J/ApJ/962/17 Early phot. and spectroscopic obs. of SN 2023bee (Wang+, 2024)
Flight of the Bumblebee: the early excess flux of Type Ia supernova 2023bee
revealed by TESS, Swift, and Young Supernova Experiment Observations.
Wang Q., Rest A., Dimitriadis G., Ridden-Harper R., Siebert M.R.,
Magee M., Angus C.R., Auchettl K., Davis K.W., Foley R.J., Fox O.D.,
Gomez S., Jencson J.E., Jones D.O., Kilpatrick C.D., Pierel J.D.R.,
Piro A.L., Polin A., Politsch C.A., Rojas-Bravo C., Shahbandeh M.,
Villar V.A., Zenati Y., Ashall C., Chambers K.C., Coulter D.A.,
de Boer T., DiLullo N., Gall C., Gao H., Hsiao E.Y., Huber M.E., Izzo L.,
Khetan N., LeBaron N., Magnier E.A., Mandel K.S., McGill P., Miao H.-Y.,
Pan Y.-C., Stevens C.P., Swift J.J., Taggart K., Yang G.
<Astrophys. J., 962, 17 (2024)>
=2024ApJ...962...17W 2024ApJ...962...17W
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae; Photometry, ugriz; Spectra, optical
Keywords: Supernovae ; Type Ia supernovae
Abstract:
We present high-cadence ultraviolet through near-infrared observations
of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2023bee at D=32±3Mpc, finding
excess flux in the first days after explosion, particularly in our
10min cadence TESS light curve and Swift UV data. Compared to a few
other normal SNe Ia with early excess flux, the excess flux in
SN2023bee is redder in the UV and less luminous. We present optical
spectra of SN 2023bee, including two spectra during the period where
the flux excess is dominant. At this time, the spectra are similar to
those of other SNe Ia but with weaker SiII, CII, and CaII absorption
lines, perhaps because the excess flux creates a stronger continuum.
We compare the data to several theoretical models on the origin of
early excess flux in SNe Ia. Interaction with either the companion
star or close-in circumstellar material is expected to produce a
faster evolution than observed. Radioactive material in the outer
layers of the ejecta, either from double detonation explosion or from
a 56Ni clump near the surface, cannot fully reproduce the evolution
either, likely due to the sensitivity of early UV observable to the
treatment of the outer part of ejecta in simulation. We conclude that
no current model can adequately explain the full set of observations.
We find that a relatively large fraction of nearby, bright SNe Ia with
high-cadence observations have some amount of excess flux within a few
days of explosion. Considering potential asymmetric emission, the
physical cause of this excess flux may be ubiquitous in normal SNe Ia.
Description:
SN 2023bee was discovered by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey
(DLT40) on 2023 February 1 17:59:54.816 (MJD 59976.75).
TESS observed the rise of 2023bee during Sector 61 (2023-Jan-Feb), in
CCD 1 of camera 1. TESS features a broadband filter that covers the r,
i, z, and y bands with a wavelength range of 5802.57 to 11171.45Å.
We also observed SN 2023bee in griz with DECam at the CTIO 4m Blanco
telescope and the PanSTARRS1 (PS1) telescope as part of the Young
Supernova Experiment (see Aleo+ 2023, J/ApJS/266/9).
We observed SN 2023bee with the LCO 1m telescope network in uBVgriz
bands, the 1m telescope at Lulin Observatory using the Lulin Compact
Imager, and with the Thacher 0.7m telescope in Ojai, CA from
2023-Feb-02 to Mar-11 in the griz bands.
Additionally, we observed SN 2023bee in optical uBVgri bands with the
Swope 1m optical telescope located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile,
as part of the Precision Observations of Supernova Explosions (POISE).
In addition, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) observed
SN2023bee from 2023 February 1-26.
SN 2023bee was also observed by ATLAS, a project using four 0.5m
telescope systems installed on Haleakala (Hawaii), Mauna Loa (Hawaii),
Las Campanas (Chile), and Sutherland (South Africa) to discover and
monitor solar system objects. ATLAS observes in cyan (c) and orange
(o) filters.
