J/ApJ/952/114 HMXBs in M33 with Chandra X-ray and HST obs. (Lazzarini+, 2023)
Multiwavelength characterization of the high-mass X-ray binary population of
M33.
Lazzarini M., Hinton K., Shariat C., Williams B.F., Garofali K.,
Dalcanton J.J., Durbin M., Antoniou V., Binder B., Eracleous M., Vulic N.,
Yang J., Wik D., Gasca A., Kuauhtzin Q.
<Astrophys. J., 952, 114 (2023)>
=2023ApJ...952..114L 2023ApJ...952..114L
ADC_Keywords: Binaries, X-ray; Effective temperatures; Stars, ages; Extinction;
Stars, masses; Spectral types; Photometry, HST; Optical;
Infrared; Ultraviolet; Cross identifications; Galaxies, nearby
Keywords: High mass x-ray binary stars ; X-ray binary stars ;
Triangulum Galaxy ; Binary stars ; Massive stars
Abstract:
We present multiwavelength characterization of 65 high-mass X-ray
binary (HMXB) candidates in M33. We use the Chandra ACIS survey of M33
(ChASeM33) catalog to select hard X-ray point sources that are
spatially coincident with UV-bright point-source optical counterparts
in the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury: Triangulum Extended
Region catalog, which covers the inner disk of M33 at near-IR,
optical, and near-UV wavelengths. We perform spectral energy
distribution fitting on multiband photometry for each point-source
optical counterpart to measure its physical properties including mass,
temperature, luminosity, and radius. We find that the majority of the
HMXB companion star candidates are likely B-type main-sequence stars,
suggesting that the HMXB population of M33 is dominated by Be X-ray
binaries (Be-XRBs), as is seen in other Local Group galaxies. We use
spatially resolved recent star formation history maps of M33 to
measure the age distribution of the HMXB candidate sample and the HMXB
production rate for M33. We find a bimodal distribution for the HMXB
production rate over the last 80 Myr, with a peak at ∼10 and ∼40Myr,
which match theoretical formation timescales for the most massive
HMXBs and Be-XRBs, respectively. We measure an HMXB production rate of
107-136 HMXBs/(M☉/yr) over the last 50Myr and
150-199 HMXBs/(M☉/yr) over the last 80Myr. For sources with
compact object classifications from overlapping NuSTAR observations,
we find a preference for giant/supergiant companion stars in black
hole HMXBs and main-sequence companion stars in neutron star HMXBs.
Description:
We use X-ray and optical/near-IR/near-UV imaging and photometric
catalogs of the inner disk of M33 to identify our high-mass X-ray
binary (HMXB) candidate sample. We use the final source catalog from
the ChASeM33 survey (Tullmann+ 2011, J/ApJS/193/31) and the
optical/near-IR/near-UV catalog from the PHATTER survey
(Williams+ 2021, J/ApJS/253/53).
The ChASeM33 Chandra/ACIS survey covered ∼70% of the D25 area of M33
in the X-ray 0.35-8.0keV band. See Section 2.1.
The PHATTER survey covered an area of 14kpc2 in the inner disk of
M33, providing six-band HST photometry for over 22 million stars.
