J/ApJ/939/105 X-ray SN2014C obs. & CSM interaction in SNe (Brethauer+, 2022)
Seven years of coordinated Chandra-NuSTAR observations of SN 2014C unfold the
extreme mass-loss history of its stellar progenitor.
Brethauer D., Margutti R., Milisavljevic D., Bietenholz M.F., Chornock R.,
Coppejans D.L., De Colle F., Hajela A., Terreran G., Vargas F.,
DeMarchi L., Harris C., Jacobson-Galan W.V., Kamble A., Patnaude D.,
Stroh M.C.
<Astrophys. J., 939, 105 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...939..105B 2022ApJ...939..105B
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae; Interstellar medium; X-ray sources; Stars, masses
Keywords: Core-collapse supernovae ; X-ray astronomy ; Shocks ;
Circumstellar shells
Abstract:
We present the results from our 7yr long broadband X-ray observing
campaign of SN 2014C with Chandra and NuSTAR. These coordinated
observations represent the first look at the evolution of a young
extragalactic SN in the 0.3-80keV energy range in the years after core
collapse. We find that the spectroscopic metamorphosis of SN 2014C
from an ordinary type Ib SN into an interacting SN with copious
hydrogen emission is accompanied by luminous X-rays reaching
Lx∼5.6x1040erg/s (0.3-100keV) at ∼1000 days post-explosion and
declining as Lx∝t-1 afterwards. The broadband X-ray spectrum
is of thermal origin and shows clear evidence for cooling after peak,
with T(t)∼20keV(t/tpk)-0.5. Soft X-rays of sub-keV energy suffer
from large photoelectric absorption originating from the local SN
environment with NHint(t)∼3x1022(t/400days)-1.4cm-2. We
interpret these findings as the result of the interaction of the SN
shock with a dense (n∼105-106cm-3), H-rich disk-like
circumstellar medium (CSM) with inner radius ∼2x1016cm and extending
to ∼1017cm. Based on the declining NHint(t) and X-ray luminosity
evolution, we infer a CSM mass of ~(1.2f-2.0f0.5)M☉, where f
is the volume filling factor. We place SN 2014C in the context of
121 core-collapse SNe with evidence for strong shock interaction with
a thick circumstellar medium. Finally, we highlight the challenges
that the current mass-loss theories (including wave-driven mass loss,
binary interaction, and line-driven winds) face when interpreting the
wide dynamic ranges of CSM parameters inferred from observations.
Description:
We present a homogeneous analysis of our entire broadband X-ray
campaign of SN 2014C for the first ∼2307 days of the evolution,
using the CXO and NuSTAR. For consistency, we also reanalyze the X-ray
data acquired at δt<500days, which we originally published in
Margutti+ (2017ApJ...835..140M 2017ApJ...835..140M).
Prior to the explosion, the field of SN 2014C was observed by the CXO
on 2001 January 27 (PI Zezas, ID 2198) for a total exposure time of
∼29.5ks. No X-ray emission was detected at the location of SN 2014C
with a 3σ absorbed flux limit of <2.8x10-15erg/s/cm2
(0.3-10keV).
We started monitoring SN 2014C with the CXO on 2014 November 3
(δt=308 days since explosion, PI Soderberg, ID 16005). Further
CXO observations were acquired starting from 2015-Jan-30 to 2020-Apr-18,
∼1 to ∼6yr post-explosion, with a total exposure time of ∼242ks
(Table 2, PI Margutti). See Section 2.1.
We acquired hard X-ray (3-79keV) observations of SN 2014C with NuSTAR
starting on 2015 January 29 (δt∼400days) through 2020 April 30
(δt∼2300days, PI Margutti), for a total exposure of ∼347ks.
See Section 2.2.
We collected from the literature a large sample of 121 core-collapse
SNe that showed observational signatures of strong circumstellar
medium (CSM) interaction. See Section 4.1.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
22 37 05.59 +34 24 31.8 SN 2014C = SPIRITS14aom
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 59 12 Chandra X-ray observations of SN 2014C
table4.dat 64 9 NuSTAR X-ray observations of SN 2014C
table7.dat 286 125 Mass-loss data
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See also:
B/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)
B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)
VIII/76 : Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI (Kalberla+ 2005)
J/ApJ/742/L18 : Follow-up phot. of the SN IIb PTF 11eon (Arcavi+, 2011)
J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)
J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A10 : Light curves of 5 type IIn supernovae (Taddia+, 2013)
J/ApJ/785/37 : Type Ic SN 2010mb optical photometry (Ben-Ami+, 2014)
J/ApJ/782/42 : Panchromatic observations of PTF11qcj (Corsi+, 2014)
J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/449/1921 : UV/optical/NIR phot. for Type Ibn SNe (Pastorello+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/1941 : Optical/NIR phot. of OGLE-2012-SN-006 (Pastorello+, 2015)
