J/ApJ/922/177 2MASS red supergiants in the SMC (Massey+, 2021)
Testing evolutionary models with red supergiant and Wolf-Rayet populations.
Massey P., Neugent K.F., Dorn-Wallenstein T.Z., Eldridge J.J.,
Stanway E.R., Levesque E.M.
<Astrophys. J., 922, 177 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...922..177M 2021ApJ...922..177M
ADC_Keywords: Stars, giant; Photometry, infrared; Spectral types;
Effective temperatures; Magellanic Clouds; Optical
Keywords: Massive stars ; Red supergiant stars ; Wolf-Rayet stars ;
Stellar evolution
Abstract:
Despite the many successes that modern massive star evolutionary
theory has enjoyed, reproducing the apparent trend in the relative
number of red supergiants (RSGs) and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars has
remained elusive. Previous estimates show the RSG/WR ratio decreasing
strongly with increasing metallicity. However, the evolutionary models
have always predicted a relatively flat distribution for the RSG/WR
ratio. In this paper we reexamine this issue, drawing on recent
surveys for RSGs and WRs in the Magellanic Clouds, M31, and M33. The
RSG surveys have used Gaia astrometry to eliminate foreground
contamination and have separated RSGs from asymptotic giant branch
stars using near-infrared colors. The surveys for WRs have utilized
interference-filter imaging, photometry, and image subtraction
techniques to identify candidates, which have then been confirmed
spectroscopically. After carefully matching the observational criteria
to the models, we now find good agreement in both the single-star
Geneva and binary BPASS models with the new observations. The
agreement is better when we shift the RSG effective temperatures
derived from J-Ks photometry downwards by 200K in order to agree with
the Levesque TiO effective temperature scale. In an appendix we also
present a source list of RSGs for the SMC which includes effective
temperatures and luminosities derived from near-infrared 2MASS
photometry, in the same manner as used for the other galaxies.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table5.dat 144 1745 Red supergiant (RSG) source list for the
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)
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See also:
III/77 : Copernicus 0.2-A Resolution Far-UV Stellar Spectra (Snow+ 1977)
II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/A+AS/96/269 : Stellar Models from 0.8 to 120 Msolar (Schaller+, 1992)
J/A+AS/98/523 : Grids of stellar models. II. (Schaerer+ 1993)
J/A+AS/101/415 : Grids of stellar models III. (Charbonnel+ 1993)
J/A+AS/102/339 : Grids of stellar models IV (Schaerer+, 1993)
J/A+AS/103/97 : Grids of stellar models V. (Meynet+ 1994)
J/AJ/116/180 : Magellanic clouds ultraviolet observations (Parker+ 1998)
J/AJ/116/1275 : UBV photometry in 5 fields of the LMC (Dolphin+, 1998)
J/ApJ/505/793 : New WR star in M33 (Massey+, 1998)
J/A+A/361/1023 : α-enhanced star evolution models (Salasnich+ 2000)
J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)
J/AJ/127/1531 : Star formation history of SMC (Harris+, 2004)
J/ApJ/648/580 : Rotational velocities in 19 open clusters (Huang+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)
J/ApJS/178/247 : Hα & [NII] survey in local 11Mpc (Kennicutt+, 2008)
J/ApJ/675/1213 : Abundances in M33 HII regions (Rosolowsky+, 2008)
J/AJ/138/1243 : The star formation history of the LMC (Harris+, 2009)
J/A+A/496/841 : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Hunter+, 2009)
J/ApJ/722/605 : A stellar rotation census of B stars (Huang+, 2010)
J/A+A/512/A63 : Abundances of M33 HII regions (Magrini+, 2010)
J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC & SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)
J/ApJ/733/123 : The Wolf-Rayet content of M33 (NGC 598) (Neugent+, 2011)
J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120 (Ekstrom+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)
J/ApJ/758/133 : Metallicity of M31 HII regions & PNe (Sanders+, 2012)