We collect 20 optical spectra from various sources, which include two
publicly available spectra from the Transient Name Server obtained
with the Lijiang 2.4m telescope at Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
(YAO) and 2m Faulkes Telescope South (FTS) at Siding Spring
Observatory (SSO) at early time, 7 spectra from Wide-Field
Spectrograph (WiFeS) on the SSO 2.3m telescope, 6 spectra with the
Alhambra Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC) on the Nordic
Optical Telescope (NOT) at La Palma, 3 spectra with the Kast
spectrograph on the Lick 3m (Shane) telescope, 1 spectrum with the
Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS) on the
Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point
Observatory (APO), and 1 spectrum with the Goodman spectrograph on the
4.1m Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
08 56 11.63 -03 19 32.0 SN 2023bee = AT 2023bee
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 51 20 Log of spectroscopic observations of SN 2023bee
fig2.dat 69 1040 Multi-band light curves of SN 2023bee
fig3.dat 32 69782 Optical spectra series of SN 2023bee
fig11.dat 32 8196 The raw TESS light curve of SN 2023bee
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See also:
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
II/389 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR2 (Magnier+, 2025)
J/AJ/133/403 : Light curve of 11 type Ia supernovae (Garg+, 2007)
J/ApJ/700/331 : Light curves of type Ia supernovae (CfA3) (Hicken+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/425/1789 : Berkeley supernova Ia program. I. (Silverman+, 2012)
J/A+A/554/A27 : 2011fe spectrophotometric time series (Pereira+, 2013)
J/ApJ/795/44 : PS1 SNe Ia (0.02<z<0.7) griz light curves (Rest+, 2014)
J/ApJ/826/144 : Follow-up observations of SNIa ASASSN-14lp (Shappee+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/211 : The CSP (DR3): phot. of low-z SNe Ia (Krisciunas+, 2017)
J/ApJ/853/62 : Optical & NIR spectra & LCs of SN2016ija (Tartaglia+, 2018)
J/ApJ/867/105 : ATLAS all-sky stellar ref. cat., ATLAS-REFCAT2 (Tonry+, 2018)
J/ApJ/870/L1 : K2 obs. of type Ia supernova SN 2018oh (Dimitriadis+, 2019)
J/ApJ/870/13 : K2 LC alternative analysis of ASASSN-18bt (Shappee+, 2019)
J/ApJ/902/48 : ZTF early obs. of type Ia supernovae. III. (Bulla+, 2020)
J/A+A/634/A37 : TURTLS Light curves of 56Ni distributions (Magee+, 2020)
J/ApJ/898/56 : UVOT, ZTF gri LCs & sp. of the SN Ia 2019yvq (Miller+, 2020)
J/ApJ/902/47 : ZTF early obs. of type Ia SNe. II. Rise time (Miller+, 2020)
J/ApJ/908/51 : TESS early LCs of type Ia Supernovae (Fausnaugh+, 2021)
J/ApJ/923/L8 : Follow-up phot. & sp. of SNIa 2020hvf (Jiang+, 2021)
J/ApJ/914/50 : Opt. phot. and GMOS & NIRES sp. of SN2019yvq (Tucker+, 2021)
J/ApJ/923/167 : SN 2018agk spectra and NIR-UV light curves (Wang+, 2021)
J/ApJ/927/78 : Phot. & sp. follow-up of SN2020esm (Dimitriadis+, 2022)
J/ApJ/933/L45 : LCs and spectra of type Ia SN 2021aefx (Hosseinzadeh+, 2022)
J/ApJS/266/9 : Young Supernova Experiment (YSE) DR1 (Aleo+, 2023)
J/ApJ/956/108 : TESS 4yrs obs. of Type Ia supernovae (Fausnaugh+, 2023)
J/ApJ/946/7 : BVI light curves and sp. of Type Ia SN 2018aoz (Ni+, 2023)
J/ApJ/943/L20 : Phot. obs. of SN 2022ilv and SN 2020hvf (Srivastav+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Seq Spectrum number as in Figure 3
4- 13 A10 "Y/M/D" Date Date of observation (UT)
15- 22 F8.2 d MJD [59976.76/60064.2] Modified Julian Date
24- 29 F6.2 d Phase [-15.74/71.24] Phase relative to B-band maximum
on MJD 59992.58 according to the SALT3 fit
31- 42 A12 --- Tel Telescope
44- 51 A8 --- Inst Instrument
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.5 d MJD [58814.6/60065]? Modified Julian Date
13- 16 A4 --- Band Observation band
18- 22 F5.2 mag mag [-7.37/26.61]? Apparent magnitude in Band
24- 29 F6.2 mag e_mag [-15.55/188.75]? Uncertainty in mag (1)
31- 39 E9.2 uJy Flux [-61/3.3e+12]? Flux density
41- 48 E8.2 uJy e_Flux [0/1.83e+12] Uncertainty in Flux
50- 54 F5.2 mag ZP [23.9] Flux zero-point magnitude
56- 57 A2 --- Sys [ab] Magnitude system used
59- 61 A3 --- Qual Data quality flag (always "Non")
63- 69 A7 --- Tel Telescope identifier (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The negative magnitude error denotes the cases where the flux
measured from difference imaging are negative and thus are
essentially non-detections.
