J/ApJ/934/180 IceCube's neutrinos with 4FGL, 2SXPS & CRATES data (Kun+, 2022)
Multiwavelength search for the origin of IceCube's neutrinos.
Kun E., Bartos I., Becker Tjus J., Biermann P.L., Franckowiak A.,
Halzen F.
<Astrophys. J., 934, 180 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...934..180K 2022ApJ...934..180K
ADC_Keywords: Neutrino; Gamma rays; X-ray sources; Radio sources
Keywords: High energy astrophysics ; Extragalactic astronomy ;
Neutrino astronomy ; Gamma-ray astronomy ; X-ray astronomy ;
Radio continuum emission
Abstract:
The origin of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos detected by the
IceCube Neutrino Observatory remains a mystery to be solved. In this
paper we search for neutrino source candidates within the 90%
containment area of 70 track-type neutrino events recorded by the
IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By employing the Fermi-LAT 4FGL-DR2, the
Swift-XRT 2SXPS, and the CRATES catalogs, we identify possible
gamma-ray, X-ray, and flat-spectrum radio candidate sources of
track-type neutrinos. We find that based on the brightness of sources
and their spatial correlation with the track-type IceCube neutrinos,
the constructed neutrino samples represent special populations of
sources taken from the full Fermi-LAT 4FGL-DR2/Swift-XRT 2SXPS/CRATES
catalogs with similar significance (2.1σ, 1.2σ, 2σ
at 4.8GHz, 2.1σ at 8.4GHz, respectively, assuming 50%
astrophysical signalness). After collecting redshifts and deriving
subsamples of the CRATES catalog complete in the redshift-luminosity
plane, we find that the 4.8GHz (8.4GHz) subsample can explain between
4% and 53% (3% and 42%) of the neutrinos (90% C.L.), when the
probability of detecting a neutrino is proportional to the
(k-corrected) radio flux. The overfluctuations indicate that a part of
the sample is likely to contribute and that more sophisticated schemes
in the source catalog selection are necessary to identify the neutrino
sources at the 5σ level. Our selection serves as a starting
point to further select the correct sources.
Description:
In this paper we carry out a multiwavelength search of sources within
the 90% containment area of 70 IceCube track-type neutrino events. In
Section 2 we design an analysis to match the 70 track-type neutrino
events published by IceCube and the Fermi-LAT 4FGL-DR2 catalog, the
Swift-XRT 2SXPS catalog, and the CRATES Catalog.
The neutrino list compiled by Giommi+ (2020MNRAS.497..865G 2020MNRAS.497..865G) summarizes
70 public IceCube high-energy cosmic neutrino tracks (recorded between
2009 October 13 and 2019 September 30) that are well reconstructed and
off the Galactic plane. We use this sample to find neutrino candidate
sources.
The 4FGL-DR2 catalog includes 5787 gamma sources based on ten years of
survey data in the 50MeV-1TeV energy range (Ballet+ 2020arXiv200511208B 2020arXiv200511208B),
being an incremental version to the 8yr 4FGL catalog
(Abdollahi+ 2020, J/ApJS/247/33). See Section 2.1.
The Swift-XRT Point Source (2SXPS) catalog covers 3790 square degrees
on the sky and contains position, fluxes, spectral details, and
variability information for 206,335 X-ray point sources. Observations
were made with the X-ray telescope on-board the Neil Gehrels Swift
Observatory between 2005 January 1 and 2018 August 1
(Evans+ 2020ApJS..247...54E 2020ApJS..247...54E, Cat. IX/58). See Section 2.2.
