J/ApJ/941/97 Opt-to-NIR phot. cat. in HSC-deep XMM-LSS (Vijarnwannaluk+, 2022)
The obscured fraction of quasars at cosmic noon.
Vijarnwannaluk B., Akiyama M., Schramm M., Ueda Y., Matsuoka Y., Toba Y.,
Sawicki M., Gwyn S., Pflugradt J.
<Astrophys. J., 941, 97 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...941...97V 2022ApJ...941...97V
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; X-ray sources ; Surveys ; Photometry, ugriz ;
Photometry, infrared ; Redshifts
Keywords: Active galactic nuclei ; Supermassive black holes ; Quasars
Abstract:
Statistical studies of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGN)
indicate that the fraction of obscured AGN increases with increasing
redshift, and the results suggest that a significant part of the
accretion growth occurs behind obscuring material in the early
universe. We investigate the obscured fraction of highly accreting
X-ray AGN at around the peak epoch of supermassive black hole growth
utilizing the wide and deep X-ray and optical/IR imaging data sets. A
unique sample of luminous X-ray selected AGNs above z>2 was
constructed by matching the XMM-SERVS X-ray point-source catalog with
a point-spread function convolved photometric catalog covering the
u*-4.5{um}m bands. Photometric redshift, hydrogen column density, and
2-10keV AGN luminosity of the X-ray selected AGN candidates were
estimated. Using the sample of 306 2-10 keV detected AGN at above
redshift 2, we estimate the fraction of AGN with logNH(cm-2)>22,
assuming parametric X-ray luminosity and absorption functions. The
results suggest that 76+4-3% of luminous quasars
(logLX(erg.s-1)>44.5) above redshift 2 are obscured. The fraction
indicates an increased contribution of obscured accretion at high
redshift than that in the local universe. We discuss the implications
of the increasing obscured fraction with increasing redshift based on
the AGN obscuration scenarios, which describe obscuration properties
in the local universe. Both the obscured and unobscured z>2 AGN show a
broad range of SEDs and morphology, which may reflect the broad
variety of host galaxy properties and physical processes associated
with the obscuration.
Description:
In this study, the obscured fraction of luminous quasars above
redshift 2 during the peak epoch of the quasar accretion growth was
estimated by utilizing the unique wide and deep multiwavelength data
set within the XMM-SERVS (Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume
Survey) region. The XMM-SERVS X-ray point-source catalog in the
XMM-LSS region (Chen+ 2018, J/MNRAS/478/2132) was chosen for the
primary selection of AGNs. The X-ray survey observations were
performed by the XMM-Newton satellite over 5.3 deg2 of the XMM-LSS
survey field, using the three detectors in the 0.5-2, 2-10, and
0.5-10keV bands.
In order to obtain the multiwavelength properties of the optical
counterparts of the X-ray sources, this work uses deep imaging data in
the 12 photometric filters from the data sets described in section 2.
Spectroscopic redshift measurements within the survey area were
compiled from various spectroscopic surveys. Out of the 3462 primary
X-ray sources, 1321 sources have prior spectroscopic redshift
measurements. For the remaining X-ray sources, we calculated the
photometric redshift using the photometric redshift code LePhare.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table6.dat 718 3462 X-ray AGN catalog
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See also:
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
VII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
III/334 : VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) (Jarvis+, 2013)
V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)
VII/294 : The Million Quasars (Milliquas) catalogue, version 8 (Flesch, 2023)
J/ApJ/634/861 : Old passively evolving galaxies at z=1 (Yamada+, 2005)
J/MNRAS/381/1369 : Redshifts in Subaru/XMM Deep Field (Geach+, 2007)