Note (2): Telescope as follows:
ATLAS = Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project
using four 0.5m telescope systems installed on Haleakala (Hawaii),
Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Las Campanas (Chile), and
Sutherland (South Africa) (22 occurrences)
DECAM = DECam at the CTIO 4m Blanco telescope (37 occurrences)
LCO = the LCO 1m telescope network (101 occurrences)
LULIN = the 1m telescope at Lulin Observatory using
the Lulin Compact Imager (89 occurrences)
PS1 = the PanSTARRS1 (PS1) telescope (71 occurrences)
SWIFT = the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Ultraviolet Optical
Telescope (UVOT; 199 occurrences)
SWOPE = the Swope 1m optical telescope located at Las Campanas
Observatory, Chile (316 occurrences)
TESS = the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (131 occurrences)
THACHER = the Thacher 0.7m telescope in Ojai, CA (74 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Seq [1/20] Spectrum identifier (1)
4- 12 F9.3 0.1nm lambda [0/10896.1] Wavelength; Angstroms
14- 22 E9.2 uJy Flux [-1.2/35.7] Flux density
24- 32 E9.2 uJy e_Flux [0/0.84]?=-99 Uncertainty in Flux
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Details for the spectral observations for each identifier
(as in Table 3):
--------------------------------------------------------
ID YYYY-MM-DD MJD Phase Telescope Instrument
--------------------------------------------------------
1 2023-02-01 59976.76 -15.74 Lijiang-2.4m YFOSC
2 2023-02-02 59977.56 -14.94 FTS FLOYDS-S
3 2023-02-05 59980.28 -12.23 APO-3.5m KOSMOS
4 2023-02-08 59984.04 -8.50 NOT ALFOSC
5 2023-02-10 59985.26 -7.29 SOAR GOODMAN
6 2023-02-11 59986.96 -5.59 NOT ALFOSC
7 2023-02-18 59993.59 1.01 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
8 2023-02-19 59994.58 1.99 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
9 2023-02-20 59995.47 2.88 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
10 2023-02-20 59995.96 3.36 NOT ALFOSC
11 2023-02-27 60002.01 9.38 NOT ALFOSC
12 2023-02-27 60002.99 10.36 NOT ALFOSC
13 2023-03-08 60011.43 18.76 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
14 2023-03-09 60012.05 19.38 NOT ALFOSC
15 2023-03-10 60013.47 20.79 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
16 2023-03-19 60022.47 29.74 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
17 2023-03-25 60028.42 35.66 SSO-2.3m WiFeS
18 2023-04-12 60046.21 53.36 Shane KAST
19 2023-04-23 60057.20 64.29 Shane KAST
20 2023-04-30 60064.18 71.24 Shane KAST
--------------------------------------------------------
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.5 d MJD [59962.29/59981.7]? Modified Julian Date
13- 22 E10.3 uJy Flux [-24300/38500] Flux density
24- 32 E9.3 uJy e_Flux [0/3133] Uncertainty in Flux
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 05-May-2026