J/ApJ/939/22 Mid-IR PAH features of SINGS galaxies (Zhang+, 2022)
Evidence that shocks destroy small PAH molecules in low-luminosity active
galactic nuclei.
Zhang L., Ho L.C., Li A.
<Astrophys. J., 939, 22 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...939...22Z 2022ApJ...939...22Z
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby; Spectra, infrared; Interstellar medium;
Photometry, ultraviolet; Active gal. nuclei; Star Forming Region
Keywords: Interstellar medium ; Interstellar molecules ;
Interstellar emissions ; Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei ;
Active galactic nuclei ; Star formation ;
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Shocks
Abstract:
We combined mapping-mode mid-infrared Spitzer spectra with
complementary infrared imaging to perform a spatially resolved study
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from the central
regions of 66 nearby galaxies, roughly evenly divided into
star-forming systems and low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs).
In conjunction with similar measurements available for quasars, we aim
to understand the physical properties of PAHs across a broad range of
black hole accretion power, with the goal of identifying observational
diagnostics that can be used to probe the effect of AGNs on the host
galaxy. Whereas the PAH emission correlates tightly with
far-ultraviolet luminosity in star-forming regions, the spatially
resolved regions of AGNs tend to be PAH deficient. Moreover, AGN
regions exhibit on average smaller PAH 6.2µm/7.7µm and larger
PAH 11.3µm/7.7µm band ratios. Although the current data are
highly restrictive, they suggest that these anomalous PAH band ratios
cannot be explained by the effects of the AGN radiation field alone.
Instead, they hint that small grains may be destroyed by the combined
effects of radiative processes and shocks, which are plausibly linked
to jets and outflows preferentially associated with highly
sub-Eddington, radiatively inefficient AGNs. While quasars also
present a PAH deficit and unusual PAH band ratios, their
characteristics differ in detail compared to those observed in more
weakly accreting AGNs, a possible indicator of fundamental differences
in their modes of energy feedback.
Description:
The Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS;
Kennicutt+ 2003PASP..115..928K 2003PASP..115..928K) is a comprehensive IR imaging and
spectroscopic survey of 75 nearby galaxies conducted using Spitzer
(SINGS Team 2020, IPAC DOI 10.26131/IRSA424). To obtain spatially
resolved mid-IR emission lines for the central regions of the
galaxies, we utilize the three-dimensional spectral data cubes
released by the survey team, which were constructed using the CUBISM
tool. This paper focuses on the 66 galaxies that have successful IRS
mapping-mode observations covering ∼5-38um.
To provide spatially resolved information on the star formation
activity, we collect far-UV (FUV; 1350Å-1750Å) images from the
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) UV Atlas of Nearby Galaxies
(Gil de Paz+ 2007, J/ApJS/173/185).
We additionally make use of near-IR (J, H, Ks) images from the
Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Large Galaxy Atlas
(Jarrett+ 2003AJ....125..525J 2003AJ....125..525J & 2020, IPAC DOI 10.26131/IRSA122) and
mid-IR (W1, W2, W3) images from WISE (Wright+ 2010; NASA/IPAC Infrared
Science Archive 2020) and Spitzer (IRAC1, IRAC2, IRAC3, IRAC4,
MIPS24).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 60 66 Properties of the galaxy sample
table3.dat 141 453 Spatially resolved multi-band photometry
table4.dat 57 453 Spatially resolved measurements of PAH emission
table5.dat 98 66 Mid-IR diagnostic line ratios
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See also:
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
II/335 : Revised cat. of GALEX UV sources (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7) (Bianchi+ 2017)
J/ApJS/112/315 : Spectroscopic parameters of Seyfert nuclei (Ho+ 1997)
J/ApJ/633/871 : Positions & photometry of HII knots in M51 (Calzetti+, 2005)
