J/ApJ/931/45 The factory & the beehive. IV. Praesepe & Hyades (Nunez+, 2022)
The factory and the beehive.
IV. A comprehensive study of the rotation X-ray activity relation in Praesepe
and the Hyades.
Nunez A., Agueros M.A., Covey K.R., Douglas S.T., Drake J.J., Rampalli R.,
Bowsher E.C., Cargile P.A., Kraus A.L., Law N.M.
<Astrophys. J., 931, 45 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...931...45N 2022ApJ...931...45N
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, open; X-ray sources; Optical; Infrared sources
Keywords: Late-type stars ; Stellar activity ; Open star clusters ;
Stellar rotation ; X-ray point sources ; Binary stars
Abstract:
X-ray observations of low-mass stars in open clusters are critical to
understanding the dependence of magnetic activity on stellar
properties and their evolution. Praesepe and the Hyades, two of the
nearest, most-studied open clusters, are among the best available
laboratories for examining the dependence of magnetic activity on
rotation for stars with masses ≲1M☉. We present an updated
study of the rotation-X-ray activity relation in the two clusters. We
updated membership catalogs that combine pre-Gaia catalogs with new
catalogs based on Gaia Data Release 2. The resulting catalogs are the
most inclusive ones for both clusters: 1739 Praesepe and 1315 Hyades
stars. We collected X-ray detections for cluster members, for which we
analyzed, re-analyzed, or collated data from ROSAT, the Chandra X-ray
Observatory, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and XMM-Newton. We
have detections for 326 Praesepe and 462 Hyades members, of which
273 and 164, respectively, have rotation periods-an increase of 6x
relative to what was previously available. We find that at ∼700Myr,
only M dwarfs remain saturated in X-rays, with only tentative evidence
for supersaturation. We also find a tight relation between the Rossby
number and fractional X-ray luminosity LX/Lbol in unsaturated
single members, suggesting a power-law index between -3.2 and -3.9.
Lastly, we find no difference in the coronal parameters between binary
and single members. These results provide essential insight into the
relative efficiency of magnetic heating of the stars' atmospheres,
thereby informing the development of robust age-rotation-activity
relations.
Description:
Over the past few decades, Praesepe and the Hyades have been regularly
targeted by X-ray missions, and members of both clusters have also
been detected serendipitously. We collected data from ROSAT, Chandra,
XMM-Newton, and Swift. See Section 3.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
08 40 12.96 +19 37 15.5 Praesepe = NAME Praesepe
04 29 47.28 +16 56 52.8 Hyades = NAME Hyades
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 246 4505 Praesepe and Hyades membership catalog
table3.dat 332 1107 X-ray source catalog: basic source properties
table4.dat 136 113 Log of Chandra and XMM observations of Praesepe
and Hyades
table5.dat 101 139 Spectral fits for the highest X-ray count Chandra,
Swift, and XMM sources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)
B/swift : Swift Master Catalog (HEASARC, 2004-)
B/xmm : XMM-Newton Obs. Log (XMM-Newton Science Operation Center, 2012)
III/198 : Palomar/MSU nearby star spectroscopic survey (Hawley+ 1997)
IX/10 : ROSAT All-Sky Bright Source Catalogue (1RXS) (Voges+ 1999)
IX/28 : ROSAT HRI Pointed Observations (1RXH) (ROSAT Team, 2000)
IX/30 : Second ROSAT PSPC Catalog (ROSAT, 2000)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
II/314 : UKIDSS-DR8 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
IX/57 : The Chandra Source Catalog (CSC), Release 2.0 (Evans+, 2019)
IX/58 : 2SXPS; Swift X-ray telescope point source catalogue (Evans+, 2020)
I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)
I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
IX/65 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR11 (Webb+, 2022)
IX/69 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR13 (Webb+, 2023)
