J/ApJ/964/117 12um AGN bolometric luminosities from SEDs (Spinoglio+, 2024)
The spectral energy distributions and bolometric luminosities of local AGN:
study of the complete 12µm AGN sample.
Spinoglio L., Fernandez-Ontiveros J.A., Malkan M.A.
<Astrophys. J., 964, 117 (2024)>
=2024ApJ...964..117S 2024ApJ...964..117S
ADC_Keywords: Energy distributions; Active gal. nuclei; Galaxies, Seyfert;
Photometry, infrared; Ultraviolet; X-ray sources; Redshifts;
Radio sources
Keywords: Active galactic nuclei ; AGN host galaxies ; Seyfert galaxies ;
Infrared photometry ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Ultraviolet photometry ;
X-ray active galactic nuclei
Abstract:
We measure the bolometric luminosity of a complete and unbiased
12µm-selected sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the local
Universe. For each galaxy, we used a 10-band radio-to-X-ray spectral
energy distribution (SED) to isolate the genuine AGN continuum in each
band, including subarcsecond measurements where available, and
correcting those contaminated by the host galaxy. We derive the median
SED of Seyfert type 1 AGN, Seyferts with hidden broad lines (HBLs),
Seyferts of type 2, and LINER nuclei in our sample. The median
Seyfert 1 SED shows the characteristic blue bump feature in the UV,
but nevertheless, the largest contribution to the bolometric
luminosity comes from the IR and X-ray continua. The median SEDs of
both HBL and type 2 AGN are affected by starlight contamination in the
optical/UV. The median SED of HBL AGN is consistent with that of
Seyfert 1s, when an extinction of AV∼1.2mag is applied. The
comprehensive SEDs allowed us to measure accurate bolometric
luminosities and derive robust bolometric corrections for the
different tracers. The 12µm and K-band nuclear luminosities have
good linear correlations with the bolometric luminosity, similar to
those in the X-rays. We derive bolometric corrections for either
continuum bands (K band, 12µm, 2-10keV, and 14-195keV) or narrow
emission lines (mid-IR high-ionization lines of [OIV] and [NeV] and
optical [OIII]5007Å) as well as for combinations of IR continuum
and line emission. A combination of continuum plus line emission
accurately predicts the bolometric luminosity up to quasar
luminosities (∼1046erg/s).
Description:
The sample of local AGN used to compute the bolometric luminosity is
the 12um AGN sample, originally selected from the IRAS catalog from
Spinoglio & Malkan (1989ApJ...342...83S 1989ApJ...342...83S) and updated in
Rush+ (1993, VII/157). The sample is given in Table 1 and is the same
as the one used in Spinoglio+ (2022, J/ApJ/941/46). It contains in
total 117 AGN, divided into 48 Seyfert type 1, 27 hidden broad-line
(HBL) galaxies, 30 Seyfert type 2, 10 low-ionization nuclear
emission-line region (LINER) galaxies, and two other galaxies, one
classified as "non-Seyfert" (NGC 1056) and one classified as a
starburst galaxy (NGC 6810).
