J/ApJ/964/93 Molecular bubble and YSOs in S Mon region (Liu+, 2024)
Molecular bubble and outflow in S Mon revealed by multiband data sets.
Liu D., Xu Ye, Li Y., Lin Z., Hao C., Yang W., Li J., Liu X., Dong Y.,
Bian S., Kong D.
<Astrophys. J., 964, 93 (2024)>
=2024ApJ...964...93L 2024ApJ...964...93L
ADC_Keywords: Star Forming Region; YSOs; Molecular data; Carbon monoxide;
Space velocities; Photometry, infrared; Proper motions
Keywords: Young stellar objects ; Interstellar molecules ; Stellar wind bubbles
Abstract:
We identify a molecular bubble, and study the star formation and its
feedback in the S Mon region, using multiple molecular lines, young
stellar objects (YSOs), and infrared data. We revisit the distance to
S Mon, ∼722±9pc, using Gaia Data Release 3 parallaxes of the
associated Class II YSOs. The bubble may be mainly driven by a massive
binary system (namely 15 Mon), the primary of which is an O7V-type
star. An outflow is detected in the shell of the bubble, suggesting
ongoing star formation activities in the vicinity of the bubble. The
total wind energy of the massive binary star is 3 orders of magnitude
higher than the sum of the observed turbulent energy in the molecular
gas and the kinetic energy of the bubble, indicating that stellar
winds help to maintain the turbulence in the S Mon region and drive
the bubble. We conclude that the stellar winds of massive stars have
an impact on their surrounding environment.
Description:
NGC 2264 is a nearby high-mass star-forming complex in Monoceros with
a distance of about 700-800pc, and it is well studied at multiple
wavelengths (for a review see Dahm 2008hsf1.book..966D 2008hsf1.book..966D). Studies of
the spatial and dynamical structure of NGC 2264 revealed that it is
composed of two complexes: S Mon in the northern part and the Cone
Nebula in the southern part (e.g., Sung+ 2008AJ....135..441S 2008AJ....135..441S;
Tobin+ 2015AJ....149..119T 2015AJ....149..119T; Venuti+ 2015AJ....149..119T 2015AJ....149..119T). The gas
structure of S Mon is dominated by massive stars at its center.
Molecular line observations of S Mon were carried out between
2022 April and November using the Purple Mountain Observatory Delingha
(PMODLH) 14m millimeter-wavelength telescope. Four molecular lines
were observed: 12CO(J=1-0), 13CO(J=1-0), C18O(J=1-0), and
HCO+(J=1-0). The three CO lines were observed simultaneously. All
lines were observed with the nine-beam Superconducting Spectroscopic
Array Receiver system.
The typical integration time per position was approximately 3 minutes.
Each fast Fourier transform spectrometer with a bandwidth of 1GHz
provides 16,384 channels, yielding a spectral resolution of 61kHz.
Objects:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
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06 40 52.10 +09 52 36.9 NGC 2264 = NAME Christmas Tree Cluster
06 40 49.82 +09 51 03.2 S Mon = NAME S Mon cluster
-----------------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 67 8 Observed parameters of each clump
table3.dat 49 8 Physical parameters of the clumps
table5.dat 213 412 YSO sample
table6.dat 104 14 Parameters of the O- and B-type stars
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See also:
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)
J/ApJ/649/759 : Bubbles in the galactic disk (Churchwell+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/1574 : Infrared photometry of IC348 members (Lada+, 2006)
J/ApJ/676/1109 : Velocities of stars in Orion Nebula Cluster (Furesz+, 2008)
J/AJ/135/441 : VRIHα photometry in NGC 2264 (Sung+, 2008)
J/AJ/138/1116 : A Spitzer view of NGC 2264 (Sung+, 2009)
J/ApJ/697/1103 : Kinematics of Orion Nebula Cluster (Tobin+, 2009)
J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)
J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)
