J/ApJS/213/13 1.3mm polarization maps of star-forming cores & SFRs (Hull+, 2014)
TADPOL: a 1.3mm survey of dust polarization in star-forming cores and regions.
Hull C.L.H., Plambeck R.L., Kwon W., Bower G.C., Carpenter J.M.,
Crutcher R.M., Fiege J.D., Franzmann E., Hakobian N.S., Heiles C.,
Houde M., Hughes A.M., Lamb J.W., Looney L.W., Marrone D.P., Matthews B.C.,
Pillai T., Pound M.W., Rahman N., Sandell G., Stephens I.W., Tobin J.J.,
Vaillancourt J.E., Volgenau N.H., Wright M.C.H.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 213, 13 (2014)>
=2014ApJS..213...13H 2014ApJS..213...13H (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: YSOs ; Polarization ; Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: ISM: magnetic fields; magnetic fields; polarization; stars: formation;
stars: magnetic field; stars: protostars
Abstract:
We present λ1.3mm Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave
Astronomy observations of dust polarization toward 30 star-forming
cores and eight star-forming regions from the TADPOL survey. We show
maps of all sources, and compare the ∼2.5" resolution TADPOL maps with
∼20" resolution polarization maps from single-dish submillimeter
telescopes. Here we do not attempt to interpret the detailed B-field
morphology of each object. Rather, we use average B-field orientations
to derive conclusions in a statistical sense from the ensemble of
sources, bearing in mind that these average orientations can be quite
uncertain. We discuss three main findings. (1) A subset of the sources
have consistent magnetic field (B-field) orientations between large
(∼20") and small (∼2.5") scales. Those same sources also tend to have
higher fractional polarizations than the sources with inconsistent
large-to-small-scale fields. We interpret this to mean that in at
least some cases B-fields play a role in regulating the infall of
material all the way down to the ∼1000AU scales of protostellar
envelopes. (2) Outflows appear to be randomly aligned with B-fields;
although, in sources with low polarization fractions there is a hint
that outflows are preferentially perpendicular to small-scale
B-fields, which suggests that in these sources the fields have been
wrapped up by envelope rotation. (3) Finally, even at ∼2.5" resolution
we see the so-called polarization hole effect, where the fractional
polarization drops significantly near the total intensity peak.
Description:
Observations were made with CARMA between 2011 May and 2013 April.
Three different array configurations were used: C (26-370m baselines,
or telescope spacings), D (11-148m), and E (8.5-66m), which correspond
to angular resolutions at 1.3mm of approximately 1", 2", and 4",
respectively.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 100 39 Observations
table1b.dat 215 38 Additional data from notes for objects in figures;
table added by CDS
fig4_car.dat 75 130 W3 Main polarization information from the CARMA data
fig4_bol.dat 79 45 W3 Main polarization information from the
SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz data
fig5_car.dat 75 94 CARMA polarization data for W3(OH)
fig5_bol.dat 79 31 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for W3(OH)
fig6_car.dat 75 10 CARMA polarization data for L1448 IRS2
fig6_bol.dat 79 13 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1448 IRS2
fig7_car.dat 75 17 CARMA polarization data for L1448N(B)
fig7_bol.dat 79 36 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1448N(B)
fig8_car.dat 75 7 CARMA polarization data for L1448C
fig8_bol.dat 79 20 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1448C
fig9_car.dat 75 4 CARMA polarization data for L1455 IRS1
fig9_bol.dat 79 21 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1455 IRS1
fig10_car.dat 75 30 CARMA polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS2A
fig10_bol.dat 79 34 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS2A
fig11_car.dat 75 37 CARMA polarization data for SVS13
fig11_bol.dat 79 51 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for SVS13