J/A+A/579/A40 : PESSTO catalog (Smartt+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/1876 : Photometric observations of SN PTF11iqb (Smith+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/464/2672 : ASAS-SN bright SN catalogue 2013-2014 (Holoien+, 2017)
J/ApJ/854/L14 : Phot. and spectra of SN 2017dio (Kuncarayakti+, 2018)
J/ApJ/885/43 : UBVRI & ugriz photometry of SN 2017gmr (Andrews+, 2019)
J/ApJ/881/87 : 9 epochs spectroscopy of type I SN 201iet (Gomez+, 2019)
J/ApJ/887/169 : UV-Opt light curves of the type Ic SN 2018gep (Ho+, 2019)
J/ApJ/879/112 : Chandra multi-epoch study of NGC7331 (Jin+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/482/1545 : Berkeley stripped-envelope SNe (Shivvers+, 2019)
J/ApJ/887/75 : NIR sp. of SN2014C post-explosion (Tinyanont+, 2019)
J/ApJ/902/55 : 19yrs of radio & X-ray obs. of SN 2001em (Chandra+, 2020)
J/ApJ/898/166 : UV to NIR obs. of SN 2019ehk (Jacobson-Galan+, 2020)
J/A+A/635/A39 : Photometry of SN 2015da (Tartaglia+, 2020)
J/ApJ/900/11 : Spectra of SN 2017eaw after explosion (Weil+, 2020)
J/ApJ/908/75 : Radio obs. of 330 Core-collapse SNe (Bietenholz+, 2021)
J/ApJ/907/99 : Pre-explosion LCs of 227 Supernovae (Strotjohann+, 2021)
J/A+A/650/A174 : SN 2018ijp transient gri light curves (Tartaglia+, 2021)
J/A+A/646/A22 : SN 2020faa multiphotometry and spectra (Yang+, 2021)
J/ApJ/924/55 : UV & optical obs. of type Ic SN 2020oi (Gagliano+, 2022)
J/other/Nat/601.201 : Photometry of SN 2019hgp (Gal-Yam+, 2022)
J/ApJ/924/15 : Final moments. I. SN2020tlf (Jacobson-Galan+, 2022)
J/ApJ/927/180 : Type Icn SN2021csp photometry & spectra (Perley+, 2022)
J/ApJ/930/57 : Multiwavelength monitoring of SN 2014C (Thomas+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 5 I5 --- ObsID [16005/23216] Chandra observation identifier
7- 14 F8.2 d MJD [56964.3/58957.8] Modified Julian Date
16- 25 A10 "M/D/Y" Date Date of observation (UT)
27- 30 F4.1 ks Exp [12/32.2] Exposure time
32- 38 F7.2 d Phase [308.3/2301.8] Phase
40- 45 E6.2 ct/s CtR [0.01/0.05] 0.5-8keV count rate
47- 53 E7.3 ct/s e_CtR [0.0009/0.002] CtR uncertainty
55- 59 F5.1 --- sigma [46.4/340.1] Source significance, σ
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 11 I11 --- ObsID [40102014001/80001085002] NuSTAR observation
identifier
13- 20 F8.2 d MJD [57051.86/58969.8] Modified Julian Date
22- 31 A10 "M/D/Y" Date Date of observation (UT)
33- 36 F4.1 ks Exp [22.4/54.2] Exposure time
38- 44 F7.2 d Phase [126.2/2314.8] Phase
46- 51 E6.2 ct/s CtR [0.0078/0.02] 3-79keV count rate
53- 59 E7.3 ct/s e_CtR [0.0004/0.0008] CtR uncertainty
61- 64 F4.1 --- sigma [15.1/24] Source significance, σ
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SN identifier
21- 34 A14 --- Type SN type
36 I1 --- Group [1/3] SN group (1)
38- 59 A22 --- DMeth Detection method
61- 67 F7.2 d loStart [0/5500]?=-99.99 Lower interaction start
time estimate (2)
69- 75 F7.2 d upStart [0/5600]?=-99.99 Upper interaction start
time estimate (2)
77- 83 F7.2 d loStop [1/9090]?=-99.99 Lower interaction stop time
estimate (2)
85- 91 F7.2 d upStop [3/9510]?=-99.99 Upper interaction stop time
estimate (2)
93- 101 E9.2 cm loRi [0/5e+17]?=-99.9 Lower circumstellar medium
(CSM) inner radius estimate
103- 111 E9.2 cm upRi [0/5e+17]?=-99.9 Upper CSM inner radius
estimate
113- 121 E9.2 cm loRo [1.8e+13/1e+18]?=-99.9 Lower CSM outer
radius estimate
123- 131 E9.2 cm upRo [2.7e+13/1e+18]?=-99.9 Upper CSM outer
radius estimate
133- 140 F8.2 km/s loWVel [1/10000]?=-99.99 Lower wind velocity
estimate
142- 149 F8.2 km/s upWVel [10/10000]?=-99.99 Upper wind velocity
estimate
151- 166 A16 --- WMeth Wind method
168- 176 E9.2 Msun/yr loMdot [3.2e-9/6]?=-9.99 Lower mass-loss rate
estimate
178- 186 E9.2 Msun/yr upMdot [3e-6/137]?=-9.99 Upper mass-loss rate
estimate
188- 196 E9.2 Msun loMass [1.6e-6/31.4]?=-9.99 Lower CSM mass estimate
198- 206 E9.2 Msun upMass [0.0001/150]?=-9.99 Upper CSM mass estimate
208- 216 E9.2 yr loTime [0.002/6500]?=-9.99 Lower onset time of mass
loss estimate (3)
218- 226 E9.2 yr upTime [0.004/100000]?=-9.99 Upper onset time of
mass loss estimate (3)
228- 286 A59 --- Ref Reference bibcode (s)
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Note (1): See Section 4.1 for more details. Group as follows:
1 = SNe with H-poor ejecta interacting with dense, H-rich circumstellar
medium (CSM).
2 = SNe with H-poor ejecta interacting with H-poor CSM.
3 = SNe with H-rich ejecta interacting with dense, H-rich CSM.
Note (2): Days since the explosion.
Note (3): Years before the explosion.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 11-Sep-2024