J/ApJ/923/221 ALMA obs. of protoplanetary disks in ONC & OMC1 (Otter+, 2021)
Small protoplanetary disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster and OMC1 with ALMA.
Otter J., Ginsburg A., Ballering N.P., Bally J., Eisner J.A., Goddi C.,
Plambeck R., Wright M.
<Astrophys. J., 923, 221 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...923..221O 2021ApJ...923..221O
ADC_Keywords: YSOs; Photometry, millimetric/submm; Star Forming Region
Keywords: Protoplanetary disks ; Star forming regions ; Young stellar objects
Abstract:
The Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) is the nearest dense star-forming
region at ∼400pc away, making it an ideal target to study the impact
of high stellar density and proximity to massive stars (the Trapezium)
on protoplanetary disk evolution. The OMC1 molecular cloud is a region
of high extinction situated behind the Trapezium in which actively
forming stars are shielded from the Trapezium's strong radiation. In
this work, we survey disks at high resolution with Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array at three wavelengths with resolutions
of 0.095 (3mm; Band 3), 0.048 (1.3mm; Band 6), and 0.030 (0.85mm;
Band 7) centered on radio Source I. We detect 127 sources, including
15 new sources that have not previously been detected at any
wavelength. 72 sources are spatially resolved at 3mm, with sizes from
∼8-100au. We classify 76 infrared-detected sources as foreground ONC
disks and the remainder as embedded OMC1 disks. The two samples have
similar disk sizes, but the OMC1 sources have a dense and centrally
concentrated spatial distribution, indicating they may constitute a
spatially distinct subcluster. We find smaller disk sizes and a lack
of large (>75au) disks in both our samples compared to other nearby
star-forming regions, indicating that environmental disk truncation
processes are significant. While photoevaporation from nearby massive
Trapezium stars may account for the smaller disks in the ONC, the
embedded sources in OMC1 are hidden from this radiation and thus must
truncated by some other mechanism, possibly dynamical truncation or
accretion-driven contraction.
Description:
This work presents single pointing Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter
Array (ALMA) continuum observations of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC)
in bands 3 (98GHz), 6 (223.5GHz), and 7 (339.8GHz), centered on Src I
(ICRS 05:35:14.51-05:22:30.56).
Our ALMA band 3 observations were taken in 2017 September
(see Secion 3.3).
Table 1 lists observational and imaging parameters for each image.
These observations have previously been presented in
Ginsburg+ (2018ApJ...860..119G 2018ApJ...860..119G). Observations were taken with two
configurations in Bands 3, 6, and 7 at ALMA as part of project
2016.1.00165.S.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 172 3 Imaging parameters and information for each image
table2.dat 28 222 Nondetected IR sources
table4.dat 104 127 Source coordinates with spectral indices for
sources detected in multiple images
table5.dat 138 127 Measured band 3 (98GHz) quantities for all sources
table6.dat 131 58 Measured band 6 (223.5GHz) quantities
table7.dat 139 36 Measured band 7 (339.8GHz) quantities
fits/* . 3 Individual FITS images
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See also:
J/ApJ/540/236 : KH photometry of Orion Nebula Cluster (Hillenbrand+, 2000)
J/ApJ/574/258 : X-ray-emitting young stars in Orion (Feigelson+, 2002)
J/ApJ/573/366 : Infrared photometry of Trapezium cluster (Muench+, 2002)
J/ApJS/160/319 : COUP: observations and source lists (Getman+, 2005)
J/A+A/466/949 : Velocities of OMC-1 flows (Nissen+, 2007)
J/AJ/139/950 : JHKs photometry in ONC (Robberto+, 2010)
J/A+A/533/A38 : Extinction map of OMC-1 (Scandariato+, 2011)
J/ApJS/207/10 : HST Treasury Program on the ONC (Robberto+, 2013)
J/A+A/579/A130 : Near-IR BN/KL outflow images (Bally+, 2015)
J/AJ/150/108 : Spectroscopy and HST imaging in ONC (O'Dell+, 2015)
J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)
J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA obs. of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/458/3619 : Planck ERCSC sources with 100 GHz flux excess (Chen+, 2016)