We searched for radio sources within the 90% containment area of
neutrinos in the Combined Radio All-Sky Targeted Eight GHz Survey
(CRATES, Healey+ 2007, J/ApJS/171/61). The catalog is assembled from
existing observations, especially the Green Bank 6cm Radio Source
Catalog (GB6, 4.8GHz), the Parkes-MIT-NRAO Survey (PMN, 4.8GHz),
and the Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey (CLASS, 8.4GHz). The existing
observations were augmented by reprocessing of archival Very Large
Array (VLA) and ATCA data and by new observations to fill in coverage
gaps. See Section 2.3.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 102 29 Neutrino source candidates from 10-year
Fermi-LAT Point Source Catalogue (4FGL)
table3.dat 116 61 Neutrino source candidates from the
Swift-XRT 2SXPS catalog
table4.dat 100 108 Neutrino source candidates from CRATES catalog
of flat spectrum radio sources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
VII/172 : First Byurakan Survey (FBS) (Markarian+, 1989)
VIII/40 : GB6 catalog of radio sources (Gregory+ 1996)
VIII/38 : The Parkes-MIT-NRAO 4.85GHz (PMN) Surveys (Griffith+ 1993-1996)
VIII/72 : CLASS survey of radio sources (Myers+, 2003)
IX/58 : 2SXPS Swift X-ray telescope point source catalogue (Evans+, 2020)
IX/67 : Incremental Fermi LAT 4th source cat. (4FGL-DR3) (Fermi-LAT col., 2022)
J/other/APh/26.282 : AGN neutrino source candidates (Achterberg+, 2006)
J/ApJS/171/61 : All-Sky Survey of Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources (Healey+, 2007)
J/ApJ/716/30 : SED of Fermi bright blazars (Abdo+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/410/2690 : CRATES sources at 30 GHz (Peel+, 2011)
J/ApJS/232/18 : The third Fermi-LAT >10GeV catalog (3FHL) (Ajello+, 2017)
J/A+A/632/A77 : 3HSP blazars catalog (Chang+, 2019)
J/ApJS/247/33 : The Fermi LAT fourth source catalog (4FGL) (Abdollahi+, 2020)
J/ApJ/892/105 : 4th catalog of Fermi LAT-detected AGNs (4LAC) (Ajello+, 2020)
J/A+A/650/A83 : Radio flux densities of neutrino associations (Hovatta+, 2021)
J/A+A/657/A138 : Classification of Swift and XMM-Newton sources (Tranin+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- ID Neutrino ID
(<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)
12- 19 F8.2 d MJD [55387.54/58714.73] Modified Julian
date of detection (JD-2400000.5)
21- 26 F6.2 deg RAdeg [15.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival
direction (J2000) (1)
28- 31 F4.2 deg E_RAdeg [0.39/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdeg
33- 37 F5.2 deg e_RAdeg [0.58/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdeg
39- 44 F6.2 deg DEdeg [-37.5/35.6] Declination of arrival
direction (J2000) (1)
46- 49 F4.2 deg E_DEdeg [0.47/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdeg
51- 55 F5.2 deg e_DEdeg [0.3/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdeg
57- 61 A5 --- --- [4FGL_]
62- 73 A12 --- 4FGL 4FGL-DR2 source ID (JHHMM.m+DDMM)
75- 84 F10.6 deg RA4Gdeg [15.87/358] Right Ascension of
4FGL-DR2 (J2000)
86- 95 F10.6 deg DE4Gdeg [-38/35.4] Declination of 4FGL-DR2
(J2000)
97- 102 F6.2 10-10ph/s/cm2 Flux [0.39/236] Flux between 0.1-100GeV
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): arrival direction of neutrino (90% containment)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- ID Neutrino ID (<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)
12- 19 F8.2 d MJD [55056.7/58694.9] Modified Julian date of
detection (JD-2400000.5)
21- 26 F6.2 deg RAdeg [29.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival
direction (J2000) (1)
28- 31 F4.2 deg E_RAdeg [0.4/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdeg
33- 37 F5.2 deg e_RAdeg [0.28/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdeg
39- 44 F6.2 deg DEdeg [-37.5/35.6] Declination of arrival direction
(J2000) (1)
46- 49 F4.2 deg E_DEdeg [0.18/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdeg
51- 55 F5.2 deg e_DEdeg [0.2/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdeg
57- 62 A6 --- --- [2SXPS-]
63- 78 A16 --- 2SXPS 2SXPS source identifier (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
80- 85 F6.2 deg RASwdeg [29.79/359] Right Ascension of 2SXPS (J2000)
87- 92 F6.2 deg DESwdeg [-38/35.2] Declination of 2SXPS (J2000)
94- 98 F5.3 ct/s RmSw [0.003/0.4] Mean rate between 0.3-10keV
100- 104 F5.3 ct/s E_RmSw [0.001/0.03] Upper uncertainty on RmSw
106- 110 F5.3 ct/s e_RmSw [0.001/0.023] Lower uncertainty on RmSw
112- 116 F5.1 --- SNRSw [10.1/274.9] Signal-to-noise ratio
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): arrival direction of neutrino (90% containment)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- ID Neutrino ID (<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)
12- 19 F8.2 d MJD [55387.5/58694.9] Modified Julian date of
detection (JD-2400000.5)
21- 26 F6.2 deg RAdeg [15.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival
direction (J2000) (1)
28- 31 F4.2 deg E_RAdeg [0.45/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdeg
33- 37 F5.2 deg e_RAdeg [0.5/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdeg
39- 44 F6.2 deg DEdeg [-37.8/35.6] Declination of arrival direction
(J2000) (1)
46- 49 F4.2 deg E_DEdeg [0.35/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdeg
51- 55 F5.2 deg e_DEdeg [0.25/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdeg
57- 70 A14 --- CRATES CRATES radio source (JHHMMSS+DDMMSS)
72- 77 F6.2 deg RACdeg [15.4/359.6] Right Ascension of CRATES (J2000)
79- 84 F6.2 deg DECdeg [-38.1/35.1] Declination of CRATES (J2000)
86- 90 I5 mJy S4.8GHz [65/11192] Detected flux at 4.8GHz
92- 98 F7.1 mJy S8.4GHz [0/25850.5] Detected flux at 8.4GHz
100 A1 --- Type Morphology type (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): arrival direction of neutrino (90% containment)
Note (2): morphology type as follows:
N = No detection at 8.4GHz;
P = point source;
S = short jet (≤1" for VLA maps);
L = long jet (>1").
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 07-Aug-2024