J/ApJ/646/161 : Classification of IR galaxies (Dale+, 2006)
J/PASP/119/994 : MIPS 24um calibrators (Engelbracht+, 2007)
J/ApJS/173/185 : GALEX UV atlas of nearby galaxies (Gil de Paz+, 2007)
J/ApJ/669/959 : Warm molecular hydrogen in SINGS galaxies (Roussel+, 2007)
J/ApJ/658/815 : Radio loudness of active galactic nuclei (Sikora+, 2007)
J/ApJ/656/770 : Mid-IR spectrum of star-forming galaxies (Smith+, 2007)
J/ApJ/693/1821 : The Spitzer infrared nearby galaxies survey (Dale+, 2009)
J/ApJS/183/1 : Catalog of central stellar velocity dispersions (Ho+, 2009)
J/ApJ/705/885 : PAH in galaxies at z∼0.1 (O'Dowd+, 2009)
J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectroscopy and abund. of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010)
J/ApJ/719/1191 : Mid-IR indicators of SF and AGN in galaxies (Treyer+, 2010)
J/A+A/566/A115 : XMM sources in NGC1512/1510 (Ducci+, 2014)
J/ApJ/790/124 : Dust and gas physics of the GOALS sample (Stierwalt+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/470/3071 : PAH features of AGN (Jensen+, 2017)
J/ApJ/854/158 : z<0.5 PG quasars IR energy distributions (Shangguan+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/489/855 : Extended narrow line regions in MaNGA AGN (Chen+, 2019)
J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)
J/ApJ/884/136 : PAH features of star-forming gal. using Spitzer (Xie+, 2019)
J/ApJ/898/83 : BH masses & bulge+disk UV-3.6um colors (Dullo+, 2020)
J/ApJ/910/124 : Star formation rates of low-z QSOs from 1-500um (Xie+, 2021)
J/ApJ/925/218 : Nature of PAH in PG QSOs from Spitzer/IRS sp. (Xie+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Gal Galaxy name
10- 14 A5 --- HType Hubble type from NED
16- 29 A14 --- Class Nuclear classification (1)
31- 35 F5.2 Mpc DL [3.5/30.6] Luminosity distance (2)
37- 41 F5.3 mag E(B-V) [0.007/0.3] Schlafly & Finkbeiner
(2011ApJ...737..103S 2011ApJ...737..103S) Galactic reddening
43- 47 F5.2 [10-7W] logLb [38.72/43.55]? log bolometric luminosity (3)
49- 51 A3 --- f_logLb Flag on logLb (4)
53- 56 F4.2 [Msun] logMBH [6.23/8.74]? log black hole mass (5)
58- 60 A3 --- f_logMBH Flag on logMBH (4)
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Note (1): According to the [OIII]/Hβ versus [NII]/Hα
emission-line diagnostic diagram based on the spectra extracted from a
central aperture of 2.5"x2.5", which distinguish it as a star-forming
galaxy (SFG) or an AGN (see Moustakas+ 2010, J/ApJS/190/233 for
details). We provide more specific classifications for the AGN if
available from Ho+ (1997, J/ApJS/112/315 & 1997ApJS..112..391H 1997ApJS..112..391H) or
NED, where:
S = Seyfert,
L = LINER,
T = transition object,
1 = type 1 (broad-line),
2 = type 2 (narrow-line),
a number between 1 and 2 pertains to an intermediate-type, and ":"
indicates an uncertain classification (Ho+ 1997, J/ApJS/112/315).
Note (2): Taken from the updated SINGS photometry catalog
(Dale+ 2017ApJ...837...90D 2017ApJ...837...90D).
Note (3): Calculated based on the nuclear 2-10keV luminosity, with luminosity
distance adjusted to that adopted here, and bolometric correction
CX=15.8 (Ho 2009ApJ...699..626H 2009ApJ...699..626H), unless otherwise specified.
Note (4): Flag as follows:
a = Lehmer+ (2019, J/ApJS/243/3, converted to 2-10keV
luminosity based on γ and NH therein) and
Thater+ 2019A&A...625A..62T 2019A&A...625A..62T, respectively
b = Cisternas et al. 2013ApJ...776...50C 2013ApJ...776...50C, and references therein
c = Alatalo et al. 2015ApJ...798...31A 2015ApJ...798...31A, Lbol based on IR SED fitting
d = Pellegrini (2010ApJ...717..640P 2010ApJ...717..640P, and references therein);
e = Ducci+ 2014, J/A+A/566/A115 and Dullo+ 2020, J/ApJ/898/83, respectively
f = Combes et al. 2019A&A...623A..79C 2019A&A...623A..79C
g = Lbol based on nuclear Hα emission from Ho+ 1997, J/ApJS/112/315
as updated in Ho+ 2003ApJ...583..159H 2003ApJ...583..159H, with bolometric
correction factor CHα=300 (Ho 2009ApJ...699..626H 2009ApJ...699..626H)
h = Gliozzi+ (2009ApJ...700.1759G 2009ApJ...700.1759G) and Barth+ (2009ApJ...690.1031B 2009ApJ...690.1031B),
respectively.
D = Upper limit flag.