J/ApJ/826/16 : ALMA & GeMS observations of the OMC1 region (Eisner+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/93 : Population of compact radio sources in ONC (Forbrich+, 2016)
J/A+A/587/A153 : VISION I. VISTA Orion A Survey (Meingast+, 2016)
J/ApJ/831/155 : Faint compact radio sources in ONC with VLA (Sheehan+, 2016)
J/ApJ/834/142 : Gould's Belt Distances Survey. II. OMC (Kounkel+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/468/931 : Orion Nebula Cluster members VRI photometry (Messina+, 2017)
J/A+A/609/A16 : OMC 1 reduced H2CO(3-2) datacubes (Tang+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/144 : Protoplanetary disk masses in Taurus (Ballering+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/482/698 : Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA. I. (Cieza+, 2019)
J/ApJ/875/L9 : ODISEA: Disk dust mass distributions (Williams+, 2019)
J/ApJ/895/126 : ALMA observation of 152 1-11Myr aged stars (Hendler+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Band [3/7] ALMA band
3- 7 F5.1 GHz Freq0 [98/339.8] Central frequency
9- 12 F4.1 arcsec Beam [17.1/59.4] Primary beam FWHM
14- 18 F5.3 arcsec Maj Beam major
19 A1 --- --- [x]
20- 24 F5.3 arcsec Min Beam minor
26- 30 F5.1 deg PA [-69.6/80.4] Beam PA
32- 40 A9 mJy/beam RMS RMS (central edge)
42- 49 A8 Msun Mdisk Minimum Mdisk (central edge) (1)
51- 53 F3.1 --- Robust [0.5] Robust
55- 58 F4.2 mJy/beam Thresh [0.05/1] Flux threshold (2)
60- 68 A9 m Baseline Baseline lengths
70 A1 --- --- [(]
71- 78 A8 --- klam Baseline lengths kλ
79 A1 --- --- [)]
81- 172 A92 --- FileName Name of the FITS file in subdirectory
"fits"; column added by CDS
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Note (1): Minimum detectable disk dust mass, calculated according to
Equation (2), see Section 3.9.
Note (2): The flux level in the residual image to end tclean.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- MLLA [336/828] Identifier from
Muench+ (2002, J/ApJ/573/366)
4 A1 --- m_MLLA [ABC] Component on MLLA identifier
6- 22 A17 --- HC00 Alternative name from
Hillenbrand & Carpenter (2000, J/ApJ/540/236)
24- 28 F5.3 mJy F3mmLim [0.016/4] 3mm Flux upper limit
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/127] Sequential identifier used in this
work
5- 7 A3 --- f_ID Flag(s) on ID (1)
9- 11 I3 --- MLLA [381/797]? Identifier from
Muench+ (2002, J/ApJ/573/366)
12 A1 --- m_MLLA [AB] Component on MLLA identifier
17- 19 I3 --- [FRM2016] [66/400]? Identifier from
Forbrich+ (2016, J/ApJ/822/93)
24- 26 I3 --- COUP [450/965]? COUP Identifier,
Getman+ (2005, J/ApJS/160/319)
28- 29 I2 h RAh [5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
31- 32 I2 min RAm [35] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
34- 39 F6.3 s RAs [11.8/18.4] Second of Right Ascension
(J2000) (2)
41 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000) (2)
42- 43 I2 deg DEd [5] Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)
45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm [21/23] Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (2)
48- 54 F7.4 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (2)
56- 62 F7.5 deg eRA [6e-5/0.04] Positional Uncertainty, Right
Ascension
64- 70 F7.5 deg eDE [6e-5/0.03] Positional Uncertainty,
Declination
72 A1 --- l_alphaB3B6 Limit flag for alphaB3B6
74- 78 F5.2 --- alphaB3B6 [-1.3/4.4]? Spectral index, B3 => B6
80- 82 F3.1 --- e_alphaB3B6 [0.3/0.5]? Uncertainty in alphaB3B6 (3)
84- 87 F4.1 --- alphaB6B7 [-2.2/5.9]? Spectral index, B6 => B7
89- 91 F3.1 --- e_alphaB6B7 [0.7/1]? Uncertainty in alphaB6B7 (3)
93 A1 --- l_alpha Limit flag on alpha
95- 99 F5.2 --- alpha [-1.3/4.4]? Spectral index shown in
Figure 10 (4)
101- 104 F4.2 --- e_alpha [0.01/2]? Uncertainty in alpha (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag on ID as follows:
a = newly detected sources;
b = band 6 sources with quantities measured in the original (non-convolved)
images;
c = band 7 sources with quantities measured in the original images;
d = spectral index measured with a band 7 flux from
Eisner+ (2018ApJ...860...77E 2018ApJ...860...77E).