J/ApJ/794/124 : Young region NGC 2264 Spitzer sources (Rapson+, 2014)
J/ApJS/219/20 : Outflows and bubbles in Taurus (Li+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/119 : Radial velocities of stars in NGC 2264 (Tobin+, 2015)
J/A+A/589/A80 : APOGEE strings (Hacar+, 2016)
J/A+A/619/A106 : 3D shape of Orion A from Gaia DR2 (Grossschedl+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/15 : CO obs. toward Gem OB1 MoC complex. II. (Li+, 2018)
J/A+A/609/A10 : NGC2264 structure and star formation history (Venuti+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/3 : Massive outflows associated with ATLASGAL clumps (Yang+, 2018)
J/A+A/625/A135 : Gal. interstellar dust Gaia-2MASS 3D maps (Lallement+, 2019)
J/A+A/631/A3 : G202.3+2.5 position-velocity cubes (Montillaud+, 2019)
J/ApJS/251/26 : CO outflow cand. toward W3/4/5 complex. II. (Li+, 2020)
J/A+A/633/A51 : Distances to molecular clouds in SFR (Zucker+, 2020)
J/A+A/645/A94 : NGC 2264 clumps column densities (Nony+, 2021)
J/A+A/670/A37 : Spatial and dynamical structure of NGC2264 (Flaccomio+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Clump C18O-identified clump name
3- 6 F4.1 K TR12CO [17/30] Brightness temperature, 12CO (J=1-0) (1)
8- 10 F3.1 km/s FWHM12CO [2/4] Full width Half Max of 12CO (J=1-0)
12- 15 F4.1 km/s Vlsr12CO [8/11] Central velocity (LSR), 12CO (J=1-0)
21- 24 F4.1 K TR13CO [6/11] Brightness temperature, 13CO (J=1-0) (1)
26- 28 F3.1 km/s FWHM13CO [1/3] Full width Half Max of 13CO (J=1-0)
30- 33 F4.1 km/s Vlsr13CO [8/11] Central velocity (LSR), 13CO (J=1-0)
39- 41 F3.1 K TRC18O [1/3] Brightness temperature, C18O (J=1-0) (1)
43- 45 F3.1 km/s FWHMC18O [0.4/0.8] Full width Half Max of C18O (J=1-0)
47- 50 F4.1 km/s VlsrC18O [8/11] Central velocity (LSR), C18O (J=1-0)
56- 58 F3.1 K TRHCO [0.4/3] Brightness temperature, HCO+ (J=1-0) (1)
60- 62 F3.1 km/s FWHMHCO [1.8/3] Full width Half Max of HCO+ (J=1-0)
64- 67 F4.1 km/s VlsrHCO [8/12] Central velocity (LSR), HCO+ (J=1-0)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): All results presented in this work are expressed as brightness
temperatures, TR*=TA*/ηmb, where TA* is the antenna
temperature and ηmb is the main beam efficiency.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Clump C18O-identified clump name
3- 6 F4.1 K Tex [21/34] Excitation temperature of the clump
(1)
8- 10 F3.1 pc dclump [0.2/0.6] Diameter of the clump, parsecs
12- 14 F3.1 pc e_dclump [0.1] Uncertainty in dclump
16- 19 F4.1 K.km.s-1 Tmb [10/23] Integrated intensity of 13CO emission
21- 23 F3.1 10+20cm-2 NH2 [2.4/6.1] H2 density of the clump
25- 28 F4.1 Msun Mclump [5/25] Mass of the clump
30- 32 F3.1 Msun e_Mclump [1/6] Uncertainty in Mclump
34- 36 F3.1 10-37J Eturb [1/5.2] Turbulent energy of the clump,
10+44erg
38- 40 F3.1 10-37J e_Eturb [0.3/1.2] Uncertainty in Eturb
42- 45 F4.1 10-36J Egrav [1.7/21] Gravitational energy of the clump,
10+43erg
47- 49 F3.1 10-36J e_Egrav [0.5/5] Uncertainty in Egrav
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Note (1): Excitation temperature of the clump, which is obtained by the
12CO spectral line from the C18O peak emission of each clump.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq [0/411] Sequential running identifier, this
work
5- 23 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia DR3 identifier
25- 32 F8.4 deg RAdeg [100/100.4] Right ascension (J2000) (1)
34- 40 F7.4 deg DEdeg [9.6/10.1] Declination (J2000) (1)
42- 47 F6.3 mas plx [-3.9/5.6]? Gaia DR3 parallax
49- 53 F5.3 mas e_plx [0.01/3]? Uncertainty in the parallax
55- 61 F7.3 mas/yr pmRA [-22.3/10.5]? Proper motion in the RA direction
63- 67 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.01/2.2]? Uncertainty in pmRA
69- 75 F7.3 mas/yr pmDE [-35.5/11.2]? Proper motion in the DEC
direction