fig12_car.dat 75 52 CARMA polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS4A
fig12_bol.dat 79 53 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS4A
fig13b_car.dat 75 4 CARMA polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS4B2
fig13_car.dat 75 25 CARMA polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS4B
fig13_bol.dat 79 53 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for NGC1333-IRAS4B
and NGC1333-IRAS4B2
fig14_car.dat 75 26 CARMA polarization data for HH211mm
fig14_bol.dat 79 41 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for HH211mm
fig15_car.dat 75 2 CARMA polarization data for DG Tau
fig16_car.dat 75 15 CARMA polarization data for L1551NE
fig16_bol.dat 79 4 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1551NE
fig17_car.dat 75 9 CARMA polarization data for L1527
fig17_bol.dat 79 42 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1527
fig18_car.dat 75 5 CARMA polarization data for CB26
fig18_bol.dat 79 3 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for CB26
fig19_car.dat 75 108 CARMA polarization data for Orion-KL
fig19_bol.dat 79 84 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for Orion-KL
fig20b_car.dat 75 19 CARMA polarization data for OMC3-MMS5
fig20_car.dat 75 27 CARMA polarization data for OMC3-MMS6
fig20_bol.dat 79 32 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for OMC3-MMS6 and
OMC3-MMS5
fig21b_car.dat 75 7 CARMA polarization data for OMC2-FIR3
fig21_car.dat 75 57 CARMA polarization data for OMC2-FIR4
fig21_bol.dat 79 34 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for OMC2-FIR4 and
OMC2-FIR3
fig22_car.dat 75 10 CARMA polarization data for CB54
fig22_bol.dat 79 30 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for CB54
fig23_car.dat 75 13 CARMA polarization data for VLA1623
fig23_bol.dat 79 66 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for VLA1623
fig24_car.dat 75 8 CARMA polarization data for Ser-emb17
fig25_car.dat 75 6 CARMA polarization data for Ser-emb1
fig26b_car.dat 75 16 CARMA polarization data for Ser-emb8(N)
fig26_car.dat 75 19 CARMA polarization data for Ser-emb8
fig26_bol.dat 79 40 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for Ser-emb8 and
Ser-emb8(N)
fig27_car.dat 75 34 CARMA polarization data for Ser-emb6
fig27_bol.dat 79 45 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for Ser-emb6
fig28_car.dat 75 3 CARMA polarization data for HH108 IRAS
fig29_car.dat 75 46 CARMA polarization data for G034.43+00.24 MM1
fig30_car.dat 75 9 CARMA polarization data for G034.43+00.24 MM3
fig31_car.dat 75 6 CARMA polarization data for B335 IRS
fig31_bol.dat 79 17 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for B335 IRS
fig32_car.dat 75 123 CARMA polarization data for DR21(OH)
fig32_bol.dat 79 66 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for DR21(OH)
fig33_car.dat 75 48 CARMA polarization data for L1157
fig33_bol.dat 79 4 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for L1157
fig34_car.dat 75 35 CARMA polarization data for CB230
fig34_bol.dat 79 9 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for CB230
fig35_car.dat 75 3 CARMA polarization data for L1165
fig36_car.dat 75 84 CARMA polarization data for NGC7538 IRS1
fig36_bol.dat 79 36 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for NGC7538 IRS1
fig37_car.dat 75 2 CARMA polarization data for CB244
fig37_bol.dat 79 6 SCUBA/SHARP/Hertz polarization data for CB244
fits/* 0 236 All the FITS files for the 38 sources in figures
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See also:
II/226 : Stellar polarization catalogs agglomeration (Heiles, 2000)
VII/9 : Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae (Lynds 1965)
J/ApJ/716/893 : Polarisation at 850mu{m} in OMC-2 and OMC-3 (Poidevin+, 2010)
J/ApJS/186/406 : 350um polarimetry from CSO (Dotson+, 2010)
J/ApJS/185/451 : PMS stars in the Cepheus flare region (Kun+, 2009)
J/ApJ/707/103 : Observation of Ser FIRS 1 at 230GHz (Enoch+, 2009)
J/ApJS/182/143 : SCUPOL Legacy polarimetry of SCUBA (Matthews+, 2009)
J/A+A/494/147 : T Tauri stars in CB 26 molecular outflows (Launhardt+, 2009)
