J/ApJ/955/1 Beyond ultra-diffuse galaxies. I. HSC PDR2 MW analogs (Li+, 2023)
Beyond ultra-diffuse galaxies.
I. Mass-size outliers among the satellites of Milky Way analogs.
Li J., Greene J.E., Greco J.P., Huang S., Melchior P., Beaton R.,
Casey K., Danieli S., Goulding A., Joseph R., Kado-Fong E., Kim Ji H.,
MacArthur L.A.
<Astrophys. J., 955, 1 (2023)>
=2023ApJ...955....1L 2023ApJ...955....1L
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, dwarf; Photometry, ugriz; Extinction; Colors;
Galaxies, radius; Redshifts; Morphology
Keywords: Low surface brightness galaxies ; Dwarf galaxies ; Galaxy properties ;
Galaxy abundances
Abstract:
Large diffuse galaxies are hard to find, but understanding the
environments where they live, their numbers, and ultimately their
origins, is of intense interest and importance for galaxy formation
and evolution. Using Subaru's Hyper Suprime-Cam Strategic Survey
Program, we perform a systematic search for low surface brightness
galaxies and present novel and effective methods for detecting and
modeling them. As a case study, we surveyed 922 Milky Way analogs in
the nearby Universe (0.01<z<0.04) and built a large sample of
satellite galaxies that are outliers in the mass-size relation. These
"ultra-puffy" galaxies (UPGs), defined to be 1.5σ above the
average mass-size relation, represent the tail of the satellite size
distribution. We find that each MW analog hosts NUPG=0.31±0.05
UPGs on average, which is consistent with but slightly lower than the
observed abundance at this halo mass in the Local Volume. We also
construct a sample of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in MW analogs and
find an abundance of NUDG=0.44±0.05 per host. With literature
results, we confirm that the UDG abundance scales with the host halo
mass following a sublinear power law. We argue that our definition of
UPGs, which is based on the mass-size relation, is more physically
motivated than the common definition of UDGs, which depends on the
surface brightness and size cuts and thus yields different surface
mass density cuts for quenched and star-forming galaxies.
Description:
In this work, we use the Wide layer of the co-added data from the
Public Data Release 2 (PDR2, also known as S18A;
Aihara+ 2018PASJ...70S...4A 2018PASJ...70S...4A) of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru
Strategic Program. It covers ∼300deg2 in five broad bands (grizy).
We use the NASA-Sloan Atlas to select galaxies that are analogous to
our Milky Way based on their stellar mass (see Section 4.1); then we
match the low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) to these MW analogs.
See Section 2.2.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 248 749 Ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) and "ultra-puffy" galaxy
(UPG) catalogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/subaru : Log of Subaru Prime Focus Camera Exposures (ADAC NAOJ, 2007)
II/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abbott+, 2021)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
I/356 : Gaia DR3 Part 2. Extra-galactic (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/ApJ/588/218 : i*g* photometry of SDSS EDR galaxies (Abraham+, 2003)
J/ApJS/147/1 : Classification of nearby galaxies (Conselice+, 2003)
J/AJ/128/163 : Galaxy morphological classification (Lotz+, 2004)
J/ApJS/172/615 : GALFIT result for GEMS galaxies (Haussler+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/382/109 : Massive galaxies in Extended Groth Strip (Trujillo+, 2007)
J/A+A/486/697 : Hydra I Cluster Catalogue (HCC) (Misgeld+, 2008)
J/MNRAS/386/2311 : CT1 photometry of Antlia early-type galaxies (Smith+, 2008)
J/MNRAS/414/3699 : Study of hot stellar systems and galaxies (Misgeld+, 2011)
J/AJ/144/4 : Dwarf galaxies in the Local Group (McConnachie+, 2012)
J/AJ/145/101 : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)
J/ApJ/813/L15 : Dwarf galaxies in Fornax cluster from NGFS (Munoz+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/456/1359 : IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: Photometry (Fliri+, 2016)