J/ApJ/663/81 : SED of hard X-ray selected AGN in XMDS (Polletta+, 2007)
J/ApJS/176/1 : Subaru/XMM-Newton deep survey (SXDS). II. (Furusawa+, 2008)
J/ApJS/176/301 : Subaru/XMM-Newton deep survey IV. (SXDS) (Ouchi+, 2008)
J/ApJ/690/1236 : COSMOS photometric redshift catalog (Ilbert+, 2009)
J/ApJ/728/58 : Swift-BAT survey of AGNs (Burlon+, 2011)
J/ApJ/742/61 : Phot. z of AGNs from XMM- and C-COSMOS (Salvato+ 2011)
J/ApJ/761/143 : Black hole masses of z∼1.4 AGNs from SXDS (Nobuta+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/3060 : Subaru/XMM Deep Field radio imaging. III. (Simpson+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/99 : The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system (Tonry+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/435/3306 : Candidate type II QSOs in SDSS III (Alexandroff+, 2013)
J/A+A/557/A81 : XMM-LSS field X-ray sources classification (Melnyk+, 2013)
J/A+A/559/A14 : VIMOS VLT Deep Survey final data release (Le Fevre+, 2013)
J/ApJ/768/105 : z∼5 QSO LF from SDSS Stripe 82 (McGreer+, 2013)
J/PASJ/65/113 : 0.006≤z≤0.8 IR galaxies with AKARI (Toba+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/445/1430 : C-COSMOS & ChaMP z>3 AGNs (Kalfountzou+, 2014)
J/ApJ/788/45 : Luminosity and z of galaxies from WISE-SDSS (Toba+, 2014)
J/ApJ/802/89 : Luminosity function of X-ray-selected AGNs (Buchner+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/452/2087 : Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): DR2 (Liske+, 2015)
J/ApJ/819/62 : The COSMOS-Legacy Survey (CLS) catalog (Civano+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/457/110 : Northern XMM-XXL field AGN catalog (Menzel+, 2016)
J/ApJS/225/27 : 3D-HST Survey: grism spectra master cat. (Momcheva+, 2016)
J/ApJ/819/24 : z>4.5 QSOs with SDSS and WISE. I. Opt. spectra (Wang+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/464/4545 : GRBs detected by Swift (2004-2015) (Buchner+, 2017)
J/ApJS/232/8 : 16yrs of AGNs X-ray sp analyses from 7Ms CDF-S (Liu+, 2017)
J/ApJS/228/2 : Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7Ms sources (Luo+, 2017)
J/ApJS/230/9 : Improved multi-band photometry from SERVS (Nyland+, 2017)
J/ApJS/233/17 : Swift/BAT AGN sp survey. V. X-ray data (Ricci+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/478/2132 : XMM-LSS field. XMM-Newton point-source cat. (Cheng+, 2018)
J/PASJ/70/S10 : GOLDRUSH I. UV magnitudes (Ono+, 2018)
J/A+A/609/A84 : VIPERS spectroscopic redshifts (PDR-2) (Scodeggio+, 2018)
J/A+A/636/A37 : High-z AGN obscured by host galaxy ISM (D'Amato+, 2020)
J/A+A/647/A150 : VANDELS ESO public spectro. survey. DR4 (Garilli+, 2021)
J/ApJ/912/91 : A value-added cat. for SDSS DR16 QSO at z<0.7 (Toba+, 2021)
J/ApJS/256/21 : XMM-SERVS survey: for W-CDF-S & ELAIS-S1 (Ni+, 2021)
J/ApJS/257/61 : X-ray spectral study of 57 local U/LIRGs (Yamada+, 2021)
J/A+A/670/A82 : Combining the CLAUDS and HSC-SSP surveys (Desprez+, 2023)
http://eso.org/rm/publicAccess#/dataReleases : ESO Phase 3 data archive, DR5
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/astronomy/UDS/data/data.html : UKIDSS UDS
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- [CBL2018] X-ray sequential number (XMMNNNNN, nos 1-5240)
10- 19 F10.7 deg RAXdeg X-ray center Right Ascension (J2000)
21- 30 F10.7 deg DEXdeg X-ray center Declination (J2000)
32- 39 F8.1 --- SBml [4.8/32948]? 0.5-2keV detection likelihood
41- 47 F7.1 --- HBml [7.8/6933]? 2-10keV detection likelihood
49- 56 F8.1 --- FBml [6/37567]? 0.5-10keV detection likelihood
58- 63 A6 --- oircat Matched optical-IR Catalog (1)
65- 74 F10.7 deg RAOIdeg Opt-IR Right Ascension (J2000)
76- 85 F10.7 deg DEOIdeg Opt-IR Declination (J2000)
87- 96 F10.2 ct/ks SBcrt [0.19/5228516] 0.5-2kev count-rate (2)
98- 102 F5.2 ct/ks e_SBcrt [0.06/2]? Uncertainty in SBcrt (2)
104- 113 F10.2 ct/ks HBcrt [0.23/4045685] 2-10kev count-rate (2)
115- 119 F5.2 ct/ks e_HBcrt [0.08/1.6]? Uncertainty in HBcrt (2)