Note (5): Derived from the MBH-σ* relation (for all galaxy types)
from Greene+ (2020ARA&A..58..257G 2020ARA&A..58..257G) and the central
stellar velocity dispersion measured by Ho+ 2009, J/ApJS/183/1,
unless otherwise specified.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Gal Galaxy name
8 A1 --- --- [_]
9- 10 I2 --- Reg Resolved spaxel region identifier within Gal
12- 16 F5.2 [mJy] logfFUV [-3.2/1.2]? Log GALEX FUV band flux density
18- 22 F5.2 [mJy] e_logfFUV [0.01/2.7]? Uncertainty in logfFUV
24- 27 F4.2 [mJy] logfJ [0.03/2.7] Log 2MASS J band flux density
29- 32 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfJ [0.01/1.4] Uncertainty in logfJ
34- 38 F5.2 [mJy] logfH [0.17/2.8]? Log 2MASS H band flux density
40- 44 F5.2 [mJy] e_logfH [0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in logfH
46- 50 F5.2 [mJy] logfKs [0.03/2.8]? Log 2MASS Ks band flux density
52- 56 F5.2 [mJy] e_logfKs [0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in logfKs
58- 62 F5.2 [mJy] logfW1 [-0.2/2.4] Log WISE/W1 3.4 micron band flux
density
64- 67 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfW1 [0/0.02] Uncertaintyin logfW1
69- 73 F5.2 [mJy] logfW2 [-0.4/2.11] Log WISE/W2 4.6 micron band
flux density
75- 78 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfW2 [0/0.03] Uncertaintyin logfW2
80- 83 F4.2 [mJy] logfW3 [0.57/2.71] Log WISE/W3 12 micron band flux
density
85- 88 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfW3 [0.01/0.02] Uncertaintyin logfW3
90- 94 F5.2 [mJy] logfIRAC1 [-0.31/2.4] Log Spitzer/IRAC1 3.6 micron
band flux density
96- 99 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfIRAC1 [0.02/0.4] Uncertainty in logfIRAC1
101- 105 F5.2 [mJy] logfIRAC2 [-0.5/2.21] Log Spitzer/IRAC2 4.5 micron
band flux density
107- 110 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfIRAC2 [0.02/0.2] Uncertainty in logfIRAC2
112- 116 F5.2 [mJy] logfIRAC3 [-0.8/2.45] Log Spitzer/IRAC3 5.8 micron
band flux density
118- 121 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfIRAC3 [0.01/0.6] Uncertainty in logfIRAC3
123- 126 F4.2 [mJy] logfIRAC4 [0.1/2.9] Log Spitzer/IRAC4 8.0 micron band
flux density
128- 131 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfIRAC4 [0.01/0.07] Uncertainty in logfIRAC4
133- 136 F4.2 [mJy] logfMIPS24 [0.2/3.65] Log Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band
flux density
138- 141 F4.2 [mJy] e_logfMIPS24 [0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in logfMIPS24
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Gal Galaxy name
8 A1 --- --- [_]
9- 10 I2 --- Reg Resolved spaxel region identifier within Gal
12- 16 F5.2 [10-7W] logL5-20 [37.8/42.93] Log integrated 5-20 micron PAH
luminosity in erg/s
18- 21 F4.2 [10-7W] e_logL5-20 [0.01/1] Uncertainty in logL5-20
23- 27 F5.2 [10-7W] logL6.2 [37.5/42]? Log 6.2 micron PAH feature
luminosity in erg/s
29- 33 F5.2 [10-7W] e_logL6.2 [0.04/0.5]? Uncertainty in logL6.2
35- 39 F5.2 [10-7W] logL7.7 [37.36/42.6]? Log 7.7 micron PAH feature
luminosity in erg/s
41- 45 F5.2 [10-7W] e_logL7.7 [0.03/0.5]? Uncertainty in logL7.7
47- 51 F5.2 [10-7W] logL11.3 [38.2/42]? Log 11.3 micron PAH feature
luminosity in erg/s
53- 57 F5.2 [10-7W] e_logL11.3 [0.03/0.5]? Uncertainty in logL11.3
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Gal Galaxy identifier
10- 14 F5.2 [-] logNe-T [-1.3/0.7] Log total [NeIII]/[NeII] ratio
(1)
16- 20 F5.2 [-] logNe-I [-1.16/0.9]? Log inner [NeIII]/[NeII]
ratio (2)
22- 26 F5.2 [-] logNe-O [-1.13/0.6]? Log outer [NeIII]/[NeII]
ratio (3)
28- 32 F5.2 [-] logS/Ne-T [-1.32/0.31] Log total [SIV]/[NeIII]
ratio (1)
34- 38 F5.2 [-] logS/Ne-I [-1.3/-0.02]? Log inner [SIV]/[NeIII]
ratio (2)
40- 44 F5.2 [-] logS/Ne-O [-1.25/0.02]? Log outer [SIV]/[NeIII]
ratio (3)
46- 50 F5.2 [-] logS-T [-0.6/0.32] Log total
[SIII]18.7/[SIII]33.5 ratio (1)
52- 56 F5.2 [-] logS-I [-0.41/0.3]? Log inner
[SIII]18.7/[SIII]33.5 ratio (2)
58- 62 F5.2 [-] logS-O [-0.8/0.41]? Log outer
[SIII]18.7/[SIII]33.5 ratio (3)
64- 68 F5.2 [-] logH2S-T [-0.15/1]? Log total H2S(2)/H2S(0)
ratio (1)
70- 74 F5.2 [-] logH2S-I [-0.23/1.1]? Log inner H2S(2)/H2S(0)
ratio (2)
76- 80 F5.2 [-] logH2S-O [-0.14/1]? Log outer H2S(2)/H2S(0)
ratio (3)
82- 86 F5.2 [-] logH2S/PAH-T [-2.24/-0.5]? Log total
H2S(0,1,2)/PAH7.7 ratio (1)
88- 92 F5.2 [-] logH2S/PAH-I [-2.4/-0.19]? Log inner
H2S(0,1,2)/PAH7.7 ratio (2)
94- 98 F5.2 [-] logH2S/PAH-O [-2.9/-0.8]? Log outer
H2S(0,1,2)/PAH7.7 ratio (3)
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Note (1): Integrated over the central region.
Note (2): Integrated over the inner region (central 10"x10"
of low-resolution datacube after projection).
Note (3): Integrated over the outer region (remaining area with
complete high-resolution observations).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 05-Sep-2024