J/ApJ/943/41 Hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe from ZTF Phase I. I. (Chen+, 2023)
The hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
Phase I survey.
I. Light curves and measurements.
Chen Z.H., Yan L., Kangas T., Lunnan R., Schulze S., Sollerman J.,
Perley D.A., Chen T.-W., Taggart K., Hinds K.R., Gal-Yam A., Wang X.F.,
Andreoni I., Bellm E., Bloom J.S., Burdge K., Burgos A., Cook D.,
Dahiwale A., De K., Dekany R., Dugas A., Frederik S., Fremling C.,
Graham M., Hankins M., Ho A., Jencson J., Karambelkar V., Kasliwal M.,
Kulkarni S., Laher R., Rusholme B., Sharma Y., Taddia F., Tartaglia L.,
Thomas B.P., Tzanidakis A., Van Roestel J., Walter R., Yang Y., Yao Y.H.,
Yaron O.
<Astrophys. J., 943, 41 (2023)>
=2023ApJ...943...41C 2023ApJ...943...41C
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae; Spectra, optical; Photometry; Surveys; Colors;
Redshifts; Stars, diameters; Photometry, ultraviolet
Keywords: Supernovae
Abstract:
During the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Phase I operations,
78 hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) were discovered in
less than 3yr, constituting the largest sample from a single survey.
This paper (Paper I) presents the data, including the optical/UV light
curves and classification spectra, while Paper II in this series will
focus on the detailed analysis of the light curves and modeling. Our
photometry is primarily taken by ZTF in the g, r, and i bands, and
with additional data from other ground-based facilities and Swift. The
events of our sample cover a redshift range of z=0.06-0.67, with a
median and 1σ error (16% and 84% percentiles) of
zmed=0.265-0.135+0.143. The peak luminosity covers
-22.8mag≤Mg,peak≤-19.8mag, with a median value of
-21.48-0.61+1.13mag. The light curves evolve slowly with a mean
rest- frame rise time of trise=41.9±17.8days. The luminosity and
timescale distributions suggest that low-luminosity SLSNe-I with a
peak luminosity ~-20mag or extremely fast-rising events (<10days)
exist, but are rare. We confirm previous findings that slowly rising
SLSNe-I also tend to fade slowly. The rest-frame color and temperature
evolution show large scatters, suggesting that the SLSN-I population
may have diverse spectral energy distributions. The peak rest-frame
color shows a moderate correlation with the peak absolute magnitude,
i.e., brighter SLSNe-I tend to have bluer colors. With optical and UV
photometry, we construct the bolometric luminosity and derive a
bolometric correction relation that is generally applicable for
converting g, r-band photometry to the bolometric luminosity for
SLSNe-I.
Description:
The bulk of the photometric data comes from the Zwicky Transient
Facility (ZTF). Between 2018 March 17 and 2020 October 31, ZTF Phase I
discovered and spectroscopically confirmed 85 superluminous supernovae
(SLSNe-I), 6 SLSNe-I.5 (classified as SLSNe-I, but showing H lines
after the peak), and 61 SLSNe-II (defined as SNe II with peak
magnitudes brighter than -20.0mag). This paper focuses on 78 of the
85 SLSNe-I, whose LCs had turned over from their peaks by 2020-Oct-31.
When ZTF is not able to take observations, additional data are taken
with the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM) on the P60, the
Optical imager of the Infrared-Optical suite of instruments (IO:O) on
the 2m Liverpool Telescope (LT), or the Wafer-Scale camera for Prime
(WASP) on the P200. See Section 3.2.1.
27 of 78 events in our sample have observations from the UV/Optical
Telescope (UVOT) aboard the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.
See Section 3.2.2.
Our efforts of spectroscopic classification were primarily focused on
SLSN candidates fainter than 18.5mag, using the Spectral Energy
Distribution Machine (SEDM) and the Double Beam Spectrograph (DBSP)
mounted on the Palomar 60 inch (P60) and 200 inch (P200) telescopes,
respectively. Additional facilities include the Low Resolution Imaging
Spectrometer (LRIS) on the Keck I telescope, the Alhambra Faint Object
Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC) on the 2.56m Nordic Optical Telescope
(NOT), the SPectrograph for the Rapid Acquisition of Transients
(SPRAT) on the 2m Liverpool Telescope (LT), and the
Intermediate-dispersion Spectrograph and Imaging System (ISIS) on the
4.2m William Herschel Telescope (WHT). The basic information about the
classification spectra is listed in Table A2.