As described in Section 3, we identify 64 HMXB candidates. We include
M33 X-8, the nuclear ULX, in our sample when analyzing the HMXB ages
and production rates, which brings our total HMXB candidate sample of
65 sources.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
01 33 50.89 +30 39 36.6 M33 = NAME Triangulum Galaxy
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 219 93 X-ray properties and SED fit parameters for the
65 high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) candidates
table3.dat 62 92 PHATTER photometry for 64 HMXB companion star
candidates
table5.dat 81 98 Values used to determine best HMXB candidate sample
table6.dat 40 98 Flags used to determine best HMXB candidate sample
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)
B/hst : HST Archived Exposures Catalog (STScI, 2007)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
J/A+A/373/438 : X-ray view of M 33 after ROSAT (Haberl+, 2001)
J/AJ/127/1531 : Star formation history of SMC (Harris+, 2004)
J/A+A/426/11 : XMM-Newton survey of M33 (Pietsch+, 2004)
J/ApJS/161/271 : The X-ray binary population in M33. I (Grimm+, 2005)
J/A+A/455/1165 : Catalog of Galactic high-mass X-ray binaries (Liu+, 2006)
J/A+A/448/1247 : XMM-Newton survey of M33 (Misanovic+, 2006)
J/AJ/136/1039 : CaII index of SMC red giant branch stars (Carrera+, 2008)
J/ApJS/174/366 : Chandra ACIS survey of M33 (ChaSeM33) (Plucinsky+, 2008)
J/AJ/138/1243 : The star formation history of the LMC (Harris+, 2009)
J/ApJ/696/729 : Fluxes and abundances of PNe in M33 (Magrini+, 2009)
J/ApJS/187/495 : SNRs in M33 from optical and X-ray (Long+, 2010)
J/A+A/512/A63 : Abundances of M33 HII regions (Magrini+, 2010)
J/ApJS/193/31 : M33 Chandra ACIS survey: final catalog (Tullmann+, 2011)
J/AJ/144/4 : Dwarf galaxies in the Local Group (McConnachie+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)
J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)
J/ApJS/215/9 : PHAT X. UV-IR photometry of M31 stars (Williams+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/451/3400 : Star clusters in M33 (Beasley+, 2015)
J/ApJS/218/9 : Deep XMM-Newton survey of M33 (Williams+, 2015)
J/A+A/586/A81 : High-mass X-ray binaries in the SMC (Haberl+, 2016)
J/A+A/590/A122 : Spectra of high-mass X-ray binaries (Reig+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/472/308 : Supernova remnants in M33: X-ray (Garofali+, 2017)
J/ApJ/842/97 : Spectroscopic obs. of 413 HII regions in M33 (Lin+, 2017)
J/ApJ/864/150 : BH & neutron stars in nearby galaxies (Vulic+, 2018)
J/ApJS/239/13 : Chandra PHAT X-ray cat. of the M31 disk (Williams+, 2018)
J/ApJ/887/20 : Deep Chandra survey of SMC. III. HMXBs (Antoniou+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/489/3351 : Spectral energy distributions of AGNs (Brown+, 2019)
J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)
J/ApJ/906/120 : X-Ray binary population in M31 (Lazzarini+, 2021)
J/ApJ/907/17 : HMXB-dominant galaxy sample & properties (Lehmer+, 2021)
J/ApJS/253/53 : PHATTER. I. 22 million stars in M33 (Williams+, 2021)
J/ApJ/938/81 : PHATTER. IV. Star cluster catalog (Johnson+, 2022)
J/ApJ/949/32 : Progenitor masses of M33 SNRs (Koplitz+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ChASeM33 [192/545] Tullmann+ 2011, J/ApJS/193/31
(T11) ChASeM33 identifier (1)
5- 14 F10.7 deg RAdeg [23.37/23.65] T11 Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 25 F10.7 deg DEdeg [30.5/30.9] T11 Declination (J2000)