J/ApJS/225/11 : Subaru-UDGs in the Coma cluster (Yagi+, 2016)
J/ApJ/844/157 : Ultradiffuse gal. found in HST images of HFF (Lee+, 2017)
J/ApJ/842/133 : HI-bearing ultra-diffuse ALFALFA galaxies (Leisman+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/468/703 : Abell 168 ultra-diffuse galaxies distribution (Roman+, 2017)
J/ApJ/855/142 : Next Generation Fornax Survey. II. (Eigenthaler+, 2018)
J/ApJ/857/104 : Low surface brightness galaxies from HSC-SSP (Greco+, 2018)
J/ApJS/240/1 : SMUDGes. I. Coma Cluster (Zaritsky+, 2019)
J/ApJ/890/128 : NGVS. XIV. Bona fide Virgo members (Ferrarese+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/493/87 : 1005 galaxies with z<0.09 sample (Trujillo+, 2020)
J/ApJ/922/267 : Dwarf galaxies photometry & structures (Carlsten+, 2021)
J/ApJ/923/257 : Ultra-diffuse galaxies with sp. obs. (Kadowaki+, 2021)
J/ApJ/907/85 : SAGA Survey. II. Satellite systems around gal. (Mao+, 2021)
J/ApJS/252/18 : Low-surface-brightness gal. from DES Y3 (Tanoglidis+, 2021)
J/ApJS/257/60 : SMUDGes. II. Expanded survey & Stripe 82 (Zaritsky+, 2021)
J/ApJ/933/47 : The ELVES survey photometric results (Carlsten+, 2022)
J/ApJ/927/44 : ELVES II: early-type satellites phot. & GC (Carlsten+, 2022)
J/A+A/667/A87 : Edges of galaxies. Limits of star formation (Chamba+, 2022)
J/A+A/662/A43 : The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with VST. XII. (Venhola+, 2022)
J/ApJS/261/11 : SMUDGes. III. The Southern catalog (Zaritsky+, 2022)
http://hsc-release.mtk.nao.ac.jp/doc/ : Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP home page
http://nsatlas.org/ : NASA-Sloan Atlas homepage
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Type Galaxy type (1)
5- 9 I5 --- ID [64/90517] Unique LSBG ID
11- 18 F8.4 deg RAdeg Source Right ascension (J2000)
20- 26 F7.4 deg DEdeg [-7/44.7] Source Declination (J2000)
28- 34 F7.4 arcsec re [1.6/14] Circularized effective radius
36- 41 F6.4 arcsec e_re [0.3/1.8] Uncertainty in re
43- 49 F7.4 mag/arcsec2 gmueff [23.3/27.7] g-band average surface
brightness within re
51- 56 F6.4 mag/arcsec2 e_gmueff [0.05/0.3] Uncertainty in gmueff
58- 64 F7.4 mag gmag [16.2/22.7] Corrected g-band apparent
AB magnitude (2)
66- 71 F6.4 mag e_gmag [0.05/0.5] Uncertainty of gmag
73- 78 F6.4 mag g-i [0.008/1.16] g-i color (2)
80- 85 F6.4 mag e_g-i [0.05/0.2] Uncertainty in g-i
87- 93 F7.4 mag g-r [-0.17/0.55] g-r color (2)
95- 100 F6.4 mag e_g-r [0.05/0.2] Uncertainty in g-r
102- 108 F7.4 --- nu [-0.43/1.9] Spergel index ν (3)
110- 115 F6.4 --- ell [0.014/0.7] Ellipticity
117- 122 F6.4 mag Ag [0.023/0.29] g-band Galactic extinction
124- 129 F6.4 mag Ar [0.016/0.2] r-band Galactic extinction
131- 136 F6.4 mag Ai [0.01/0.15] i-band Galactic extinction
138- 143 F6.4 --- comp [0.1/0.95] Completeness
145- 150 F6.4 --- weight [0/6.53] Importance weight;
see Section 4.3
152- 157 F6.4 kpc rephys [0.94/6.85] Circularized physical
effective radius
159- 164 F6.4 [Msun] logMs [6.2/9.2] Log stellar mass
166- 171 F6.4 [Msun] e_logMs [0.06/0.3] Uncertainty in logMs
173- 191 A19 --- Host Host galaxy name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
193- 200 F8.4 deg RAHdeg Host galaxy Right ascension (J2000)
202- 208 F7.4 deg DEHdeg [-6.91/44.61] Host galaxy Declination
(J2000)
210- 215 F6.4 --- zHost [0.01/0.04] Host galaxy redshift
217- 223 F7.4 [Msun] logMsH [10.2/11.2] Host galaxy log10 stellar mass
225- 232 F8.4 kpc rvirH [206.68/843.2] Host galaxy virial radius
234- 240 F7.4 mag g-iH [-0.45/1.53] Host galaxy g-i color
242- 248 F7.4 arcmin Sep [0.77/26.82] Angular separation between
host & UDG/UPG
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Type as follows:
UDG = Ultra-diffuse galaxy (412 occurrences)
UPG = "ultra-puffy" galaxy (337 occurrences)
Note (2): Magnitudes have been corrected for measurement biases
and Galactic extinction.
Note (3): In appendix C, we demonstrate that the Spergel profile can
approximate the Sersic profile.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Li et al. Paper II. 2023ApJ...955....2L 2023ApJ...955....2L
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 27-Nov-2025