J/ApJS/91/625 : ROSAT survey of the Pleiades (Stauffer+ 1994)
J/A+A/298/115 : ROSAT study of Praesepe (Randish+, 1995)
J/ApJ/448/683 : Hyades RASS observations (Stern+ 1995)
J/A+A/327/1039 : Structure and evolution of low-mass stars (Chabrier+ 1997)
J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)
J/ApJ/646/297 : Spitzer obs. of pre-main-sequence stars (Rebull+, 2006)
J/AJ/134/2340 : Membership of Praesepe & Coma Berenices (Kraus+, 2007)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/A+A/510/A27 : Very low mass stars in Praesepe (Boudreault+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/407/465 : Fast-rotating M dwarfs in NGC2516 (Jackson+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/404/1817 : 2MASS/SDSS data for 806 ultracool dwarfs (Zhang+, 2010)
J/ApJ/731/17 : Var. of low-mass stars in SDSS Stripe 82 (Becker+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/411/2099 : Fast-rotating M-dwarf stars in NGC 2547 (Jeffries+, 2011)
J/A+A/531/A92 : Deep all-sky census of the Hyades (Roeser+, 2011)
J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with rot. periods & X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)
J/A+A/539/A64 : X-ray data for IC 348 young stars (Alexander+, 2012)
J/A+A/559/A43 : Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) obs. of the Hyades (Goldman+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJ/784/156 : Parallaxes for nearby mid-to-late M dwarfs (Dittmann+, 2014)
J/ApJ/795/161 : Activity & rotation in Praesepe & Hyades (Douglas+, 2014)
J/ApJ/809/161 : X-ray obs. & membership probabilities of M37 (Nunez+, 2015)
J/A+A/589/A113 : PMS stars in h Per (Argiroffi+, 2016)
J/A+A/588/A103 : 2nd ROSAT all-sky survey (2RXS) source cat. (Boller+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/47 : K2 rotation periods for 65 Hyades members (Douglas+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/8 : Stellar mult. impact on planetary syst. I. (Kraus+, 2016)
J/ApJ/842/83 : Praesepe members rot. periods from K2 LCs (Douglas+, 2017)
J/ApJ/845/72 : The factory & the beehive. III. (Kraus+, 2017)
J/ApJ/834/176 : Spectroscopic survey of M37 candidate members (Nunez+, 2017)
J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the MW (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)
J/A+A/616/A10 : Open clusters GaiaDR2 HR diagrams (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/AJ/156/259 : Robo-AO detected close binaries in Gaia DR2 (Ziegler+, 2018)
J/ApJ/879/100 : K2 rot. periods for Hyades & Praesepe (Douglas+, 2019)
J/A+A/628/A66 : alpha Persei, Pleiades and Praesepe clusters (Lodieu+, 2019)
J/A+A/623/A35 : A 3D view of the Hyades population (Lodieu+, 2019)
J/A+A/621/L3 : Hyades tidal tails with Gaia DR2 (Meingast+, 2019)
J/A+A/627/A4 : Praesepe (NGC 2632) and its tidal tails (Roeser+, 2019)
J/A+A/621/L2 : Hyades tidal tails revealed by Gaia DR2 (Roeser+, 2019)
J/A+A/640/A66 : Updated X-ray view of the Hyades cluster (Freund+, 2020)
J/A+A/638/A20 : M dwarfs X-ray activity & rotation (Magaudda+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/19 : SOAR TESS survey. I. (Ziegler+, 2020)
J/ApJ/921/167 : Rotators in Praesepe with K2 LCs & Gaia (Rampalli+, 2021)
J/A+A/649/A3 : Gaia EDR3 photometric passbands (Riello+, 2021)
J/A+A/657/A7 : Stellar & substellar comp. from Gaia EDR3 (Kervella+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 A28 --- Name Name of star
30- 46 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS designation (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
48- 56 A9 --- --- [Gaia EDR3]
58- 76 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia EDR3 designation
78- 87 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
89- 98 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-84.4/77.1] Declination (J2000)
100- 107 A8 --- Cluster Cluster to which object belongs ("Praesepe":
3095 sources; or "Hyades": 1410 sources)
109 I1 --- Mm [0/1] Member in our Legacy catalog
(1962 occurrences; see Section 2.1)
111 I1 --- MmCG18 [0/1] Member in
