J/ApJ/964/181 Optical photometry & sp. of type IIn SN2021qqp (Hiramatsu+, 2024)
Multiple peaks and a long precursor in the Type IIn supernova 2021qqp: an
energetic explosion in a complex circumstellar environment.
Hiramatsu D., Matsumoto T., Berger E., Ransome C., Villar V.A., Gomez S.,
Cendes Y., De K., Bostroem K.A., Farah J., Howell D.A., McCully C.,
Newsome M., Padilla Gonzalez E., Pellegrino C., Suzuki A., Terreran G.
<Astrophys. J., 964, 181 (2024)>
=2024ApJ...964..181H 2024ApJ...964..181H
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae; Photometry; Spectra, optical
Keywords: Supernovae ; Core-collapse supernovae ; Type II supernovae ;
Massive stars ; Stellar mass loss ; Circumstellar matter
Abstract:
We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of the Type IIn
supernova (SN) 2021qqp. Its unusual light curve is marked by a long
precursor for ∼300d, a rapid increase in brightness for ∼60d, and then
a sharp increase of ∼1.6mag in only a few days to a first peak of
Mr~-19.5mag. The light curve then declines rapidly until it
rebrightens to a second distinct peak of Mr~-17.3mag centered at ∼335d
after the first peak. The spectra are dominated by Balmer lines with a
complex morphology, including a narrow component with a width of
∼1300km/s (first peak) and ∼2500km/s (second peak) that we associate
with the circumstellar medium (CSM) and a P Cygni component with an
absorption velocity of ∼8500km/s (first peak) and ∼5600km/s (second
peak) that we associate with the SN-CSM interaction shell. Using the
luminosity and velocity evolution, we construct a flexible analytical
model, finding two significant mass-loss episodes with peak mass loss
rates of ∼10 and ∼5M☉/yr about 0.8 and 2yr before explosion,
respectively, with a total CSM mass of ∼2-4M☉. We show that the
most recent mass-loss episode could explain the precursor for the year
preceding the explosion. The SN ejecta mass is constrained to be
∼5-30M☉ for an explosion energy of ~(3-10)x1051erg. We discuss
eruptive massive stars (luminous blue variable, pulsational pair
instability) and an extreme stellar merger with a compact object as
possible progenitor channels.
Description:
Here, we report detailed optical photometry and spectroscopy of the
Type IIn supernova (SN) 2021qqp.
Through the Global Supernova Project (Howell & Global Supernova
Project 2017AAS...23031803H), we obtained Las Cumbres Observatory
(LCO) BgVri-band imaging data with the Sinistro cameras on the network
of 1m telescopes at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
(District IV, Chile), McDonald Observatory (Texas, USA), South African
Astronomical Observatory (Sutherland, South Africa), and Teide
Observatory (Canary Islands, Spain), as well as griz-band imaging data
with the Multicolor Simultaneous Camera for studying Atmospheres of
Transiting exoplanets 3 (MuSCAT3) on the 2m Faulkes Telescope North
(Hawaii, USA) from 2021 Nov 17 to 2022 Nov 25 (MJD=59535-59908).
BV- and griz-band data were calibrated to Vega and AB magnitudes,
respectively.
To explore possible preexplosion variability (as indicated by the
first PS1 detection being ∼5 months before the ZTF discovery; Section 2)
and to obtain additional postexplosion photometry of SN 2021qqp, we
process and examine ZTF, ATLAS, PS1, Palomar Transient Facility (PTF),
and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) survey data.
See Section 3.1.
Through our FLEET program (Gomez+ 2020ApJ...904...74G 2020ApJ...904...74G,
2023ApJ...949..114G 2023ApJ...949..114G), we obtained optical spectra on 2022 July 6 and
August 30 (MJD=59766 and 59821) with Binospec mounted on the 6.5m MMT
Observatory (Arizona, USA) and on 2022 July 27 and August 27
(MJD=59787 and 59818) with the Low Dispersion Survey Spectrograph 3
(LDSS-3) mounted on the 6.5m Magellan Clay Telescope (Cerro Manqui,
Chile). The combinations of the 270 grating (Binospec) and VPH-All
grism (LDSS-3) with a 1" long slit were used for dispersion, resulting
in wavelength coverage of 3820-9210Å (R∼1500) and 3700-10060Å
(R∼700), respectively.
See Section 3.2.
We obtained Neil G. Gehrels Swift X-Ray Telscope (XRT) observations on
2022 August 9 (MJD=59800; phase of +348 days) with a total on-source
exposure time of 3185s.
We further obtained images at the location of the SN from the Very
Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS).