Note (2): Positional uncertainties do not account for systemic effects from
the phase calibration.
Note (3): Spectral index uncertainties include a 20% systematic flux
uncertainty.
Note (4): Spectral index shown in Figure 10.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/127] Sequential identifier used in
this work
5- 5 A1 --- n_ID Flag on ID (1)
7- 12 F6.3 mJy Fap [0.05/70.8] Aperture flux
14- 18 F5.3 mJy e_Fap [0.003/0.2] Uncertainty in Fap (2)
20- 25 F6.3 mJy Agau [0.08/64] Gaussian amplitude per beam
27- 31 F5.3 mJy e_Agau [0.007/0.3] Uncertainty in Agau per beam
33- 38 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmaj [0.07/0.33] FWHM, major axis
40- 45 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmaj [0.0002/0.1] Uncertainty in FWHMmaj
47- 52 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmin [0.05/0.25] FWHM, minor axis
54- 59 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmin [0.0001/0.07] Uncertainty in FWHMmin
61- 67 F7.3 deg Theta [-86.2/267.7] Position angle (3)
69- 73 F5.3 deg e_Theta [0.003/1] Uncertainty in Theta
75- 75 A1 --- l_FWHMmajd Limit flag for FWHMmaj-d
77- 82 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmajd [0.01/0.2]? FWHM, major axis, deconvolved
84- 89 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmajd [0.0002/0.01]? Uncertainty in FWHMmaj-d
91- 96 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmind [0.003/0.2]? FWHM, minor axis, deconvolved
98-103 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmind [0.0001/0.01]? Uncertainty in FWHMmin-d
105-111 F7.3 deg Thetad [-83/69]? Position angle, deconvolved (3)
113-117 F5.3 deg e_Thetad [0.003/0.5]? Uncertainty in Theta-d
119-122 F4.1 deg i [20/85]? Inclination
124-127 F4.1 deg e_i [0.2/20]? Uncertainty in i
129-134 F6.1 Mgeo Mdust [3/4061] Calculated dust mass
136-138 F3.1 Mgeo e_Mdust [0.2/9] Uncertainty in Mdust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Note as follows:
* = sources poorly fit with a Gaussian with resolved size(s).
Note (2): Flux uncertainties do not account for systematic effects from
the flux calibration.