27- 30 F4.2 arcsec ePos [0.5/1] T11 error on the X-ray source
position
32- 53 A22 --- Name PHATTER, Williams+ (2021, J/ApJS/253/53)
position-based name (2)
55- 57 F3.1 arcsec CPSep [0/1.1]? Separation, PHATTER star and
ChASeM33 X-ray sources
59- 65 E7.1 10-7W Lx [7e+33/8.8e+38] X-ray, 0.35-8.0keV
Luminosity, erg/s (2)
67- 69 F3.1 [K] logTeff [4.0/4.8]? log, effective temperature (3)
71- 73 F3.1 [K] E_logTeff [0.1/0.5]? Upper uncertainty on logTeff
75- 77 F3.1 [K] e_logTeff [0.1/0.2]? Lower uncertainty on logTeff
79- 81 F3.1 [10-7W] logL [2.4/6.1]? log, Bolometric luminosity,
erg/s (3)
83- 85 F3.1 [10-7W] E_logL [0.1/1.8]? Upper uncertainty on logL
87- 89 F3.1 [10-7W] e_logL [0.1/0.7]? Lower uncertainty on logL
91- 94 F4.1 Rsun Rstar [2.8/72.5]? Radius (3)
96- 98 F3.1 Rsun E_Rstar [0.1/6.1]? Upper uncertainty on Rstar
100-102 F3.1 Rsun e_Rstar [0.1/8.9]? Lower uncertainty on Rstar
104-106 F3.1 mag Av [0/4.8]? Dust extinction at V-band (3)
108-110 F3.1 mag E_Av [0.1/0.7]? Upper uncertainty on Av
112-114 F3.1 mag e_Av [0/1.1]? Lower uncertainty on Av
116-117 I2 Msun Mstar [4/78]? Mass (3)
119-121 I3 Msun E_Mstar [1/132]? Upper uncertainty on Mstar
123-124 I2 Msun e_Mstar [1/40]? Lower uncertainty on Mstar
126-128 I3 Myr Age [1/100]? Age, from SED fit (3)
130-131 I2 Myr E_Age [0/73]? Upper uncertainty on Age
133-134 I2 Myr e_Age [0/99]? Lower uncertainty on Age
136-137 I2 Myr Age2 [0/69] Age, from Median SFH (4)
139-140 I2 Myr E_Age2 [0/48] Upper uncertainty on Age2
142-143 I2 Myr e_Age2 [0/56] Lower uncertainty on Age2
145-148 I4 --- L22 [151/1821] Region number in the
L22 SFH maps (4)
150-153 A4 --- SpT Most likely spectral type (range)
155-165 A11 --- ClassT11 T11 Classification (5)
167-184 A18 --- G18 Garofali+ (2018MNRAS.479.3526G 2018MNRAS.479.3526G) HMXB catalog
position-based name
186-187 I2 --- Y22 ? Yang+ (2022ApJ...930...64Y 2022ApJ...930...64Y) NuSTAR catalog
number (6)
189-198 A10 --- ClassY22 Yang+ (2022) Class (6)
200-202 I3 --- W15 ? Williams+ (2015, J/ApJS/218/9) XMM-Newton
catalog number (<[WWH2015] NNNN> in Simbad)
204-219 A16 --- G05 Grimm+ (2005, J/ApJS/161/271) catalog name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Identifier, position (RAdeg, DEdeg, position uncertainty in
X-ray image [ePos] from the ChASeM33, Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31)
catalog (<ChASeM33 JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s> in Simbad).
23 of the X-ray sources have multiple companion star candidates.
For X-ray sources with multiple candidate companion stars, the X-ray
source properties, including X-ray luminosity and median SFH-based age
estimates, are repeated, and the star properties are each listed on
separate rows.
Note (2): Derived 0.35-8.0keV luminosity from the X-ray count rate
in the ChASeM33, Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31) catalog.
Note (3): From the SED fits performed for each HMXB companion star
candidate, described in Section 3.2
Note (4): Median age of stars formed in the last 80Myr in the region
from the Lazzarini+ 2022ApJ...934...76L 2022ApJ...934...76L SFH maps of M33 within which
each Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31) HMXB resides.
Note (5): Classification for each source listed in the
Tullmann+ 2011, J/ApJS/193/31 ChASeM33 catalog.
Note (6): Classification from the Yang+ (2022ApJ...930...64Y 2022ApJ...930...64Y) NuSTAR survey.
