertainties
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Distance to target from the inversion of the Gaia DR2 parallax.
When no distance is reported in the table due to a lack of Gaia result,
we adopt the average distance to the region found in Table 1.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Region Star-forming region object belongs to
10- 25 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS Point Source Catalog name
(HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)
27- 45 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia DR2 source name
46 A1 --- f_Gaia m=Multiple
48- 57 A10 --- OName Other Name
59- 64 F6.2 pc Dist [36.6/175.5] Distance to target (1)
66- 69 A4 --- SpT Spectral type
71- 72 I2 --- r_SpT Spectral type reference (2)
74- 78 F5.2 mag Av [-0.6/7] Extinction in V-band
80- 81 I2 --- r_Av Extinction reference (2)
83- 87 F5.2 Lsun Lstar [0.01/96] Luminosity
89- 90 I2 --- r_Lstar Stellar luminosity reference (2)
92- 95 F4.2 Msun Mstar [0.12/3.4]? Stellar mass
97 I1 --- r_Mstar ? Stellar mass evolutionary isochrone model
used (2)
99 A1 --- l_Macc Upper limit flag on Macc
101-106 F6.2 Msun/yr Macc [-12.2/-7]? Mass accretion rate
108-109 I2 --- r_Macc ? Mass accretion rate reference (2)
111-115 F5.3 --- Ldisk [0.025/1.8] Fractional disk luminosity
117-122 F6.2 mJy Fmm [0.27/904]? ALMA millimeter flux (mJy)
124-124 A1 --- l_Fmm [< ] Upper limit flag on Fmm
126-130 F5.3 mJy e_Fmm [0.013/7]? Uncertainty in ALMA millimeter flux
132-133 I2 --- r_Fmm ? ALMA millimeter flux reference (2)
135 I1 --- Band [6/7]? ALMA band used for millimeter flux
observations
137-143 F7.3 Mgeo Mdust [0.069/155]? Disk dust mass
145 A1 --- l_Mdust Upper limit flag on Mdust
147-151 F5.3 Mgeo e_Mdust [0.009/5]? Uncertainty in disk dust mass
153-158 A6 --- Fit Flag(s) when Av or Lstar (L*) used are
beyond literature reported uncertainties
160 A1 --- S Disk is considered as structured? (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Distance to target from the inversion of the Gaia DR2 parallax.
When no distance is reported in the table due to a lack of Gaia result,
we adopt the average distance to the region found in Table 1.
Note (2): References as follows:
1 = Alcala et al. (2017, J/A+A/600/A20);
2 = Manara et al. (2018A&A...618L...3M 2018A&A...618L...3M);
3 = Baraffe et al. (2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B);
4 = Ansdell et al. (2018, J/ApJ/859/21);
5 = Siess et al. (2000A&A...358..593S 2000A&A...358..593S);
6 = Rugel et al. (2018A&A...609A..70R 2018A&A...609A..70R);
7 = Venuti et al. (2019, J/A+A/632/A46);
8 = Luhman & Esplin (2020, J/AJ/160/44);
9 = Barenfeld et al. (2016, J/ApJ/827/142);
10 = Manara et al. (2020A&A...639A..58M 2020A&A...639A..58M);
11 = Luhman & Mamajek (2012, J/ApJ/758/31);
12 = Fairlamb et al. (2015, J/MNRAS/453/976);
13 = Andrews et al. (2018ApJ...865..157A 2018ApJ...865..157A);
14 = Rigliaco et al. (2015ApJ...801...31R 2015ApJ...801...31R);
15 = Evans et al. (2009, J/ApJS/181/321);
16 = Williams et al. (2019, J/ApJ/875/L9);
17 = van der Marel et al. (2016, J/A+A/592/A126);
18 = Ribas et al. (2017, J/ApJ/849/63);
19 = Ruiz-Rodriguez et al. (2021A&A...646A..59R 2021A&A...646A..59R)
Note (3): Label indicating whether a disk is considered as structured based
on ALMA observations. Code as follows:
R = Ring (11 occurrences);
T = Transition (10 occurrences).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference code
4- 22 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference
24- 47 A24 --- Auth First author's name(s)
49- 69 A21 --- Comm Comment
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 17-Feb-2023