121- 125 F5.2 --- HR [-1/1] Hardness ratio, (H-S)/(H+S) (2)
127- 131 F5.2 --- e_HR [0.01/0.21]? Uncertainty in HR (2)
133 I1 --- blagn [0/1] Optical Broadline AGN (3)
135- 141 I7 --- XHSCID [138/1685305] XHSC source identifier
143- 152 F10.7 deg RAdeg XHSC source Right Ascension (J2000)
154- 163 F10.7 deg DEdeg XHSC source Declination (J2000)
165- 168 I4 --- Tract [8523/8767] HSC tract identifier
170- 172 A3 --- Patch HSC patch identifier
174 I1 --- NIRcat [0/1] Detection flag (0=r-band or 1=H-band
detected)
176- 181 F6.3 mag usmag [16.3/29.4] CLAUDS us-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
183- 188 F6.3 mag e_usmag [0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in usmag
190- 195 F6.3 mag gmag [14.8/30.1] HSC g-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
197- 202 F6.3 mag e_gmag [0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in gmag
204- 209 F6.3 mag rmag [14/29] HSC r-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)
211- 216 F6.3 mag e_rmag [0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in rmag
218- 223 F6.3 mag imag [13.6/28.6] HSC i-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
225- 230 F6.3 mag e_imag [0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in imag
232- 237 F6.3 mag zmag [13.4/28] HSC z-band apparent (AB) magnitude
(4)
239- 244 F6.3 mag e_zmag [0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in zmag
246- 251 F6.3 mag ymag [13.2/28.1] HSC y-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
253- 258 F6.3 mag e_ymag [0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in ymag
260- 265 F6.3 mag Ymag [13.1/27.4] VIDEO Y-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
267- 272 F6.3 mag e_Ymag [0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Ymag
274- 279 F6.3 mag Jmag [12.9/27] VIDEO J-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
281- 286 F6.3 mag e_Jmag [0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Jmag
288- 293 F6.3 mag Hmag [12.7/26.5] VIDEO H-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
295- 300 F6.3 mag e_Hmag [0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Hmag
302- 307 F6.3 mag Ksmag [12.8/26.1] VIDEO Ks-band apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
309- 314 F6.3 mag e_Ksmag [0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Ksmag
316- 321 F6.3 mag ch1mag [13.6/26.3] SERVS 3.6-um apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
323- 328 F6.3 mag e_ch1mag [0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in ch1mag
330- 336 F7.3 mag ch2mag [-78.7/25.7]? SERVS 4.5-um apparent (AB)
magnitude (4)
338- 343 F6.3 mag e_ch2mag [0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in ch2mag
345- 350 F6.4 mag EBV [0.015/0.034] Galactic E(B-V)
352- 356 F5.3 mag AV [0.05/0.12] V-band Attenuation
358 I1 --- f_usmag Flag on usmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
360 I1 --- f_gmag Flag on gmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
362 I1 --- f_rmag Flag on rmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
364 I1 --- f_imag Flag on imag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
366 I1 --- f_zmag Flag on zmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
368 I1 --- f_ymag Flag on ymag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
370 I1 --- f_Ymag Flag on Ymag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
372 I1 --- f_Jmag Flag on Jmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
374 I1 --- f_Hmag Flag on Hmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
376 I1 --- f_Ksmag Flag on Ksmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
378 I1 --- f_ch1mag Flag on ch2mag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
380 I1 --- f_ch2mag Flag on ch2mag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)
382 I1 --- Fleda LEDA Association Flag (5)
384- 416 A33 --- zspecid Spectroscopic redshift ID