See Section 3.3.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
22 32 40.41 +25 34 34.7 SN 2021qqp = ZTF21abgjldn
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
fig1a.dat 30 163 Photometry 3σ upper limits (binned every 30days)
fig1b.dat 39 603 Photometry detections
fig2.dat 68 15078 Spectral time series of SN 2021qqp
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See also:
II/264 : ASAS Variable Stars in Southern hemisphere (Pojmanski+, 2002-2005)
J/MNRAS/397/1177 : Swift-XRT observations of GRBs (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJS/183/214 : Arecibo Legacy Fast Alfa Survey VIII. (Martin+, 2009)
J/AJ/142/170 : ALFALFA survey: α.40 HI source cat. (Haynes+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/433/1312 : SN2009ip UBVRI, UVOT and JHK light curves (Fraser+, 2013)
J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)
J/ApJ/763/L27 : RI light curves of the type IIn SN 2009ip (Prieto+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A10 : Light curves of 5 type IIn supernovae (Taddia+, 2013)
J/ApJ/794/23 : Pan-STARRS1 transients optical photometry (Drout+, 2014)
J/ApJ/787/163 : Photometric data for SN 2009ip (Graham+, 2014)
J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)
J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)
J/A+A/579/A40 : PESSTO catalog (Smartt+, 2015)
J/A+A/594/A116 : HI4PI spectra and column density maps (HI4PI team+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/459/3939 : Type II supernova light curves (Valenti+, 2016)
J/A+A/605/A6 : Photometry of supernova iPTF13z (Nyholm+, 2017)
J/ApJ/855/107 : PMAS Integral-field SN hosts COmpilation (Galbany+, 2018)
J/ApJ/861/49 : ALFALFA extragalactic HI source catalog (Haynes+, 2018)
J/ApJ/887/169 : UV-Opt light curves of the type Ic SN 2018gep (Ho+, 2019)
J/A+A/637/A73 : Type IIn supernova photometry (Nyholm+, 2020)
J/ApJ/913/143 : Optical LCs of the type Ic SN 2019stc (Gomez+, 2021)
J/ApJS/255/29 : PTF core-collapse SN host-galaxies. I. (Schulze+, 2021)
J/ApJ/907/99 : Pre-explosion light curve of 227 SNe (Strotjohann+, 2021)
J/A+A/666/A79 : SN 2019zrk photometry and spectroscopy (Fransson+, 2022)
J/ApJ/933/14 : LCs of type I superluminous SNe (Hosseinzadeh+, 2022)
J/ApJ/938/73 : Follow-up phot. and sp. of 4 SNe Icn (Pellegrino+, 2022)
J/ApJ/927/180 : Type Icn SN2021csp photometry & spectra (Perley+, 2022)
J/ApJ/949/120 : Extragalactic fast blue transients from ZTF (Ho+, 2023)
J/A+A/675/A195 : ZTF DR11 classif. in ZTF/4MOST sky (Sanchez-Saez+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig1a.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 F7.1 d MJD Modified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)
9- 15 A7 --- Band Band
17- 18 A2 --- Sys Magnitude system (always "AB")
20- 24 F5.2 mag magLim [18.6/23.7] Apparent upperlimit AB magnitude
26- 30 F5.2 mag magLim0 [18.46/23.5] Dereddened upperlimit AB
magnitude for the Milky Way extinction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig1b.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 F9.3 d MJD Modified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)
11- 17 A7 --- Band Band
19- 22 A4 --- Sys Magnitude system ("AB"; or "Vega"
for LCO B and V filters)
24- 28 F5.2 mag mag [16.87/23.43] Apparent magnitude in Band
30- 33 F4.2 mag e_mag [0.01/0.4] The 1σ uncertainty in mag
35- 39 F5.2 mag mag0 [16.72/23.21] Dereddened magnitude in Band
for the Milky Way extinction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 F8.2 d MJD Modified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5) (1)
10- 17 A8 --- Tel Telescope ("MMT" or "Magellan")
19- 26 A8 --- Inst Instrument ("Binospec" or "LDSS-3")
28- 35 F8.2 0.1nm lambda [3702.38/10658.5] Observed wavelength
in Angstroms
37- 47 E11.4 cW/m2/nm Flux [-1.3e-16/3.3e-16] Flux
49- 56 E8.3 cW/m2/nm e_Flux [2e-19/9.3e-17] Uncertainty in Flux
58- 68 E11.4 cW/m2/nm Flux0 Dereddened flux
for the Milky Way extinction
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Note (1): Four spectra with unique MJDs
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 30-Jul-2026