J/ApJ/993/233 Exoplanets orbiting M-dwarf stars parameters (Wanderley+, 2025)
An Analysis of the Radius Gap in a Sample of Kepler, K2, and
TESS Exoplanets Orbiting M-dwarf Stars.
Wanderley F., Cunha K., Smith V.V., Souto D., Pascucci I., Behmard A.,
Allende Prieto C., Beaton R.L., Bizyaev D., Daflon S., Hasselquist S.,
Howell S., Majewski S.R., Pinsonneault M.
<Astrophys. J. 993, 233 (2025)>
=2025ApJ...993..233W 2025ApJ...993..233W (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, M-type ; Exoplanets ;
Binaries, orbits ; Stars, diameters ; Stars, masses
Keywords: Exoplanet evolution - M dwarf stars - Near infrared astronomy -
Planet hosting stars - Exoplanets
Abstract:
Planetary radii are derived for 218 exoplanets orbiting 161 M dwarf
stars. Stellar radii are based on an analysis of APOGEE
high-resolution near-IR spectra for a subsample of the M dwarfs; these
results are used to define a stellar radius-MKs calibration that is
applied to the sample of M-dwarf planet hosts. The planetary radius
distribution displays a gap over Rp∼1.6-2.0R⊕, bordered by two
peaks at Rp∼1.2-1.6R⊕ (super-Earths) and 2.0-2.4R⊕
(sub-Neptunes). The radius gap is nearly constant with exoplanetary
orbital period (a power-law slope of m=+0.01-0.04+0.03), which is
different (2σ-3σ) from m~-0.10 found previously for FGK
dwarfs. This flat slope agrees with pebble accretion models, which
include photoevaporation and inward orbital migration. The radius gap
as a function of insolation is approximately constant over the range
of Sp∼20-250S⊕. The Rp-Porb plane exhibits a sub-Neptune
desert for Porb<2-days, which appears at Sp>120S⊕, being
significantly smaller than Sp>650S⊕ found in the FGK
planet-hosts, indicating that the appearance of the sub-Neptune desert
is a function of host- star mass. Published masses for 51 exoplanets
are combined with our radii to determine densities, which exhibit a
gap at ρp∼0.9ρ⊕, separating rocky exoplanets from
sub-Neptunes. The density distribution within the sub-Neptune family
itself reveals two peaks, at ρp∼0.4ρ⊕ and
∼0.7ρ⊕. Comparisons to planetary models find that the
low-density group are gas-rich sub-Neptunes, while the group at
<ρp≳0.7ρ⊕ likely consists of volatile-rich water
worlds.
Description:
This table presents stellar and planetary parameters derived in this
work for 225 exoplanets orbiting 167 M dwarf stars observed by the
APOGEE survey.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 442 225 Stellar and Planetary Data
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See also:
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)
IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)
I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)
III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)
I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 18 F18.14 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
20- 39 F20.16 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
41- 54 A14 --- HostName Hostname identifier
56- 61 F6.2 pc Dist Stellar distance (1)
63- 66 F4.2 pc e_Dist Uncertainty in d
68- 70 I3 10-4Lsun L* Stellar luminosity (10^-4 Lsun units)
72- 73 I2 10-4Lsun e_L* Uncertainty in Stellar luminosity
(10-4Lsun units)
75- 80 F6.1 K Teff ? Effective temperature
82- 85 F4.2 [-] logg ? Log of surface gravity
87- 90 F4.2 mag KsMAG Absolute Ks magnitude (2MASS)
92- 95 F4.2 Rsun sR* ? Stellar radius derived from APOGEE spectra
97-100 F4.2 Rsun e_sR* ? Uncertainty in sR*
102-105 F4.2 Rsun cR* Stellar radius derived from MKs versus R*
calibration
107-110 F4.2 Rsun e_cR* Uncertainty in cR*
112-127 A16 --- Planet Exoplanet identifier
129-132 F4.2 % dF ? Transit depth
134-137 F4.2 % E_dF ? Superior uncertainty in dF
139-142 F4.2 % e_dF ? Inferior uncertainty in dF
144-148 F5.2 Rgeo Rp ? Planetary radius
150-153 F4.2 Rgeo E_Rp ? Superior uncertainty in Rp
155-158 F4.2 Rgeo e_Rp ? Inferior uncertainty in Rp
160-164 F5.2 d Porb Planetary orbital period
166-171 F6.2 Earth Sp ? Planetary insolation, in Sgeo unit
173-177 F5.2 Mgeo Mp ? Planetary mass
179-182 F4.2 Mgeo E_Mp ? Superior uncertainty in Mp
184-187 F4.2 Mgeo e_Mp ? Inferior uncertainty in Mp
189-192 F4.2 Earth rhop ? Planetary density, in rhogeo unit
194-197 F4.2 Earth E_rhop ? Superior uncertainty in rhop
199-202 F4.2 Earth e_rhop ? Inferior uncertainty in rhop
204-342 A139 --- r_Mp Bibcodes associated with the selected
planetary mass measurements
344-442 A99 --- r_dF Bibcodes associated with the selected
transit depth measurements
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Note (1): from Bailer-Jones et al. 2021AJ....161..147B 2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352.
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Acknowledgements:
Fabio Wanderley, fabiocarneirowanderley(at)hotmail.com
License: CC-BY-4.0 [see https://spdx.org/licenses/]
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 26-Mar-2026