418- 424 F7.4 --- zspec [0/4.58]? Spectroscopic redshift
426- 432 F7.4 --- zphot [0/5.52]? Best photometric redshift
434- 440 F7.4 --- b_zphot [0/5.48]? Upper 68% Confidence in zphot
442- 448 F7.4 --- B_zphot [0.0015/6]? Lower 68% Confidence in zphot
451- 460 F10.6 --- chibest [0.38/402]?=- Best-fit Chi-square
462- 463 I2 --- Nband [9/12] Number of bands used
466- 468 F3.1 --- zsec [0]?=- Secondary photo-z (always "0.0")
470- 478 F9.5 --- chisec [1/645]?=- Secondary photo-z Chi-square
480- 488 F9.5 --- chistar [1/448]?=- Galactic star photo-z Chi-square
490- 496 F7.3 mag usMag ?=- CLAUDS us-band absolute magnitudes (6)
498- 504 F7.3 mag gMag ?=- HSC g-band absolute magnitude (6)
506- 512 F7.3 mag rMag ?=- HSC r-band absolute magnitude (6)
514- 520 F7.3 mag iMag ?=- HSC i-band absolute magnitude (6)
522- 528 F7.3 mag zMag ?=- HSC z-band absolute magnitude (6)
530- 536 F7.3 mag yMag ?=- HSC y-band absolute magnitude (6)
538- 544 F7.3 mag YMag ?=- VIDEO Y-band absolute magnitude (6)
546- 552 F7.3 mag JMag ?=- VIDEO J-band absolute magnitude (6)
554- 560 F7.3 mag HMag ?=- VIDEO H-band absolute magnitude (6)
562- 568 F7.3 mag KsMag ?=- VIDEO Ks-band absolute magnitude (6)
570- 576 F7.3 mag ch1Mag ?=- SERVS 3.6-um absolute magnitude (6)
578- 584 F7.3 mag ch2Mag ?=- SERVS 4.5-um absolute magnitude (6)
586- 592 F7.4 --- zprime [0/5.52]? Best-redshift used in analysis
594- 602 E9.3 mW/m2 SBflux [4e-16/2.9e-14]? The 0.5-2 keV Band flux
604- 612 E9.3 mW/m2 e_SBflux [8.8e-17/1.5e-15]? Uncertainty in SBflux
614- 622 E9.3 mW/m2 HBflux [1.8e-15/7.1e-14]? The 2-10 keV Band flux
624- 632 E9.3 mW/m2 e_HBflux [6.7e-16/5.3e-15]? Uncertainty in HBflux
634- 642 E9.3 mW/m2 FBflux [1e-15/8.3e-14]? The 0.5-10 keV Band flux
644- 652 E9.3 mW/m2 e_FBflux [2.2e-16/3.5e-15]? Uncertainty in FBflux
654- 659 F6.2 [cm-2] logNH [20/24]? Log hydrogen column density
661- 666 F6.2 [cm-2] b_logNH [20/23.6]? Lower boundary limit on logNH
668- 673 F6.2 [cm-2] B_logNH [20/24]? Upper boundary limit on logNH
675- 681 F7.3 [10-7W] SBlogLx [43.42/45.05]? Log 0.5-2 keV luminosity
683- 688 F6.3 [10-7W] e_SBlogLx [0.018/0.2]? Uncertainty in SBlogLx
690- 696 F7.3 [10-7W] HBlogLx [43.64/45.4]? Log 2-10 keV luminosity
698- 703 F6.3 [10-7W] e_HBlogLx [0.03/0.2]? Uncertainty in HBlogLx
705- 711 F7.3 [10-7W] FBlogLx [43.52/45.3]? Log 0.5-10 keV luminosity
713- 718 F6.3 [10-7W] e_FBlogLx [0.016/0.21]? Uncertainty in FBlogLx
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Note (1): Optical-IR catalog as follows:
CFHTLS = Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Large Survey: CLAUDS;
CFHT Large Area U-band Deep Survey (Sawicki+ 2019MNRAS.489.5202S 2019MNRAS.489.5202S)
106 occurrences
HSC = Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Survey Program
(Aihara+ 2018PASJ...70S...4A 2018PASJ...70S...4A); 136 occurrences
VIDEO = The VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations survey
(Jarvis+ 2013, III/334); 236 occurrences
SERVS = The Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey
(Mauduit+ 2012PASP..124..714M 2012PASP..124..714M); 2984 occurrences
Note (2): PN-equivalent count-rates
Note (3): Flag from Chen+ 2018, J/MNRAS/478/2132
Note (4): Photometric Zero-point given in Table 3:
---------------------------------------------
Band Zero-point Uncertainty
---------------------------------------------
CLAUDS u* 30.0 0.035
HSC g 27.0 0.010
HSC r 27.0 0.010
HSC i 27.0 0.010
HSC z 27.0 0.011
HSC y 27.0 0.013
VIDEO YJHKs 30.0 0.020
SERVS 3.6 and 4.5mum 23.9 0.030
---------------------------------------------
For SERVS, measurements were converted from megajansky per steradian to
microjansky per pixel.
Note (5): Flag as follows:
0 = No associated with Hyperleda sources
1 = Associated with Hyperleda (Makarov+ 2014A&A...570A..13M 2014A&A...570A..13M) sources
Note (6): Absolute magnitudes calculated from LePhare
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Katia van der Woerd [CDS] 29-Nov-2024