J/ApJS/241/1 Surveys of clumps & cores in Cygnus X. I. ∼0.1pc MDCs (Cao+, 2019)
Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus X.
I. A new catalog of ∼0.1pc massive dense cores.
Cao Y., Qiu K., Zhang Q., Wang Y., Hu B., Liu J.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 241, 1-1 (2019)>
=2019ApJS..241....1C 2019ApJS..241....1C (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium; Star Forming Region; Energy distributions;
Photometry, millimetric/submm; Infrared sources
Keywords: ISM: clouds; ISM: individual objects: Cygnus X;
ISM: structure; stars: formation; stars: massive
Abstract:
Using infrared to (sub)millimeter data from Spitzer, Herschel, the
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and the IRAM 30m telescope, we
conducted an unbiased survey of the massive dense cores (MDCs) in the
Cygnus X molecular cloud complex, aimed at characterizing the physical
conditions of high-mass star formation (HMSF) at ∼0.1pc scales. We
created 5°x6° images of the 70-1200µm dust continuum, gas
column density, and dust temperature of Cygnus X. A spatial relation
between the dense regions (Av≥15) and the developed HII regions was
found, indicating the impact of the latter on the global structures of
Cygnus X. With a 35M☉ mass threshold implied by HMSF signposts,
we identified 151 MDCs with sizes of ∼0.1pc, masses of
35-1762M☉, and temperatures of 8-35K. Our MDC sample is
statistically complete in Cygnus X and is three times larger than that
in Motte+ (2007, J/A+A/476/1243). The MDCs were classified into
IR-bright/IR-quiet ones based on their midinfrared fluxes, and a large
"IR-quiet" proportion (90%) was found in our sample. Two possible
scenarios were proposed to interpret accelerated HMSF and the
incapability of HMSF of the IR-quiet MDCs. We also found 26 starless
MDCs by their lack of compact emissions at 21-70µm wavelengths, of
which the most massive ones are probably the best candidates of
initial HMSF sites in Cygnus X.
Description:
The published 1.2mm continuum images from the MAMBO and MAMBO-2
cameras of the 30m telescope of Institut de Radioastronomie
Millimetrique (IRAM) in M07 (Motte+ 2007, J/A+A/476/1243) were used
for our analysis. The JCMT SCUBA-2 continuum data at 450 and 850um
toward Cygnus X were obtained from the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre,
which have not been published before. The observations were made in
scan mode during 2011-2015.
See Section 2.1.
Continuum images in the wavelengths of Herschel PACS (70 and 160um)
and SPIRE (250, 350, and 500um) were obtained from the Herschel
Science Archive.
See Section 2.2.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table6.dat 111 151 Properties of massive dense cores (MDCs) in Cygnus X
table7.dat 136 151 *Fluxes of the MDCs in Cygnus X obtained by getsource
table9.dat 72 130 Midinfrared sources associated with
the MDCs in Cygnus X
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Note on table7.dat: NULL values mean the data are not available in the
continuum images used for source extraction.
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See also:
V/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/368 : The Spitzer (SEIP) source list (SSTSL2) (Spitzer Science Center, 2021)
J/A+A/241/551 : Radio continuum in Cygnus X region (Wendker+ 1991)
J/A+A/403/1095 : 6.7GHz methanol masers survey of low-mass YSO (Minier+, 2003)
J/A+A/432/737 : General Catalog of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)
J/ApJ/641/389 : Millimetric observations of IRDC cores (Rathborne+, 2006)
J/A+A/462/L17 : Dense cores in interstellar molecular clouds (Alves+, 2007)
J/A+A/472/835 : JHKs and GLIMPSE photometry of RCW 120 (Zavagno+, 2007)
J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)
J/A+A/527/A135 : Gas dynamics in Massive Dense Cores in Cyg-X (Csengeri+, 2011)
J/A+A/570/A1 : Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes (Duarte-Cabral+, 2014)
J/A+A/561/A83 : SDC13 infrared dark clouds spectra (Peretto+, 2014)
J/AJ/148/11 : Infrared photometry in Cygnus-X (Kryukova+, 2014)
J/ApJS/212/1 : The WISE catalog of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2014)
J/ApJ/833/18 : Ultra-compact HII regions & methanol masers. I. (Hu+, 2016)
J/A+A/602/A77 : HOBYS: 46 MDCs found in NGC 6334 (Tige+, 2017)
J/ApJ/927/185 : Surveys of clumps & cores in Cygnus X. II. VLA. (Wang+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- [CQZ2019] MDC name
10- 13 A4 --- M07 Associated source in M07
(Motte+ 2007, J/A+A/476/1243) (1)
15- 16 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
18- 19 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
21- 25 F5.2 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
27 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
31- 32 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
34- 37 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
39- 43 F5.3 pc FWHM0 [0.03/0.3]? Deconvolved FWHM sizes in the
Herschel 160um band (2)
45- 49 F5.3 pc FWHM [0.08/0.31] Convolved FWHM sizes in the
Herschel 160um band (2)
51- 54 F4.1 --- Temp [8.4/34.7] Dust temperature (3)
56- 59 F4.1 --- e_Temp [0.2/12.1] Temp uncertainty
61- 66 F6.1 Msun Mass [35.1/1762] Mass (3)
68- 72 F5.1 Msun e_Mass [2.1/261] Mass uncertainty
74- 75 A2 --- l_NH2 [≥ ] Limit flag on NH2
77- 82 F6.1 cm-2 NH2 [2.5/1263.3] Hydrogen column density;
NH2=(4/π)(M/(µH2mHFWHMdec2))
84- 85 A2 --- l_nH2 [≥ ] Limit flag on nH2
87- 92 F6.1 --- nH2 [0.4/1715] Volume-averaged H2 density
nH2=(6/π)(M/(µH2mHFWHMdec3))
94- 101 F8.2 --- LFIR [1.99/20413] FIR luminosity (4)
103- 111 A9 --- Class Infrared classification (5)
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Note (1): Names of the MDCs in M07 (Motte+ 2007, J/A+A/476/1243) that are
associated with our MDCs with a positional tolerance of 10" (see
Section 4.2.1).
