J/ApJ/940/56 Short GRB host galaxies. I. opt-NIR imaging (Fong+, 2022)
Short GRB host galaxies.
I. Photometric and spectroscopic catalogs, host associations, and
galactocentric offsets.
Fong W.-F., Nugent A.E., Dong Y., Berger E., Paterson K., Chornock R.,
Levan A., Blanchard P., Alexander K.D., Andrews J., Cobb B.E.,
Cucchiara A., Fox D., Fryer C.L., Gordon A.C., Kilpatrick C.D., Lunnan R.,
Margutti R., Miller A., Milne P., Nicholl M., Perley D., Rastinejad J.,
Escorial A.R., Schroeder G., Smith N., Tanvir N., Terreran G.
<Astrophys. J., 940, 56 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...940...56F 2022ApJ...940...56F
ADC_Keywords: GRB; Redshifts; Photometry, ugriz; Photometry, HST
Keywords: Stellar populations ; Gamma-ray bursts ; Gravitational wave sources
Abstract:
We present a comprehensive optical and near-infrared census of the
fields of 90 short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) discovered in 2005-2021,
constituting all short GRBs for which host galaxy associations are
feasible (∼60% of the total Swift short GRB population). We contribute
274 new multi-band imaging observations across 58 distinct GRBs and
26 spectra of their host galaxies. Supplemented by literature and
archival survey data, the catalog contains 542 photometric and
42 spectroscopic data sets. The photometric catalog reaches 3σ
depths of ≳24-27mag and ≳23-26mag for the optical and near-infrared
bands, respectively. We identify host galaxies for 84 bursts, in which
the most robust associations make up 56% (50/90) of events, while only
a small fraction, 6.7%, have inconclusive host associations. Based on
new spectroscopy, we determine 18 host spectroscopic redshifts with a
range of z∼0.15-1.5 and find that ∼23%-41% of Swift short GRBs
originate from z>1. We also present the galactocentric offset catalog
for 84 short GRBs. Taking into account the large range of individual
measurement uncertainties, we find a median of projected offset of
∼7.7kpc, for which the bursts with the most robust associations have a
smaller median of ∼4.8kpc. Our catalog captures more high-redshift and
low-luminosity hosts, and more highly offset bursts than previously
found, thereby diversifying the population of known short GRB hosts
and properties. In terms of locations and host luminosities, the
populations of short GRBs with and without detectable extended
emission are statistically indistinguishable. This suggests that they
arise from the same progenitors, or from multiple progenitors, which
form and evolve in similar environments. All of the data products are
available on the Broadband Repository for Investigating Gamma-Ray
Burst Host Traits (BRIGHT) website.
Description:
Once we establish a host galaxy, we obtain imaging in multiple filters
and/or spectroscopy (Section 5) to characterize their SEDs. The
photometric part of the catalog is comprised of ground-based, HST and
Spitzer/IRAC observations, supplemented by published literature and
archival survey data.
In total, we newly contribute 274 observations in various bands across
58 distinct short GRBs. We supplement this with literature and
archival data for a total of 542 photometric data points and imaging
products across 90 events in the photometric catalog. The photometry
and host galaxy positions are listed in Table A1.
Photometric catalog and observations are described in Section 3.
In short, we first present new ground-based data for events in our
sample that were discovered since the launch of Swift in 2004 until
2021 December. We obtained optical imaging centered on the most
precise available afterglow position in the r or i band or NIR imaging
in the J or K bands and additional 1-10 bands of multi-band
observations with the twin 6.5m Magellan/Baade and Clay telescopes
(PIs: Berger, Blanchard), 8m Gemini-North and Gemini-South telescopes
(PIs: Fong, Cucchiara), 6.5m MMT (PIs: Fong, Nugent), twin 10m Keck I
and II telescopes (PIs: Paterson, Fong, Terreran, and Miller), the
3.8m United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT; PI: Fong), and the twin
8.4m Large Binocular Telescopes (LBT; PI: Fong, Smith). We used 18
distinct instruments (listed in Table 1) across these facilities for
imaging.
We supplement the ground-based imaging with HST observations for 10
events. See Section 3.2.
Observations from IRAC on the Spitzer Space Telescope were available
for 13 of the GRB host galaxies in our sample taken during 2006-2017
(PIs: Perley, Savaglio, Gladders).
Finally, we collect literature photometry for 44 bursts. See Section 3.4.
To obtain afterglow positions and thus burst locations with respect to
putative host galaxies, we first use ground-based optical discovery
images when available. In particular, we utilize a combination of our
Target-of-Opportunity programs on the twin 6.5m Magellan telescopes,
the 6.5m MMT, the twin Gemini telescopes, and the 60 in Palomar
Observatory P60 telescope (PIs: Berger, Fong, Cenko, Cucchiara), as
well as publicly available ground-based imaging from the 4.2m William
Herschel Telescope and the 8.2m Very Large Telescope (VLT).
