J/ApJ/966/145 NGVS. III. Surface brightness fluctuation dist. (Cantiello+, 2024)
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS).
III. A catalog of surface brightness fluctuation distances and the
three-dimensional distribution of galaxies in the Virgo cluster.
Cantiello M., Blakeslee J.P., Ferrarese L., Cote P., Raimondo G.,
Cuillandre J.-C., Durrell P.R., Gwyn S., Hazra N., Peng E.W.,
Roediger J.C., Sanchez-Janssen R., Kurzner M.
<Astrophys. J., 966, 145 (2024)>
=2024ApJ...966..145C 2024ApJ...966..145C
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy; Galaxies, photometry; Optical; Colors;
Galaxies, radius
Keywords: Distance indicators ; Galaxy distances ; Distance measure ;
Virgo Cluster ; Stellar populations ; Population II stars
Abstract:
The surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method is a robust and
efficient way of measuring distances to galaxies containing evolved
stellar populations. Although many recent applications of the method
have used space-based imaging, SBF remains a powerful technique for
ground-based telescopes. Deep, wide-field imaging surveys with
subarcsecond seeing enable SBF measurements for numerous nearby
galaxies. Using a preliminary calibration,
Cantiello+ 2018ApJ...856..126C 2018ApJ...856..126C presented SBF distances for 89 bright,
mainly early-type galaxies observed in the Next Generation Virgo
Cluster Survey. Here we present a refined calibration and SBF
distances for 278 galaxies extending several magnitudes fainter than
in previous work. The derived distances have uncertainties of 5%-12%
depending on the properties of the individual galaxies, and our sample
is more than 3 times larger than any previous SBF study of this
region. Virgo has a famously complex structure with numerous
subclusters, clouds, and groups; we associate individual galaxies with
the various substructures and map their three-dimensional spatial
distribution. Curiously, subcluster A, centered around M87, appears to
have two peaks in distance: the main peak at ∼16.5Mpc, and a smaller
one at ∼19.4Mpc. Subclusters B and C have distances of ∼15.8Mpc.
The W and W' groups form a filament-like structure, extending more
than 15Mpc behind the cluster with a commensurate velocity increase of
∼1000km/s along its length. These measurements are a valuable resource
for future studies of the relationship between galaxy properties and
local environment within a dynamic and evolving region.
Description:
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) is a deep, multiband
imaging survey with the MegaCam instrument on the Canada-France-Hawaii
Telescope (CFHT) covering an area of 104deg2 and extending out to
the virial radii of the A and B subclusters of Virgo.
This paper presents surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) measurements
and calibrated distances for about 280 galaxies observed as part of NGVS.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
12 30 47.78 +12 23 06.7 Virgo = NAME Virgo Cluster
12 30 49.20 +12 23 29.7 subcluster A = NAME Virgo A Cluster
12 33 39.30 +10 10 57.0 subcluster B = NAME Virgo B Cluster
12 43 23.99 +11 26 59.9 subcluster C = NAME Virgo C Cluster
12 24 00.00 +07 12 00.0 W' group = NAME Virgo Cloud W'
12 19 59.99 +05 47 59.9 W group = NAME Virgo W
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 92 278 List of targets with surface brightness fluctuation
(SBF) measurements
table2.dat 133 278 SBF, colors and distances for the 278 galaxies in
our sample
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/AJ/90/1681 : The Virgo Cluster Catalog (VCC) (Binggeli+, 1985)
J/ApJS/153/223 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. I. (Cote+, 2004)
J/ApJ/655/144 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. (Mei+, 2007)
J/A+A/552/A106 : NGC 1316 BVI images (Cantiello+, 2013)
J/A+A/570/A69 : GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. (Boselli+, 2014)
J/ApJS/227/12 : NGVS XXV. Virgo globular clusters photometry (Powalka+, 2016)
J/ApJ/878/18 : NGVS. XXIII. Nuclear star clusters (Sanchez-Janssen+, 2019)
J/ApJ/890/128 : NGVS. XIV. Bona fide Virgo cluster members (Ferrarese+, 2020)
J/ApJS/250/17 : NGVS. XXXIV. Ultracompact dwarf galaxies in Virgo (Liu+, 2020)
J/A+A/653/A167 : Fornax3D PNe Catalogue (Spriggs+, 2021)
J/ApJS/259/43 : Virgo filaments. II. Sp. gal. around Virgo (Castignani+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- VCC [32/2095]? Virgo Cluster Catalog identifier
(Binggeli+ 1985, J/AJ/90/1681)
6- 14 A9 --- AName Alternative identifier
16- 42 A27 --- NGVS IAU name (NGVSJHH:MM:SS.ss+DD:MM:SS.s)
44- 54 F11.7 deg RAdeg [182.7/193.3] Right Ascension (J2000)
56- 65 F10.7 deg DEdeg [4.9/17.1] Declination (J2000)
67- 71 F5.2 mag BTmag [9.3/19.5] VCC total BT band magnitude
73- 77 F5.3 mag E(B-V) [0.016/0.051] Galactic extinction
79- 83 I5 km/s vHelio [-582/30000]? NED Heliocentric velocity
85- 88 F4.1 --- TType [-5/10]? Hyperleda Morphology type code
90- 92 F3.1 --- e_TType [0.3/7]? Uncertainty in TType
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- VCC [32/2095]? Virgo Cluster Catalog identifier
(Binggeli+ 1985, J/AJ/90/1681)
6- 32 A27 --- NGVS IAU name (NGVSJHH:MM:SS.ss+DD:MM:SS.s) if no
VCC number
34- 38 F5.3 mag (u-z) [1/2.97]? The CFHT (u*-z) color (1)
40- 44 F5.3 mag e_(u-z) [0.001/0.6]? Uncertainty in (u*-z)
46- 50 F5.3 mag (g-i) [0.37/1.12] The CFHT (g-i) color (1)
52- 56 F5.3 mag e_(g-i) [0/0.21] Uncertainty in (g-i)
58- 62 F5.3 mag (g-z) [0.12/1.53] The CFHT (g-z) color (1)
64- 68 F5.3 mag e_(g-z) [0/0.6] Uncertainty in (g-z)
70- 75 F6.3 mag imag [28/31.8] Apparent SBF CFHT i band AB magnitude;
extinction corrected (1) (2)
77- 81 F5.3 mag e_imag [0.03/1.6] Uncertainty in imag
83- 88 F6.3 mag (m-M) [30.29/32.92] Reference distance modulus
90- 94 F5.3 mag e_(m-M) [0.068/1.9] Uncertainty in (m-M)
96-100 F5.2 Mpc dRef [11.46/38.24] Reference distance
102-106 F5.2 Mpc e_dRef [0.5/17.5] Uncertainty in dRef
108-112 F5.2 Mpc dMean [11.65/37.33] Mean distance (3)
114-118 F5.2 Mpc e_dMean [0.5/17.2] Uncertainty in dMean
120-124 F5.2 arcmin2 Area [0.01/15.51] Adopted galaxy projected area
126-130 F5.1 arcsec Rad [2.9/179] Adopted galaxy median radius
132-133 A2 --- Q SBF quality classification flag (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The colors and magnitudes have been extinction corrected using
the values from Schlegel et al. (1998ApJ...500..525S 1998ApJ...500..525S).
All magnitudes are AB mags.
Note (2): Derived from the surface brightness fluctuation measurements.
Note (3): Using all the available SBF versus color calibrations derived here.
Note (4): Surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) quality classification flag
as follows:
q1 = excellent quality (85 occurrences)
q2 = good quality (141 occurrences)
q3 = low quality (52 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
References:
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(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 10-Sep-2026