Note (2): Ellipses will show where convolved sizes are smaller than the
Herschel beam.
Note (3): Dust temperatures and masses were obtained by SED fitting
(Section 3.2.2). The errors in come from the flux uncertainties and
the fitting errors.
Note (4): Estimated as:
LFIR=4πD2∫0+{inf}(((κνBν(T)M)/D2)dν)
Note (5): Infrared classifications of the MDCs (see Section 3.3). Note that
starless MDCs also belong to IR-quiet MDCs.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- [CQZ2019] MDC name
10- 18 F9.3 Jy F70 [0.4/11010]? Herschel/PACS 70 um flux density
20- 24 F5.2 Jy e_F70 [0.02/43.5]? F70 uncertainty
26 A1 --- f_F70 Flag on F70 (1)
28- 36 F9.3 Jy F160 [0.79/10470]? Herschel/PACS 160 um flux density
38- 42 F5.2 Jy e_F160 [0.09/35]? F160 uncertainty
44 A1 --- f_F160 Flag on F160 (1)
46- 53 F8.3 Jy F250 [0.3/1116]? Herschel/SPIRE 250 um flux density
55- 59 F5.2 Jy e_F250 [0.07/24.1]? F250 uncertainty
61 A1 --- f_F250 Flag on F250 (1)
63- 70 F8.3 Jy F350 [0.5/1762]? Herschel/SPIRE 350 um flux density
72- 75 F4.2 Jy e_F350 [0.05/8.4]? F350 uncertainty
77 A1 --- f_F350 Flag on F350 (1)
79- 85 F7.3 Jy F450 [0.29/394]? JCMT/SCUBA-2 450um flux density
87- 90 F4.2 Jy e_F450 [0.02/2.4]? F450 uncertainty
92 A1 --- f_F450 Flag on F450 (1)
94- 100 F7.3 Jy F500 [0.7/898]? Herschel/SPIRE 500 um flux density
102- 105 F4.2 Jy e_F500 [0.04/3.4]? F500 uncertainty
107 A1 --- f_F500 Flag on F500 (1)
109- 115 F7.3 Jy F850 [0.1/114]? JCMT/SCUBA-2 850um flux density
117- 120 F4.2 Jy e_F850 [0.02/1]? F850 uncertainty
122 A1 --- f_F850 Flag on F850 (1)
124- 129 F6.3 Jy F1.2mm [0.05/22.6]? IRAM/MAMBO 1.2mm flux density
131- 134 F4.2 Jy e_F1.2mm [0.01/0.2]? F1.2mm uncertainty
136 A1 --- f_F1.2mm Flag on F1.2mm (1)
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Note (1):
a = Fluxes were not used for SED fitting because they deviate largely
from the model or the wavelengths are at 70um (see Section 3.2.2).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- [CQZ2019] MDC name
10- 19 A10 --- Meth Methods used to extract fluxes (1)
21- 25 F5.3 Jy F24 [0.004/6.6]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um flux
27- 45 A19 --- Spitzer Spitzer identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
47- 54 F8.3 Jy F21 [-1.5/1241]? MSX6C 21um flux
56- 72 A17 --- MSX6C MSX6C identifier (GBBB.bbbb+LL.llll)
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Note (1): Methods used to extract fluxes. "Catalog" means that the fluxes were
quoted from archival catalogs, and "photometry" means that the fluxes
were obtained by manual photometry (see Section 3.3).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Wang et al. Paper II. 2022ApJ...927..185W 2022ApJ...927..185W Cat. J/ApJ/927/185
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 18-Jan-2024