J/A+A/490/213 : 1.4 and 3.4mm interferometry of W3 IRS5 (Rodon+, 2008)
J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/379/663 : 850um observations of W3 giant molecular cloud (Moore+, 2007)
J/A+A/468/1009 : Star formation in Perseus. II. (Hatchell+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/1560 : Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores (Wu+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/1528 : IR nebulae around young stellar objects (Connelley+, 2007)
J/ApJ/651/L125 : Water masers associated with IR dark cloud cores (Wang+, 2006)
J/ApJS/156/169 : Confirmed class 0 sources list (Froebrich, 2005)
J/ApJS/155/149 : CH3OH 70-61 A+ maser sources (Kurtz+, 2004)
J/ApJ/604/717 : Polarization in OMC 1/4 (Houde+, 2004)
J/ApJ/602/850 : JHK' photometry near IRAS 18507+0121 (Shepherd+, 2004)
J/ApJS/125/427 : Radio sources in HH 7-11 region (Rodriguez+, 1999)
J/AJ/117/354 : OB associations from Hipparcos (de Zeeuw+, 1999)
J/ApJS/115/59 : Cepheus flare molecular clouds (Kun, 1998)
J/A+A/308/573 : Ammonia on YSOs IRAS sources (Molinari+ 1996)
J/A+AS/115/81 : A CS(2-1) survey of UC HII regions (Bronfman+, 1996)
J/ApJS/95/419 : Molecular clouds in Cygnus. I. (Dobashi+ 1994)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- Name Source designation
19 A1 --- f_Name [c] Flag on Name (1)
21- 22 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000) (2)
24- 25 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
27- 30 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
32 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000) (2)
33- 34 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000) (2)
36- 37 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
39- 42 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
44- 47 I4 mJy/beam Ipk [43/3270]? Maximum total intensity (3)
49 A1 --- l_Pcpk Limit flag on Pcpk (4)
51- 54 F4.1 mJy/beam Pcpk [1.5/92]? Maximum bias-corrected polarized
intensity Pc,pk (3)
56- 58 F3.1 % PFrac [1/8]? Average polarization fraction
{overline}Pfrac (5)
60- 62 F3.1 % e_PFrac [0.2/3.2]? PFrac uncertainty
64- 66 I3 deg Chilg [14/173]? Average large-scale B-field
orientation χlg (6)
68- 69 I2 deg e_Chilg [10/79]? Chilg uncertainty (7)
71- 73 I3 deg Chism [3/172]? Average small-scale B-field
orientation χsm (6)
75- 76 I2 deg e_Chism [4/66]? Chism uncertainty (7)
78- 79 I2 deg Lg-Sm [0/87]? |χlg-χsm| value (8)
81- 82 I2 deg e_Lg-Sm [14/92]? Lg-Sm uncertainty (9)
84- 86 I3 deg Chio ? Outflow orientation χo (6)
87 A1 --- f_Chio [*] *: sources included in Figure 2
89- 91 A3 --- Type Source type (10)
93- 96 I4 pc Dist [125/2650]? Distance to the source (d)
98-100 F3.1 arcsec Theta [2.2/4.1]? Synthesized-beam size (11)
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Note (1):
c = NGC 1333-IRAS 2A has two well-defined outflows. Both outflow orientations
are listed here and both are included in Figure 2.
Note (2): Coordinates are fitted positions of dust emission peaks measured
in the CARMA maps.
Note (3): Polarized and total intensity maxima do not necessarily coincide
spatially.
Note (4): Upper limits on the polarized intensity Pc,pk are given for sources
with Pc,pk<3.5σP. Because of low-level calibration artifacts,
the small-scale B-field angles χsm for such sources are not
always reliable.
Note (5): The polarization fraction {overline}Pfrac={overline}P/{overline}I,
where {overline}P and {overline}I are the unweighted averages of the
polarization and total intensities in locations
where Pc>3.5σP.
Note (6): measured counterclockwise from the north.
Note (7): The uncertainties in χlg and χsm are the circular standard
deviations of the B-field orientations used in the averages, and thus
reflect the dispersion of the B-field orientations in each source.
Note (8): |χlg-χsm| is the angle difference between the large- and
small-scale B-field orientations.
Note (9): The uncertainties in |χlg-χsm| is equal to the
uncertainties in χsm and χlg added in quadrature. The
B-field is assumed to be perpendicular to the position angle of the
dust polarization.