Cantat-Gaudin+ 2018, J/A+A/618/A93
113 I1 --- MmGaia [0/1] Member in
Gaia Coll.+ 2018, J/A+A/616/A10
115 I1 --- MmL19a [0/1] Member in Lodieu+ 2019, J/A+A/628/A66
117 I1 --- MmL19b [0/1] Member in Lodieu+ 2019, J/A+A/623/A35
119 I1 --- MmMA19 [0/1] Member in
Meingast & Alves 2019, J/A+A/621/L3
121 I1 --- MmRS19 [0/1] Member in
Roser & Schilbach 2019, J/A+A/627/A4
123 I1 --- MmR19 [0/1] Member in Roser+ 2019, J/A+A/621/L2
125 I1 --- UCDw [0/1] Ultracool dwarf in the literature
127- 133 F7.2 pc Dist [12.7/8828] Distance from the Sun
135- 141 F7.2 pc e_Dist [0.01/1449] Mean error of distance
143- 145 A3 --- r_Dist Source of distance (1)
147- 152 F6.3 mag Kmag [1/19.7]? K magnitude
154- 158 F5.3 mag e_Kmag [0/0.3]? Mean error of K magnitude
160- 161 A2 --- r_Kmag ? Source of K magnitude (1)
163- 168 F6.3 mag Gmag [2.67/25.25]? G magnitude
170- 174 F5.3 mag e_Gmag [0.003/3]? Mean error of G magnitude
176- 177 A2 --- r_Gmag Source of G magnitude ("G" or "2M") (1)
179- 183 F5.2 mag BP-RP [-0.4/4.8]? Gaia EDR3 BP-RP
185 I1 --- Bin [0/2] Binary flag (2)
187- 191 F5.2 --- RUWE [0.7/43.3]? Gaia EDR3 RUWE statistic
193- 198 F6.3 d Prot [0.13/49.4]? Rotation period
200- 207 E8.3 mW.m-2 Xflux [1.7e-16/1.7e-11]? X-ray energy flux in
the 0.1-2.4keV band
209- 216 E8.3 mW.m-2 e_Xflux [1.8e-16/4e-13]? Mean error on Xflux
218- 221 F4.2 Msun Mass [0.05/4]? Stellar mass
223- 228 F6.2 d tau [7.3/163]? Convective turnover time
230- 237 E8.3 10-7W Lbol [1.2e+29/1.1e+36]? Bolometric luminosity
239- 246 E8.3 10-7W e_Lbol [1.2e+27/2.7e+35]? Mean error of Lbol
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Reference code as follows:
BJ = Bailer-Jones+ 2021AJ....161..147B 2021AJ....161..147B ; Cat. I/352
C = Cluster distance
D = Dittmann+ 2014, J/ApJ/784/156
L = Lodieu+ 2014MNRAS.445.3908L 2014MNRAS.445.3908L
P = Perez-Garrido+ 2018A&A...620A.130P 2018A&A...620A.130P
R11 = Roeser+ 2011, J/A+A/531/A92
R16 = Robert+ 2016ApJ...830..144R 2016ApJ...830..144R
S = Schneider+ 2017AJ....153..196S 2017AJ....153..196S
vL = van Leeuwen+ 2007MNRAS.374.1437V 2007MNRAS.374.1437V
Z = Zhang+ 2010, J/MNRAS/404/1817
2M = 2MASS, Cat. II/246
B = Boudreault+ 2010, J/A+A/510/A27
G = Gaia EDR3, Cat. I/350
UL = UKIDSS LAS, see Cat. II/319
UG = UKIDSS GCS, see Cat. II/319
Note (2): Binary flag as follows:
0 = No binary flag (3630 sources)
1 = Candidate binary (534 sources)
2 = Confirmed binary (341 sources)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- ID ? Catalog Source ID
18- 22 A5 --- Source Provenance of X-ray information (1)
24- 45 A22 --- IAUName ? IAU name
47- 117 A71 --- ObsID ? Observation ID
119- 124 A6 --- Inst Instrument used in the observation (2)
126- 135 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
137- 146 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-31/60.4] Declination (J2000)
148- 151 F4.1 arcsec PosErr [0/15]? X-ray positional uncertainty
153- 157 F5.2 arcmin OffAxis [0/48]? Off-axis angle
159- 166 F8.1 --- Det [3.7/557012]? Detection likelihood (3)
168- 173 I6 ct CtsBroad [1/110869]? Net counts in the broad band
175- 182 E8.3 ct.s-1 CRBroad [7.4e-05/4.4] Net count rate in the broad
band
184- 191 E8.3 ct.s-1 e_CRBroad [2.4e-05/0.05] Mean error of CRBroad
193- 200 E8.3 ct.s-1 CRSoft [5.7e-05/4.2]? Net count rate in the soft
band
202- 209 E8.3 ct.s-1 e_CRSoft [2.2e-05/0.04]? Mean error of CRSoft
211- 218 E8.3 ct.s-1 CRHard [1.3e-10/0.2]? Net count rate in the hard
band
220- 227 E8.3 ct.s-1 e_CRHard [1e-05/0.03]? Mean error of CRHard
229- 236 A8 keV Broad Definition of broad band range
238- 245 A8 keV Soft ? Definition of soft band range
247- 254 A8 keV Hard ? Definition of hard band range
256- 260 F5.2 --- HR [-1/1]? Hardness ratio:
(hard-soft)/(hard+soft)
262- 267 I6 s Exp [122/218656]? Exposure time
269 I1 --- Var [0/2]? Variability flag (4)
271- 278 E8.3 mW.m-2 Xflux [1.7e-16/1.7e-11] Unabsorbed X-ray energy
flux in the 0.1-2.4keV band
280- 287 E8.3 mW.m-2 e_Xflux [1.8e-16/1.2e-12] Mean error of Xflux
289- 295 A7 --- r_Xflux Source of X-ray energy flux calculation (5)