J/ApJ/759/11 : Wolf-Rayet content of M31 (Neugent+, 2012)
J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)
J/ApJ/764/21 : Stellar evolutionary models, 13-120Msun (Chieffi+, 2013)
J/A+A/550/A107 : RV catalogue of O stars in 30 Doradus (Sana+, 2013)
J/A+A/558/A103 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120 (Georgy+, 2013)
J/A+A/558/A134 : VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. 30 Dor (Doran+, 2013)
J/ApJ/789/10 : M33 WR and Of-type Stars (Neugent+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/26 : Massive binary stars from HST/FGS (Aldoretta+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/639 : VMC survey. XIV. SFR in SMC (Rubele+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/62 : LGGS UBVRI phot. of M31 and M33 stars (Massey+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/466/4540 : SUMaC I (Hagen+, 2017)
J/A+A/618/A137 : MC cool supergiants spectra (Dorda+, 2018)
J/A+A/615/A78 : Spectral models for binary products (Goetberg+, 2018)
J/ApJS/237/13 : Models & yields of massive stars (Limongi+, 2018)
J/ApJ/863/181 : The fifth cat. of LMC Wolf-Rayet stars (Neugent+, 2018)
J/A+A/627/A24 : Stellar models with rot. 1.7<M<120 (Groh+, 2019)
J/ApJ/875/124 : Bin. red supergiants. II. B companions (Neugent+, 2019)
J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)
J/ApJ/898/85 : CII emission-line stars in LMC with MagE (Margon+, 2020)
J/ApJ/900/118 : RSGs in LMC & spectra for LMC & SMC (Neugent+, 2020)
J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)
J/A+A/635/A29 : Mult. of red supergiants in NGC 330 (Patrick+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/79 : Red supergiant stars in M31 and M33 (Massey+, 2021)
J/ApJ/907/18 : Red Supergiants in M31 & M33. I. (Ren+, 2021)
J/ApJS/253/53 : PHATTER. I. 22 million stars in M33 (Williams+, 2021)
J/A+A/647/A167 : Using H-bump to identify RSGs in NGC6822 (Yang+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS ID (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 20 I2 h RAh [0/1] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)
22- 23 I2 min RAm Minute of Right ascension (J2000)
25- 30 F6.3 s RAs Second of Right ascension (J2000)
32 A1 --- DE- [-] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
33- 34 I2 deg DEd [70/76] Degree of Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute Declination (J2000)
39- 43 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond Declination (J2000)
45- 50 F6.3 mag Ksmag [7.4/12.5] Ks magnitude
52- 56 F5.3 mag e_Ksmag [0.017/0.06] Ks error
58- 62 F5.3 mag J-Ks [0.7/1.6] J-Ks magnitude
64- 68 F5.3 mag e_J-Ks [0.026/0.08] J-Ks error
70 I1 --- Mm [0/2]? Membership based upon Gaia (1)
72- 75 I4 K Teff [3139/4600] Effective temperature, computed
assuming Av=0.75mag (2)
77- 80 F4.2 --- logLum [3.53/5.53] Log luminosity, computed
assuming Av=0.75mag (3)
82- 91 A10 --- SpT Spectral Type
93- 94 I2 --- r_SpT [1/11]? Reference for spectral type (4)
96-113 A18 --- AName Alternative name
115-144 A30 --- Comm Comment
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Note (1): SMC membership flag based upon Gaia data as follows:
0 = probable member
1 = membership uncertain
2 = incomplete or no Gaia data
Note (2): Typical uncertainty 150K.
Note (3): Typical uncertainty 0.05dex.
Note (4): References for spectral types as follows:
1 = Levesque et al. (2006ApJ...645.1102L 2006ApJ...645.1102L)
2 = Massey et al. (2007ApJ...660..301M 2007ApJ...660..301M)
3 = Levesque et al. (2017ars..book.....L 2017ars..book.....L)
4 = Levesque et al. (2014MNRAS.443L..94L 2014MNRAS.443L..94L)
5 = Dorda et al. (2018, J/A+A/618/A137)
6 = This paper and references therein
7 = Neugent et al. (2020, J/ApJ/900/118)
8 = Neugent et al. (2019, J/ApJ/875/124)
9 = Dorda & Patrick (2021MNRAS.502.4890D 2021MNRAS.502.4890D)
10 = Patrick et al. (2020, J/A+A/635/A29)
11 = Elias et al. (1908ApJ...242L..13E 1908ApJ...242L..13E)
12 = Beasor et al. (2018MNRAS.479.3101B 2018MNRAS.479.3101B)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 28-Mar-2023