To compute the bolometric luminosity of local AGN, we have considered
the following photometric bands, from low to high frequencies: radio
8.4GHz; the mid-IR 12, 7, 5.8, and 4.5um bands; near-IR 2.2um; the
near-ultraviolet (NUV) Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) band at an
effective wavelength of 2316Å and the far-ultraviolet (FUV) GALEX
band at 1539Å; and the 2-10 and 14-195keV hard X-ray bands.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 73 117 The AGN sample: coordinates, redshift, types, and
radio loudness
table2.dat 95 117 Low frequency (from radio to near-IR) nuclear
photometry of the AGN sample
table3.dat 97 117 High frequency (from UV to X-rays) nuclear photometry
of the AGN sample and derived bolometric fluxes
and luminosities
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See also:
II/156 : IRAS Faint Source Catalog, |b| > 10, Version 2.0 (Moshir+ 1989)
VII/178 : Optical Extragalactic Emission-line Objects (Hewitt+ 1991)
VII/157 : The Extended 12um galaxy sample (Rush+ 1993)
II/335 : Revised cat. of GALEX UV sources (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7) (Bianchi+ 2017)
J/ApJ/269/352 : Quasar evolution (Schmidt+, 1983)
J/ApJS/95/1 : Atlas of Quasar Energy Distributions (Elvis+ 1994)
J/ApJ/453/616 : JHKL photometry of 12 micron galaxy sample (Spinoglio+ 1995)
J/ApJS/121/473 : A diagnostic diagram for Seyfert 2 Galaxies (Bassani+, 1999)
J/A+A/418/465 : Mid-infrared and hard X-ray emission in AGN (Lutz+, 2004)
J/ApJS/166/470 : SDSS-Spitzer type I QSOs IR photometry (Richards+, 2006)
J/A+A/487/119 : AGN in XMM-Newton Hard Bright Survey (Della Ceca+, 2008)
J/A+A/524/A64 : The 54-month Palermo BAT-survey catalogue (Cusumano+, 2010)
J/ApJ/709/1257 : Spitzer-IRS sp. of Seyfert galaxies. II. (Tommasin+, 2010)
J/ApJ/713/L11 : X-ray properties of Seyfert 1 galaxies (Zhou+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/413/1206 : XMM survey of 12um selected galaxies (Brightman+, 2011)
J/ApJS/206/4 : SED and bol. corrections for luminous QSOs (Krawczyk+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/439/1648 : Subarcsecond mid-infrared atlas of local AGN (Asmus+, 2014)
J/A+A/588/A70 : Hard X-ray view of the soft excess in AGN (Boissay+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/459/1602 : AGN sample in the northern XMM-XXL field (Liu+, 2016)
J/ApJS/233/17 : Swift/BAT AGN sp. survey. V. X-ray data (Ricci+, 2017)
J/ApJS/235/4 : 105-month Swift-BAT all-sky hard X-ray survey (Oh+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/489/5046 : GALEX absolute calibration based on WDs (Wall+, 2019)
J/ApJ/884/136 : PAH features of star-forming gal. using Spitzer (Xie+, 2019)
J/ApJ/900/124 : Galaxies within 150Mpc observed with Chandra (Bi+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/504/5726 : IR lines of AGNs accretion disk (Fernandez-Ontiveros+, 2021)
J/ApJ/941/46 : X-ray to FIR obs. for an AGN sample (Spinoglio+, 2022)
J/A+A/671/A34 : The WISSH quasars project. XI. (Saccheo+, 2023)
J/ApJS/265/37 : Multiwavelength SED analysis of GOALS ULIRGs (Yamada+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Galaxy name as in Spinoglio+ (2022, J/ApJ/941/46)
18- 29 A12 --- OName Other name(s)
31- 32 I2 h RAh Right ascension in hours (J2000)
34- 35 I2 min RAm Right ascension in minutes (J2000)
37- 40 F4.1 s RAs Right ascension in seconds (J2000)
42- 42 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000)
43- 44 I2 deg DEd Declination in degrees (J2000)
46- 47 I2 arcmin DEm Declination in arcminutes (J2000)
49- 50 I2 arcsec DEs Declination in arcseconds (J2000)