297 I1 --- Fl [0/1] X-ray flare removed?
299 A1 --- Q [mx]? Quality flag (6)
301- 327 A27 --- Name Name of optical counterpart
329- 332 F4.1 arcsec Sep [0/87] Separation between X-ray source and
optical counterpart
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Source as follows:
4XMM = XMM Serendipitous Source Catalog; 4XMM-DR11, Cat. IX/65
(425 occurrences)
2RXS = the 2nd ROSAT all-sky survey; Boller+ 2016, J/A+A/588/A103
(281 occurrences)
2RXP = Second ROSAT PSPC Catalog, IX/30 (134 occurrences)
2SXPS = the Swift XRT Point Source Catalog; Evans+ 2020, IX/58
(65 occurrences)
CIAO = Reduction of Chandra observation with CIAO (27 occurrences)
R95 = Randich & Schmitt 1995, J/A+A/298/115 (26 occurrences)
S01 = Stelzer & Neuhauser 2001A&A...377..538S 2001A&A...377..538S (55 occurrences)
S95 = Stern et al. 1995, J/ApJ/448/683 (7 occurrences)
SAS = Reduction of XMM observation with SAS (45 occurrences)
CSC = the Chandra Source Catalog, Cat. IX/57 (19 occurrences)
1RXH = ROSAT HRI pointed observations, Cat. IX/28 (23 occurrences)
Note (2): Instrument as follows:
PSPC = the Position Sensitive Proportional Counters on ROSAT
(503 occurrences)
HRI = ROSAT's High Resolution Imager (23 occurrences)
EPIC = The three European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) cameras
on XMM-Newton (470 occurrences)
XRT = Swift's X-Ray Telescope (65 occurrences)
ACIS-I = Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS)-I detector
(30 occurrences)
ACIS-S = Chandra's ACIS-S detector (14 occurrences)
HRC-1 = Chandra's High Resolution Camera (2 occurrences)
Note (3): For Chandra (CIAO and CSC), it is the source significance; for
all others, it is the maximum likelihood
Note (4): Flag as follows:
0 = No evidence of variability (763 occurrences)
1 = Possibly variable (159 occurrences)
2 = Definitely variable (46 occurrences)
Note (5): Source as follows:
ECF = From applying ECF (see Section 4.3; 968 occurrences)
SpecFit = From spectral fitting (139 occurrences)
Note (6): Quality flag as follows:
m = Likely mismatch to optical counterpart (30 occurrences)
x = Likely extended source (2 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Cluster Cluster in which filed of view falls
("Hyades": 83 sources or
"Praesepe": 30 sources)
10- 15 A6 --- Inst Instrument used in the observation (XMM's EPIC,
or Chandra's ACIS-I, ACIS-S or HRC-1)
17- 57 A41 --- ObsID Observation ID(s)
59- 77 A19 --- PI Principal investigator of observation
79- 85 A7 --- Date Year and month of start of observation
87- 92 I6 s Dur [5000/231180] Total duration of observation
94- 103 F10.6 deg RAdeg [9.1/348.2] Right ascension (J2000)
105- 113 F9.6 deg DEdeg [-8.6/57] Declination (J2000)
115- 126 A12 deg Roll Roll angle of telescope
128- 136 A9 --- Mode Filter or data mode (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): When two filters are included, the first one is for the MOS
cameras and the second, for the pn camera
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 I15 --- ID [90868/108431505010001]? Catalog Source ID
17- 38 A22 --- IAUName IAU name
40- 44 F5.3 keV kT [0.4/2.1] Plasma temperature of APEC model
46- 50 F5.3 keV e_kT [0.002/0.3] Mean error on kT
52- 56 F5.3 Sun Metal [0.05/0.9] Plasma metal abundance with
respect to Solar
58- 62 F5.3 Sun e_Metal [0.003/0.5] Mean error on Metal
64- 68 F5.3 10+21/cm2 NH [0.02/1.1]? Atomic neutral hydrogen column
density
70- 74 F5.3 10+21/cm2 e_NH [0.01/0.4]? Mean error on NH
76- 83 E8.3 mW.m-2 Xflux Unabsorbed X-ray energy flux in the
0.1-2.4keV band
85- 92 E8.3 mW.m-2 e_Xflux Mean error of unabsorbed X-ray energy flux
94- 97 F4.2 --- Chi2 [0.4/2.6] Reduced chi squared statistic
99- 101 I3 --- dof [7/786] Degrees of freedom
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Agueros et al. Paper I. 2011ApJ...740..110A 2011ApJ...740..110A
Douglas et al. Paper II. 2014ApJ...795..161D 2014ApJ...795..161D Cat. J/ApJ/795/161
Kraus et al. Paper III. 2017ApJ...845...72K 2017ApJ...845...72K Cat. J/ApJ/845/72
Nunez et al. Paper IV. 2022ApJ...931...45N 2022ApJ...931...45N This catalog
Nunez et al. Paper V. 2024ApJ...962...12N 2024ApJ...962...12N
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 20-Mar-2024