See Section 2.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 96 78 The ZTF superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) sample
tablea2.dat 75 78 Classification spectra
tablea3.dat 62 19163 Photometry data
tablea4.dat 122 77 LC properties
tablea5.dat 32 71 (g-r) colors at peak
tablea6.dat 63 150 Temperatures and bolometric luminosities for 31 SNe
sp/* . 78 *Individual spectra in ASCII format
(Data behind Figure A1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on sp/*: Each file contains only two columns. The first column
is the rest wavelength in Angstroms. The second column is the flux in
erg/s/cm2/Angstroms. The spectra have not been corrected for reddening.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)
J/ApJ/663/320 : IR-through-UV extinction curve (Fitzpatrick+, 2007)
J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)
J/ApJ/794/23 : Pan-STARRS1 transients optical photometry (Drout+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/448/1206 : Superluminous supernovae in faint galaxies (McCrum+, 2015)
J/A+A/574/A60 : Light curve templates of SNe Ib/c from SDSS (Taddia+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/458/84 : Host galaxies of Superluminous Supernovae (Angus+, 2016)
J/A+A/593/A68 : PTF12os & iPTF13bvn sp. and light curves (Fremling+, 2016)
J/ApJ/830/13 : Host-galaxy NUV-NIR of 32 superluminous SNe (Perley+, 2016)
J/ApJ/836/25 : Swift UVOT light curves of ASASSN-15lh (Margutti+, 2017)
J/ApJ/860/100 : LCs of 26 hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe (De Cia+, 2018)
J/ApJ/852/81 : PS1 superluminous SNe LCs + classif. spectra (Lunnan+, 2018)
J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)
J/ApJ/905/58 : Local universe with ZTF. I. Ca-rich gap transients (De+, 2020)
J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)
J/ApJ/901/61 : LCs of 4 superluminous SNe from the ZTF survey (Lunnan+, 2020)
J/ApJ/902/L8 : Opt. and NIR spectra of ZTF19aawfbtg (SN2019hge) (Yan+, 2020)
J/A+A/651/A81 : SNe Ic from (i)PTF light curves (Barbarino+, 2021)
J/A+A/652/A76 : Gaia Photometric Science Alerts (Hodgkin+, 2021)
J/ApJ/943/42 : Hydrogen-poor SLSNe from ZTF Phase I. II. (Chen+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- ZTF ZTF identifier
14- 23 A10 --- Name Object name
25- 26 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 29 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
44- 47 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
49- 54 F6.4 --- z [0.06/0.7] Spectroscopic redshift
55 A1 --- f_z [*] *: redshift is fit by superfit
57- 62 F6.4 mag E(B-V) [0.007/0.4] B-V color excess;
Schlafly & Finkbeiner (2011ApJ...737..103S 2011ApJ...737..103S)
64- 68 A5 --- Disc Discovery group (1)
70- 77 A8 --- Tmpl Template
79- 84 F6.1 d SPhase [-42/138] Spectrum phase in rest-frame days
86- 89 I4 d TPhase [-22/147]? Template phase (2)
91- 96 A6 --- Type Template type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Discovery group as follows:
ZTF = the Zwicky Transient Facility (47 occurrences)
ATLAS = the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (16 occurrences)
PS1 = the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey (see II/349 ; 12 occurrences)
Gaia = the Gaia Photometric Science Alerts (Hodgkin+ 2021, J/A+A/652/A76 ;
3 occurrences)
Note (2): A blank indicates a template at maximum phase.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Object name
12- 15 I4 yr Obs.Y [2018/2020] Year of the observation
17- 18 I2 "month" Obs.M Month of the observation
20- 21 I2 d Obs.D Day of the observation
23- 32 A10 --- Tel Telescope + instrument (3)
34- 39 A6 s Tblue Exposure time of blue side
41- 47 A7 s Tred ? Exposure time of red side (4)
49- 79 A31 --- File Name of the ASCII file in subdirectory "sp";
column added by CDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (3): Telescope and instrument as follows:
P200+DBSP = the Double Beam Spectrograph mounted on the Palomar 200 inch
telescope (52 occurrences)
Keck1+LRIS = the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer on the Keck I telescope
(20 occurrences)
NOT+ALFOSC = the Alhambra Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera on the
2.56m Nordic Optical Telescope (3 occurrences)
WHT+ISIS = the Intermediate-dispersion Spectrograph and Imaging System on
the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope (2 occurrences)
HET+LRS2 = the second generation Low Resolution Spectrograph on the
Hobby-Eberly Telescope (1 occurrence)
Note (4): Null indicates no distinction between blue/red sides.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 -- Name Object name
12- 19 F8.2 d MJD [58186.4/59341.1] Modified Julian Date
(JD-2400000.5)
21- 24 A4 -- Filt Filter
26- 30 F5.2 mag ABmag [14.9/98.8] AB magnitude in Filt
32- 35 F4.2 mag e_ABmag [0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in ABmag
37- 37 A1 -- l_ABmag [TF] Limit flag on ABmag (1)
39- 45 F7.2 10-9 FluxRatio [-37/1095] Flux/Flux zero point
47- 62 A16 -- Tel Telescope+Instrument (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Limit flag as follows:
T = ABmag is an upper limit.
F = ABmag is a real detection.