52- 59 F8.5 --- z [-0.00013/0.2] Spectroscopic redshift
61- 63 A3 --- Type AGN type (G1)
69- 70 A2 --- CT Compton thick nucleus indicated with "CT"
(15 occurrences)
72- 73 A2 --- RL Radio-loud nucleus indicated with "RL"
(10 occurrences) (1)
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Note (1): An AGN is considered radio loud if the radio flux is larger than
ten times the B-band optical flux (Kellermann+ 1989AJ.....98.1195K 1989AJ.....98.1195K),
F(5GHz)≥10xFB-band.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Galaxy name as in
Spinoglio+ (2022, J/ApJ/941/46)
18- 24 F7.5 --- zsp [0.00014/0.2] Spectroscopic redshift
26- 28 A3 --- Type AGN type (G1)
30 A1 --- l_F8.4 Limit flag on F8.4
32- 38 F7.1 mJy F8.4 [0.2/41725]? VLA 8.4GHz nuclear flux density
(Thean+ 2000MNRAS.314..573T 2000MNRAS.314..573T)
40 A1 --- l_F12VLT Limit flag on F12VLT
42- 48 F7.1 mJy F12VLT [3.7/10206]? VLT-VISIR 12um subarcsecond nuclear
flux density (2)
50- 51 A2 --- f_F12VLT Flag on F12VLT (2)
53- 59 F7.2 mJy F12IRS [24.6/2042]? Spitzer-IRS 12 micron continuum
flux density (3)
61 A1 --- l_R12 Limit flag on R12
63- 67 F5.2 --- R12 [0.8/26.8]? Ratio between F12IRS and F12VLT
69- 74 F6.2 mJy F7 [8.7/929]? Spitzer-IRS 7 micron continuum flux
density (4)
76- 81 F6.2 mJy F5.8 [6/494]? Spitzer-IRAC 5.8 micron flux density
corrected for R12
83- 88 F6.2 mJy F4.5 [5/384]? Spitzer-IRAC 4.5 micron flux density
corrected for R12
90- 95 F6.2 mJy FK [0.27/196]? 2.2 micron nuclear flux density
derived from Keck/2MASS observations
(Spinoglio+ 2022, J/ApJ/941/46)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Used 12 micron flux density from Asmus+ (2014, J/MNRAS/439/1648),
but when not available, used 10.8 micron flux density measured with a
1.5 arcsecond aperture from Gorjian+ 2004ApJ...605..156G 2004ApJ...605..156G (flag *) or
10.6um flux density measured with a 3.9 arcsecond aperture from
Rieke 1978ApJ...226..550R 1978ApJ...226..550R (flag **).
Note (3): Derived from Gallimore+ (2010ApJS..187..172G 2010ApJS..187..172G) using the
[NeII]12.8um line flux and the corresponding equivalent width.
Note (4): Derived from Gallimore+ (2010ApJS..187..172G 2010ApJS..187..172G) using the
[ArII]7.0um line flux and the corresponding equivalent width
corrected for value in R12 column.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Galaxy name as in
Spinoglio+ (2022, J/ApJ/941/46)
18- 24 F7.5 --- zsp [0.00014/0.2] Spectroscopic redshift
26- 28 A3 --- Type AGN type (G1)
30 A1 --- l_FNUV Limit flag on FNUV
32- 37 F6.3 mJy FNUV [0.003/17.4]? Near-ultraviolet flux
(NUV) density (5)
39 A1 --- l_FFUV Limit flag on FFUV
41- 46 F6.3 mJy FFUV [0.01/11.3]? Far-ultraviolet flux (FUV)
density (5)
48- 53 F6.2 10-15W/m2 F2-10 [0.01/210]? 2-10keV absorption corrected
x-ray flux; 10-12erg/s/cm2
55- 60 F6.2 10-15W/m2 F14-195 [4/619]? 14-195keV observed x-ray flux;
10-12erg/s/cm2
62 A1 --- l_Fbol Limit flag on Fbol
64- 70 F7.2 10-15W/m2 Fbol [0.16/8995]? Computed bolometric flux
(see text); 10-12erg/s/cm2
72 A1 --- l_logLbol Limit flag on logLbol
74- 79 F6.3 [10-7W] logLbol [40/47.7]? Log of bolometric luminosity;
erg/s
81- 84 F4.2 --- Gamma1 [1/5.7]? Photon index of 2-10keV
observations (6)
86- 89 F4.2 --- Gamma2 [1.6/2.5]? Photon index of 14-195keV
observations from Oh+ 2018, J/ApJS/235/4
91- 92 I2 --- r_F2-10 [1/31]? Reference for F2-10 (7)
94- 95 I2 --- r_F14-195 [32/34]? Reference for F14-195 (7)
97 A1 --- f_Fbol Flag on Fbol (8)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (5): from the MAST GALEX catalog search (Conti+ 2011Ap&SS.335..329C 2011Ap&SS.335..329C).