Note (10): Source types as follows:
0 = Class 0 young stellar object (YSO)),
I = Class I YSO,
II = Class II YSO, and
SFR = star-forming region.
Note (11): θbm is the geometric mean of the major and minor axes of the
synthesized beam.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1b.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Fig Figure number
3 A1 --- f_Fig [b] Flag on Fig (1)
5- 21 A17 --- Name Source designation as in table 1
23- 26 F4.2 arcsec Theta2 [2.2/4.2] Mean synthesized-beam size
(resolution element); more precise than
in table 1
28- 34 F7.5 Jy/beam rmsI [0.0005/0.3] RMS noise in Stokes I
36- 42 F7.5 Jy/beam rmsPc [0.0003/0.01] RMS noise in polarized intensity
44- 64 A21 --- File1 FileName in subdirectory fits for cleaned cube
of the total intensity (Stokes I) CO(J=2->1)
or SiO(J=5->4) spectral-line emission
66- 88 A23 --- File2 FileName in subdirectory fits for cleaned map
of total intensity (Stokes I) dust emission
90-112 A23 --- File3 FileName in subdirectory fits for cleaned map
of total intensity (Stokes Q) dust emission
114-136 A23 --- File4 FileName in subdirectory fits for cleaned map
of total intensity (Stokes U) dust emission
138-161 A24 --- File5 FileName in subdirectory fits for map of the
position angle of the true dust polarization
(not the B-field)
163-189 A27 --- File6 FileName in subdirectory fits for map of
polarization fraction (Pc/I)
191-215 A25 --- File7 FileName in subdirectory fits for map of
total debiased polarized dust emission
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Note (1): Some figures include more than one source:
b = In Figure 13, CARMA data for NGC1333-IRAS4B and 4B2;
In Figure 20, CARMA data for OMC3-MMS5 and MMS6;
In Figure 21, CARMA data for OMC2-FIR3 and FIR4;
In Figure 26, CARMA data for Ser-emb 8; and Ser-emb 8 (N);
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig*_car.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
11- 20 F10.5 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
22- 30 F9.5 --- I [0.001/30] Stokes I total intensity; Jy/beam
(see table1b.dat for rms and theta)
32- 40 F9.5 --- Pc [0.0003/33] Bias-corrected polarized intensity;
Jy/beam (see table1b.dat for rms and theta)
42- 47 F6.1 % PFrac [0/103] Fractional polarization; Pc/I
49- 54 F6.1 % e_PFrac [0/45] RMS uncertainty in PFrac
64- 68 F5.1 deg PA [0.2/180] Position angle of inferred B-field (1)
71- 75 F5.1 deg e_PA [0.5/15] Uncertainty in PA
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Note (1): Measured counterclockwise from north. The polarization PA has been
rotated by 90 deg to reflect the inferred B-field.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig*_bol.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
11- 20 F10.5 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
22- 32 F11.5 --- I [0.0002/2100] Stokes I total intensity (1)
34- 39 F6.1 % PFrac [0.001/74] Fractional polarization; P/I
41- 47 F7.1 % e_PFrac [0/34] RMS uncertainty in PFrac
56- 61 F6.1 deg PA [0/180] Position angle of inferred B-field (2)
63- 68 F6.1 deg e_PA [0.3/16] Uncertainty in PA
70- 79 A10 --- Inst Instrument that took original data (3)
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Note (1): Data have different units: SCUBA (Volts), Hertz (Jy/beam), and
SHARP (percentage of peak Stokes I intensity).
Data were taken at different wavelengths: SCUBA (850 microns),
Hertz (350 microns) and SHARP (350 microns).
Note (2): Measured counterclockwise from north. The polarization PA has been
rotated by 90 deg to reflect the inferred B-field.
Note (3): Sources of original data: SCUBA (Matthews+ 2009, J/ApJS/182/143),
Hertz (Dotson+ 2010, J/ApJS/186/406), and
SHARP (Attard+ 2009ApJ...702.1584A 2009ApJ...702.1584A, Davidson+ 2011ApJ...732...97D 2011ApJ...732...97D,
and Chapman+ 2013ApJ...770..151C 2013ApJ...770..151C).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 04-Sep-2014