Note (3): Position angle defined as 0 degrees corresponding to the major axis
lying in the y direction, and increases counterclockwise.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- ID [3/71] Sequential identifier used in this work
4- 4 A1 --- f_ID Flag on ID (1)
6- 6 A1 --- l_Fap Limit flag on Fap
8- 15 F8.3 mJy Fap [0.14/2840] Aperture flux
17- 21 F5.3 mJy e_Fap [0.008/0.3]? Uncertainty in Fap (2)
23- 27 F5.2 mJy Agau [0.2/33.8]? Gaussian amplitude per beam
29- 32 F4.2 mJy e_Agau [0.03/0.8]? Uncertainty in Agau per beam
34- 38 F5.3 arcsec FWHMmaj [0.03/0.232]? FWHM, major axis
40- 44 F5.3 arcsec e_FWHMmaj [0.002/0.03]? Uncertainty in FWHMmaj
46- 50 F5.3 arcsec FWHMmin [0.03/0.14]? FWHM, minor axis
52- 56 F5.3 arcsec e_FWHMmin [0.002/0.03]? Uncertainty in FWHMmin
58- 63 F6.2 deg Theta [-89.7/266]? Position angle (3)
65- 68 F4.2 deg e_Theta [0.02/5]? Uncertainty in Theta
70- 70 A1 --- l_FWHMmajd Limit flag for FWHMmaj-d
72- 76 F5.3 arcsec FWHMmajd [0.02/0.22]? FWHM, major axis, deconvolved
78- 82 F5.3 arcsec e_FWHMmajd [0.002/0.02]? Uncertainty in FWHMmaj-d
84- 88 F5.3 arcsec FWHMmind [0.008/0.11]? FWHM, minor axis, deconvolved
90- 94 F5.3 arcsec e_FWHMmind [0.002/0.02]? Uncertainty in FWHMmin-d
96-101 F6.2 deg Thetad [-84.3/87.6]? Position angle, deconvolved (3)
103-106 F4.2 deg e_Thetad [0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in Theta-d
108-111 F4.1 deg i [24/82]? Inclination
113-116 F4.1 deg e_i [0.6/20]? Uncertainty in i
118-118 A1 --- l_Mdust Limit flag on Mdust
120-126 F7.2 Mgeo Mdust [0.8/8140] Calculated dust mass
128-131 F4.2 Mgeo e_Mdust [0.05/2]? Uncertainty in Mdust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): b= band 6 sources with quantities measured in the original images.
Note (2): Flux uncertainties do not account for systematic effects from
the flux calibration.
Note (3): Position angle defined as 0 degrees corresponding to the major axis
lying in the y direction, and increases counterclockwise.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- ID [9/70] Sequential identifier used in this work
4- 4 A1 --- f_ID Flag on ID (1)
6- 6 A1 --- l_Fap Limit flag on Fap
8- 15 F8.3 mJy Fap [0.2/1150] Aperture flux
17- 21 F5.3 mJy e_Fap [0.007/0.1]? Uncertainty in Fap (2)
23- 27 F5.2 mJy Agau [0.2/26.4]? Gaussian amplitude per beam
29- 32 F4.2 mJy e_Agau [0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in Agau per beam
34- 39 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmaj [0.02/0.3]? FWHM, major axis
41- 46 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmaj [0.0009/0.04]? Uncertainty in FWHMmaj
48- 53 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmin [0.018/0.2]? FWHM, minor axis
55- 60 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmin [0.0007/0.02]? Uncertainty in FWHMmin
62- 67 F6.2 deg Theta [-83.73/267.3]? Position angle (3)
69- 72 F4.2 deg e_Theta [0.01/4]? Uncertainty in Theta
74- 74 A1 --- l_FWHMmajd Limit flag for FWHMmaj-d
76- 81 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmajd [0.005/0.22]? FWHM, major axis, deconvolved
83- 88 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmajd [0.0009/0.04]? Uncertainty in FWHMmaj-d
90- 95 F6.4 arcsec FWHMmind [0.018/0.09]? FWHM, minor axis, deconvolved
97-102 F6.4 arcsec e_FWHMmind [0.0007/0.02]? Uncertainty in FWHMmin-d
104-109 F6.2 deg Thetad [-81.3/76.5]? Position angle, deconvolved (3)
111-114 F4.2 deg e_Thetad [0.01/4]? Uncertainty in Theta-d
116-119 F4.1 deg i [14/83.4]? Inclination
121-124 F4.1 deg e_i [0.5/60]? Uncertainty in i
126-126 A1 --- l_Mdust Limit flag on Mdust
128-134 F7.2 Mgeo Mdust [0.4/2170] Calculated dust mass
136-139 F4.2 Mgeo e_Mdust [0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in Mdust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): c= band 7 sources with quantities measured in the original images.
Note (2): Flux uncertainties do not account for systematic effects from
the flux calibration.
Note (3): Position angle defined as 0 degrees corresponding to the major axis
lying in the y direction, and increases counterclockwise.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal for Tables 1-7
FITS images downloaded at: http://zenodo.org/record/5608618#.ZHYbuhnP1XU
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 30-May-2023