Note (6): from either Brightman & Nandra (2011, J/MNRAS/413/1206
or Ricci+ (2017, J/ApJS/233/17).
Note (7): References as follows:
1 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Brightman & Nandra 2011, J/MNRAS/413/1206
2 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Guainazzi+ 2005A&A...444..119G 2005A&A...444..119G
3 = Ghosh & Soundararajaperumal 1992MNRAS.259..175G 1992MNRAS.259..175G
4 = Reeves & Turner 2000MNRAS.316..234R 2000MNRAS.316..234R
5 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of Tan+ 2012ApJ...747L..11T 2012ApJ...747L..11T
6 = Ricci et al. 2017, J/ApJS/233/17
7 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Marinucci+ 2012ApJ...748..130M 2012ApJ...748..130M
8 = Bi+ 2020, J/ApJ/900/124
9 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Iyomoto+ 1996PASJ...48..231I 1996PASJ...48..231I
10 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Saade+ 2022ApJ...936..162S 2022ApJ...936..162S
11 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Levenson+ 2009ApJ...703..390L 2009ApJ...703..390L
12 = Rivers et al. 2013ApJ...772..114R 2013ApJ...772..114R
13 = Walton et al. 2021MNRAS.506.1557W 2021MNRAS.506.1557W
14 = Bassani+ 1999, J/ApJS/121/473
15 = Tanimoto et al. 2022ApJS..260...30T 2022ApJS..260...30T
16 = Della Ceca+ 2008, J/A+A/487/119
17 = Iyomoto et al. 2001ApJ...561L..69I 2001ApJ...561L..69I
18 = Boissay+ 2016, J/A+A/588/A70
19 = Brightman & Nandra 2008MNRAS.390.1241B 2008MNRAS.390.1241B
20 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Akylas & Georgantopoulos 2009A&A...500..999A 2009A&A...500..999A
21 = Chen et al. 2022MNRAS.515.1723C 2022MNRAS.515.1723C
22 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Zhou & Zhang 2010, J/ApJ/713/L11
23 = Vasylenko 2018Ap&SS.363..228V 2018Ap&SS.363..228V
24 = derived from absorption corrected luminosity of
Yamada+ 2023, J/ApJS/265/37
25 = Lutz+ 2004, J/A+A/418/465
26 = Osorio-Clavijo et al. 2022MNRAS.510.5102O 2022MNRAS.510.5102O
27 = Cardamone et al. 2007AJ....134.1263C 2007AJ....134.1263C
28 = Osorio-Clavijo et al. 2023MNRAS.522.5788O 2023MNRAS.522.5788O
29 = Corral et al. 2014A&A...569A..71C 2014A&A...569A..71C
30 = Braito et al. 2009A&A...504...53B 2009A&A...504...53B
31 = Zhou & Zhang 2010, J/ApJ/713/L11
32 = Oh+ 2018, J/ApJS/235/4
33 = Deluit 2004A&A...415...39D 2004A&A...415...39D
34 = Cusumano+ 2010, J/A+A/524/A64
Note (8): Flag on Fbol and log(Lbol) as follows:
L = lower limit of bolometric flux and luminosity;
N = data not available for proper integration of bolometric flux
and luminosity.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Type (as in Table 2 and Table 3) as follows:
Sy1 = Seyfert type 1 (48 occurrences)
Sy2 = Seyfert type 2 (31 occurrences)
HBL = Hidden Broad Line region AGN (27 occurrences)
LIN = LINER galaxy (10 occurrences)
SB = Starburst galaxy (1 occurrence: NGC 6810)
nSy = non-Seyfert galaxy (1 occurrence: NGC 1056)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 03-Jul-2026