For sources in Yang+ (2022) that were consistent with multiple compact
object types, the most likely type is listed first, with other
possible types listed in parentheses. Abbreviations are:
ULX = ultra-luminous X-ray source;
S = soft accretion state black hole;
I = intermediate accretion state black hole;
H = hard accretion state black hole;
P = pulsar;
Z = Z-type neutron star.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 22 A22 --- Name PHATTER, Williams+ (2021, J/ApJS/253/53)
position-based name
24- 26 I3 --- ChASeM33 [192/545] Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31)
ChASeM33 identifier
28- 32 F5.2 mag F110W [19/24.4]? PHATTER HST/WFC3 near-IR F110W
magnitude
34- 38 F5.2 mag F160W [18.4/25]? PHATTER HST/WFC3 near-IR F160W
magnitude
40- 44 F5.2 mag F814W [18.9/24] PHATTER HST/ACS optical F814W
magnitude
46- 50 F5.2 mag F475W [18.7/24.7] PHATTER HST/ACS optical F475W
magnitude
52- 56 F5.2 mag F336W [17/24] PHATTER HST/WFC3 F336W near-UV
magnitude
58- 62 F5.2 mag F275W [16.67/25.32] PHATTER HST/WFC3 F275W near-UV
magnitude
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ChASeM33 [192/545] Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31)
ChASeM33 identifier
5- 26 A22 --- Name PHATTER, Williams+ (2021, J/ApJS/253/53)
position-based name
28- 31 F4.1 --- HR1 [-0.9/3.7] Chandra Hardness Ratio (1)
33- 36 F4.1 --- HR2 [-0.4/3] Chandra Hardness Ratio (1)
38- 41 F4.1 mag IRColor [-0.7/1.6]? F110W-F160W near-IR color
43- 45 F3.1 10-4Msun/yr SFR [0/9.1] Star formation rate in last
80Myr (2)
47- 50 F4.1 10+21cm-2 NH [0.1/99.1]? Best fit column density (3)
52- 56 F5.2 10+21cm-2 E_NH [0.01/46.6]? Upper Uncertainty in NH
58- 62 F5.2 10+21cm-2 e_NH [0.01/26.1]? Lower Uncertainty in NH
64- 66 F3.1 mag Av [0/5] SED-derived extinction
(also Table 1)
68- 71 F4.2 mag E_Av [0/0.8] Upper Uncertainty in Av
73- 76 F4.2 mag e_Av [0/1.2] Lower Uncertainty in Av
78- 81 F4.2 mag Av2 [0.01/0.4] SFH-derived extinction (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The Chandra hardness ratios listed here were calculated
using count rates from Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31) and following
the definitions of Plucinsky+ (2008, J/ApJS/174/366).
Section 3.4.1
Note (2): Mean SFR over the last 80 Myr, calculated from the recent
SFH maps of M33 generated with the PHATTER optical photometry,
presented in Lazzarini+ 2022ApJ...934...76L 2022ApJ...934...76L
Note (3): Spectral fits were performed on X-ray sources in the
ChASeM33 catalog with sufficient counts, and we present the
resulting best-fit NH for these sources from
Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31).
Note (4): The SFH-derived AV value comes from Lazzarini+ 2022ApJ...934...76L 2022ApJ...934...76L
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ChASeM33 [192/545] Tullmann+ (2011, J/ApJS/193/31)
ChASeM33 identifier
5- 26 A22 --- Name PHATTER, Williams+ (2021, J/ApJS/253/53)
position-based name
28 I1 --- fHR [0/1] Flag raised due to soft Chandra HRs,
Section 3.4.1
30 I1 --- fIR [0/1] Flag raised due to Foreground IR
Colors, Section 3.4.2
32 I1 --- fSED [0/1] Flag raised due to Flat SED shape,
Section 3.4.3
34 I1 --- fSFR [0/1] Flag raised due to No Recent star
formation, Section 3.4.4
36 I1 --- fNH [0/1] Flag raised due to NH to AV mismatch,
Section 3.4.5
38 I1 --- fSpT [0/1] Flag raised due to Spectral Type not
consistent with massive star, Section 3.4.6
40 I1 --- fSum [0/3] Sum of all flags
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 15-Sep-2025