77- 81 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.01/2]? Uncertainty in pmDE
83- 89 F7.2 km/s Vlsr [-115/30]? LSR velocity
91- 94 F4.2 km/s e_Vlsr [0.04/0.8]? Uncertainty in LSR velocity
96- 100 F5.2 mag Jmag [9.5/19]? 2MASS J band magnitude
102- 105 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.01/0.07]? Uncertainty in Jmag
107- 111 F5.2 mag Hmag [9.2/17.7]? 2MASS H band magnitude
113- 116 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.01/0.06]? Uncertainty in Hmag
118- 122 F5.2 mag Ksmag [8.9/16.8]? 2MASS Ks band magnitude
124- 127 F4.2 mag e_Ksmag [0.01/0.07]? Uncertainty in Ksmag
129- 133 F5.2 mag 3.6mag [5.7/16.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron band
magnitude
135- 138 F4.2 mag e_3.6mag [0/0.2]? Uncertainty in 3.6mag
140- 144 F5.2 mag 4.5mag [5.5/15.5]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron band
magnitude
146- 149 F4.2 mag e_4.5mag [0/0.2]? Uncertainty in 4.5mag
151- 155 F5.2 mag 5.8mag [5.5/15.2]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8 micron band
magnitude
157- 160 F4.2 mag e_5.8mag [0/0.3]? Uncertainty in 5.8mag
162- 166 F5.2 mag 8.0mag [4/14.6]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0 micron band
magnitude
168- 171 F4.2 mag e_8.0mag [0/1.6]? Uncertainty in 8.0mag
173- 177 F5.2 mag 24mag [0.6/10.5]? Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band
magnitude
179- 182 F4.2 mag e_24mag [0/1.4]? Uncertainty in 24mag
184- 185 A2 --- Class ? Source classification (2)
187- 192 A6 --- OClass ? Other source classification(s) (3)
194- 203 A10 --- Ref Reference (4)
205- 213 A9 --- r_Vlsr ? Reference for the LSR velocity (4)
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Note (1): The positions of sources are taken from the literature.
Note (2): Classification as follows:
I = Class I (7 occurrences)
II = Class II (160 occurrences)
AD = anaemic disks (101 occurrences)
NP = disk-less PMS stars (144 occurrences)
Note (3): Classification as follows:
No value = Source not identified (3 occurrences)
0/I = Class 0/I (4 occurrences)
I = Class I (1 occurrence)
II = Class II (125+5 occurrences)
II/III = Class II/III (10 occurrences)
III/F = Class III (231 occurrences)
2 = Class II/III (2 occurrences)
-99 = ambiguous (21 occurrences)
H = Hα emission star (4+1 occurrences)
h = Hα emission candidate
X = X-ray emission star (1 occurrence)
- = Hα emission candidate with X-ray emission, i.e. "-"="X"+"h"
(2 occurrences)
Other classifications explained in Sung et al. (2008, J/AJ/135/441;
2009, J/AJ/138/1116).
Note (4): References as follows:
Sung2009 = 2009, J/AJ/138/1116
Broos2013 = 2013, J/ApJS/209/32
Cody2014 = 2014, J/AJ/147/82
Rapson2014 = 2014, J/ApJ/794/124
Tobin2015 = 2015, J/AJ/149/119
APOGEE = APOGEE-2 DR17, III/286
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- Name Simbad identifier
14- 15 A2 --- f_Name Flag on 15 Mon (1)
17- 28 A12 --- SpT Spectral Type from SIMBAD
30- 37 F8.4 deg RAdeg [100.1/100.4] Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (J2000)
39- 44 F6.4 deg DEdeg [9.7/9.9] Gaia DR3 Declination (J2000)
46- 50 F5.3 mas plx [1.2/3.6]? Gaia DR3 Parallax
52- 56 F5.3 mas e_plx [0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in plx
58- 63 F6.3 mas/yr pmRA [-2.7/-1]? Gaia DR3 Proper motion in RA
65- 70 F6.3 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.02/0.6]? Uncertainty in pmRA
72- 77 F6.3 mas/yr pmDE [-4.3/-1.6]? Gaia DR3 Proper motion in DEC
79- 84 F6.3 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.018/0.4]? Uncertainty in pmDE
86- 104 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia DR3 identifier
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
dg= The astrometry parameters of 15 Mon (HIP 31978) are from
Hipparcos catalog and not Gaia DR3.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 02-Jul-2026