Note (2): Telescope and instrument as follows:
P48+ZTF = The Zwicky Transient Facility on the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt
telescope (17169 occurrences)
LT+IOO = The Optical imager of the Infrared-Optical suite of instruments
(IO:O) on the Liverpool Telescope in La Palma (1033 occurrences)
Swift+UVOT = The UV/Optical Telescope on Swift (725 occurrences)
P60+SEDM = The Spectral Energy Distribution Machine on the Palomar 60 inch
(152 occurrences)
WISE = (45 occurrences)
P200+WASP = the Wafer-Scale camera for Prime on the Palomar 200 inch telescope
(20 occurrences)
LCOGT1m+Sinistro = (10 occurrences)
Helmos+LN2 CCD = LN2 CCD camera on Helmos observatory in Greece
(9 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Object name
12- 16 F5.2 --- KCorr [-0.7/0.32] K-correction (5)
17 A1 --- f_KCorr Flag on KCorr (6)
19- 24 F6.2 mag Mpeak [-22.8/-19.8] Peak magnitude in the
rest-frame g-band
26- 29 F4.2 mag e_Mpeak [0.01/0.12] Uncertainty in Mpeak
30 A1 --- f_Mpeak Flag on Mpeak (6)
32- 35 F4.1 10+36J/s Lpeak [2.6/78]? Peak luminosity; 1e+43 erg/s
37- 40 F4.1 10+36J/s e_Lpeak [0.1/24]? Uncertainty in Lpeak
41- 42 A2 --- f_Lpeak Flag(s) on Lpeak (6)
44- 51 F8.2 d tpeak [58253.7/59149.4] Modified Julian Date of
peak temperature in the rest-frame g-band
53- 57 F5.2 d E_tpeak [0/24] Upper uncertainty in tpeak
59- 63 F5.2 d e_tpeak [0/34] Lower uncertainty in tpeak
64 A1 --- f_tpeak Flag on tpeak (6)
66- 70 F5.2 d trise [8.4/91.12]? The 1/e rise time in the
rest-frame g-band
72- 76 F5.2 d E_trise [0.7/19]? Upper uncertainty in trise
78- 82 F5.2 d e_trise [0.76/28.3]? Lower uncertainty in trise
83 A1 --- f_trise Flag on trise (6)
85- 90 F6.2 d tdecay [14.2/109]? The 1/e decay time in the
rest-frame g-band
92- 96 F5.2 d E_tdecay [0.88/28.3]? Upper uncertainty in tdecay
98- 102 F5.2 d e_tdecay [0.8/28]? Lower uncertainty in tdecay
103 A1 --- f_tdecay Flag on tdecay (6)
105- 109 F5.2 d trise10 [9.99/87]? The 10% rise time
111- 115 F5.2 d E_trise10 [0.7/20]? Upper uncertainty in trise10
117- 121 F5.2 d e_trise10 [0.76/28.4]? Lower uncertainty in trise10
122 A1 --- f_trise10 Flag on trise10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (5): K-correction to rest-frame g-band at the peak. It equals
Kg->g for z≤0.17 and Kr->g for z>0.17.
Note (6): Flag as follows:
: = the value is not well-constrained due to the lack of data
c = SN2020fvm has two LC peaks and its trise is 47.52+6.66-6.88 days
if the first (and the fainter) one is set as the main peak.
* = the K-correction is calculated by -2.5 X log(1+z).
** = the Lpeak is calculated from multi-band data instead of corrected
from g- and r-band flux.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Object name
12- 16 F5.2 mag Obs [-0.4/0.4] Observed g-r color index
18- 21 F4.2 mag e_Obs [0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in Obs
23- 27 F5.2 mag Rest [-0.7/0.1]? Rest-frame color
29- 32 F4.2 mag e_Rest [0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in Rest
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Object name
12- 17 F6.2 d Phase [-74.2/172.6] Phase in the rest frame
19- 22 F4.2 10+4K Temp [0.56/2.45] Temperature
24- 27 F4.2 10+4K E_Temp [0.01/1.61] Positive uncertainty in Temp
29- 32 F4.2 10+4K e_Temp [0.01/0.6] Negative uncertainty in Temp
34- 38 F5.2 10+36J/s Lbol [1.18/49.4] Bolometric Luminosity
40- 43 F4.2 10+36J/s E_Lbol [0.07/7.2] Positive uncertainty in Lbol
45- 48 F4.2 10+36J/s e_Lbol [0.07/7.41] Negative uncertainty in Lbol
50- 53 F4.2 10+10km Rad [0.5/6.6] Radius
55- 58 F4.2 10+10km E_Rad [0.09/1.4] Positive uncertainty in Rad
60- 63 F4.2 10+10km e_Rad [0.08/6.4] Negative uncertainty in Rad
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Chen et al. Paper I. 2023ApJ...943...41C 2023ApJ...943...41C This catalog
Chen et al. Paper II. 2023ApJ...943...42C 2023ApJ...943...42C Cat. J/ApJ/943/42
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 04-Dec-2024