See Section 3.5.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 129 94 Short gamma-ray burst host galaxy sample
tablea1.dat 79 558 *Photometric catalog
refs.dat 60 53 References
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Note on tablea1.dat: Host galaxy positions and photometry from the literature
and this work that have been incorporated into the BRIGHT catalog. We
emphasize that the literature data set is comprehensive for a given
host in that we attempt to fill out the SED, but does not include all
literature photometry that exists for every host galaxy. For bursts
with no identified host, 3σ limits at the afterglow position are
reported. Photometry is in AB magnitudes and is not corrected for
extinction in the direction of the bursts. For photometry from
archival surveys, if the values are directly from the catalogs, the
survey is referenced. If the values are from publications which
performed photometry on survey data, the relevant publication is
instead referenced. All positions and photometry are also on the
BRIGHT website (http://bright.ciera.northwestern.edu/).
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See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)
J/PASP/117/773 : Classif. of SN host galaxies. III (van den Bergh+, 2005)
J/AJ/132/1729 : HUDF BVI-dropout sources (Beckwith+, 2006)
J/ApJ/687/1201 : SN and LGRB locations in their host galaxies (Kelly+, 2008)
J/MNRAS/385/361 : BVRcIc phot. of NGC 821 globular clusters (Spitler+, 2008)
J/MNRAS/397/1177 : Swift-XRT observations of GRBs (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJ/750/99 : The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system (Tonry+, 2012)
J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)
J/ApJ/829/7 : Third Swift/BAT GRB cat. (past ∼11yrs) (BAT3) (Lien+, 2016)
J/ApJ/830/13 : Host-galaxy UV-IR for 32 superluminous SNe (Perley+, 2016)
J/ApJS/225/1 : SpIES: the Spitzer IRAC Equatorial Survey (Timlin+, 2016)
J/ApJ/896/20 : Swift BAT gamma-ray burst durations (Jespersen+, 2020)
J/ApJ/896/L20 : Swift BAT gamma-ray burst durations (Jespersen+, 2020)
J/ApJ/916/89 : 85 short GRB kilonovae opt. & NIR obs. (Rastinejad+, 2021)
J/ApJS/255/29 : PTF core-collapse SN host-galaxy sample. I. (Schulze+, 2021)
http://bright.ciera.northwestern.edu/ : the online BRIGHT: Open Short GRB
Catalogue
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- GRB GRB identifier
9 A1 --- f_GRB Flag on GRB (1)
11- 12 I2 h RAh ? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
14- 15 I2 min RAm ? Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
17- 22 F6.3 s RAs ? Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
24 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd ? Degree of Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm ? Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
31- 36 F6.3 arcsec DEs ? Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
38- 45 F8.6 --- z [0.0097/2.61]? Redshift
47 A1 --- f_z Flag on z (1)
49- 56 F8.6 --- e_z [5.7e-05/1.5]? Lower 68% confidence in z (2)
58- 65 F8.6 --- E_z [5.7e-05/2.1]? Upper 68% confidence in z (2)
67- 71 A5 --- Filt Filter used
73- 74 A2 --- l_mag [≳ ] Limit flag on mag
76- 81 F6.3 mag mag [12.44/28.1] Apparent AB magnitude in Filt (3)
83- 87 F5.3 mag e_mag [0.004/0.5]? Lower uncertainty in mag
89- 93 F5.3 mag E_mag [0.004/0.5]? Upper uncertainty in mag
95-101 E7.1 --- Pcc [2e-05/0.44]? Probability of chance coincidence
103-114 A12 --- Class Class
116 A1 --- f_Class Flag on Class (1)
118-129 A12 --- Ref Reference code(s) (see refs.dat file)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = Long-duration GRBs thought to be associated with NS merger origins.
b = This burst has a high Galactic extinction of AV=3.5mag and is
therefore considered an observing constraint burst with a sightline
that precludes a meaningful host galaxy search in the optical bands.
However, we report a K-band limit here on a galaxy within the XRT
position for completeness.
c = This host is only considered as a point of comparison to the
cosmological short GRB sample.
D = Redshift determined from afterglow.
d = Hosts reclassified as Bronze due to at least one other galaxies
with comparably low Pcc value in the field.
Note (2): The methods use to to determine the confidence uncertainties are
described in Nugent et al. (2022).
Note (3): Magnitudes are not corrected for Galactic extinction in the
direction of the burst.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- GRB GRB Identifier
9 A1 --- f_GRB [b] b=GRB 170817A host is only considered as
a point of comparison to the cosmological
short GRB sample
11- 12 I2 h RAh ? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
14- 15 I2 min RAm ? Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
17- 22 F6.3 s RAs ? Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 24 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd ? Degree of Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm ? Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
31- 36 F6.3 arcsec DEs ? Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
38- 43 A6 --- Filt Filter used
45- 48 A4 ---- l_mag [{~>} ] Limit flag on mag
50- 54 F5.2 mag mag [0.66/28.1] Apparent AB magnitude in Filter
56- 59 F4.2 mag e_mag [0/1]? Uncertainty in mag
61- 79 A19 --- BibCode Reference or reference bibcode
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference code
4- 27 A24 --- Auth First author's name(s)
29- 47 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference if any
49- 60 A12 --- Comm Comment
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 17-Oct-2024