J/ApJS/251/20 ALMA survey of Orion PGCCs (ALMASOP). II. 1.3mm (Dutta+, 2020)
ALMA survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP).
II. Survey overview: a first look at 1.3mm continuum maps and molecular
outflows.
Dutta S., Lee C.-F., Liu T., Hirano N., Liu S.-Y., Tatematsu K., Kim K.-T.,
Shang H., Sahu D., Kim G., Moraghan A., Jhan K.-S., Hsu S.-Y., Evans N.J.,
Johnstone D., Ward-Thompson D., Kuan Y.-J., Lee C.W., Lee J.-E.,
Traficante A., Juvela M., Vastel C., Zhang Q., Sanhueza P., Soam A.,
Kwon W., Bronfman L., Eden D., Goldsmith P.F., He J., Wu Y., Pelkonen V.-M.,
Qin S.-L., Li S., Li Di
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 251, 20 (2020)>
=2020ApJS..251...20D 2020ApJS..251...20D
ADC_Keywords: Star Forming Region; Interstellar medium; Energy distributions;
YSOs; Stars, masses; Photometry, infrared;
Photometry, millimetric/submm
Keywords: Star formation; Star forming regions; Early stellar evolution;
Protostars; Low mass stars; Stellar jets; Stellar winds;
Astrochemistry; Stellar abundances; Spectral energy distribution;
Dense interstellar clouds; Interstellar medium
Abstract:
Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) are considered to be the ideal
targets to probe the early phases of star formation. We have conducted
a survey of 72 young dense cores inside PGCCs in the Orion complex
with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.3mm
(band 6) using three different configurations (resolutions ∼0.35",
1.0", and 7.0") to statistically investigate their evolutionary stages
and substructures. We have obtained images of the 1.3mm continuum and
molecular line emission (12CO, and SiO) at an angular resolution of
∼0.35" (∼140au) with the combined arrays. We find 70 substructures
within 48 detected dense cores with median dust mass ∼0.093M☉
and deconvolved size ∼0.27". Dense substructures are clearly detected
within the central 1000au of four candidate prestellar cores. The
sizes and masses of the substructures in continuum emission are found
to be significantly reduced with protostellar evolution from Class 0
to Class I. We also study the evolutionary change in the outflow
characteristics through the course of protostellar mass accretion. A
total of 37 sources exhibit CO outflows, and 20 (>50%) show
high-velocity jets in SiO. The CO velocity extents (ΔVs) span
from 4 to 110km/s with outflow cavity opening angle width at 400au
ranging from [Θobs]400∼0.6"-3.9", which corresponds to
33.4°-125.7°. For the majority of the outflow sources, the
ΔVs show a positive correlation with [Θobs]400,
suggesting that as protostars undergo gravitational collapse, the
cavity opening of a protostellar outflow widens and the protostars
possibly generate more energetic outflows.
Description:
The ALMA observations of the ALMA Survey of Orion PGCCs (ALMASOP)
(Project ID:2018.1.00302.S.; PI: Tie Liu) were carried out with ALMA
band 6 in Cycle 6 toward the 72 extremely young dense cores, during
2018 October to 2019 January. The observations spanning 2018 Oct 24 to
2019 Mar 05 were executed in four blocks in three different array
configurations: 12m C43-5 (TM1, resolution∼0.35"), 12m C43-2 (TM2,
resolution∼1"), and 7m ACA (resolution ∼7").
In this paper, we present the results of the cold dusty envelope+disk
emission tracer 1.3mm continuum, low-velocity outflow tracer
CO J=2-1 (230.462GHz), and high-velocity jet tracer SiO J=5-4 (217.033GHz)
line emission.
Also, we searched for the submm, MIR, and NIR counterparts of each
dense core in the archived Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS;
Cutri+ 2003, II/246), UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS;
Lawrence+ 2007, see II/319), Spitzer Space Telescope survey of Orion
A-B (Megeath+ 2012, J/AJ/144/192), WISE (Wright+ 2010, see II/328),
AKARI (Doi+ 2015, see II/297), Herschel Orion Protostellar survey
(HOPS; Stutz+ 2013, J/ApJ/767/36 and Tobin+ 2015ApJ...798..128T 2015ApJ...798..128T),
Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX; Stutz+ 2013, J/ApJ/767/36), and
the 850um JCMT (Yi+ 2018, J/ApJS/236/51). See Section 3.3.1.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 122 72 Details of targeted dense cores in the Orion Complex
table5.dat 200 70 Continuum and line-emission properties of all objects
table6.dat 919 70 SED data for the continuum peak
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/jcmt : Jame Clerk Maxwell Telescope Science Archive (CADC, 2003)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
II/297 : AKARI/IRC mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)
J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS photom. of protostar cand. (Kryukova+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A and B. I. YSO cat. (Megeath+, 2012)
J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)
J/A+A/568/L5 : HH 212 CO, CS and 850um ALMA images (Codella+, 2014)
J/ApJ/783/6 : Deconvolved Spitzer images of 89 protostars (Velusamy+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/454/3597 : NGC 2282 BVI Ha observations (Dutta+, 2015)
J/A+A/576/A109 : YSOs APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO maps (Yildiz+, 2015)
J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)
J/A+A/587/A153 : VISION I. VISTA Orion A Survey (Meingast+, 2016)
J/ApJ/823/160 : ALMA 106GHz continuum observations in Cha I (Dunham+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)
J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Catalog of Galactic cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)
J/ApJ/818/73 : Study of protostars in Perseus molecular cloud (Tobin+, 2016)
J/ApJ/821/52 : NIR survey of Spitzer YSOs in Orion (Kounkel+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/463/1008 : LDN 1495 SCUBA-2 and Herschel data (Ward-Thompson+, 2016)
J/A+A/600/A141 : Orion A integral shaped filament image (Kainulainen+, 2017)
J/ApJ/864/154 : Planck cold clump G108.37-01.06 YSO candidates (Dutta+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)
J/ApJS/236/51 : PGCCs in lambda Ori complex. II. Cores at 850um (Yi+, 2018)
J/ApJS/238/19 : VANDAM IV. Protostar free-free emissions (Tychoniec+, 2018)
J/A+A/636/A38 : W43-MM1 ALMA 12CO(2-1) datacube (Nony+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Region Region identifier (Orion A, Orion B or
lambda-Ori)
12- 30 A19 --- ID ALMA target identifier (GLLL.ll+BB.bbWN
or GLLL.ll+BB.bbWNalma)
32- 33 A2 --- f_ID Flag on ID (1)
35- 36 I2 h RAh [5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
38- 39 I2 min RAm [29/56] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
41- 46 F6.3 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
48 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
49- 50 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
52- 53 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
55- 60 F6.3 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
62- 76 A15 --- JCMT JCMT identifier (GLLL.ll+BB.bbWN)
78 A1 --- f_JCMT [*] Flag on JCMT (2)
80- 98 A19 --- FullDet Detection with TM1 (12m C43-5),
TM2 (12m C43-2), & 7m ACA (3)
100-104 F5.3 mJy/beam Fullrms [0.03/0.7] Full detection root-mean-square
106-116 A11 --- ACADet ACA detection only (3)
118-122 F5.2 --- ACArms [0.24/12] ACA detection only root-mean-square
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
dg = In ALMA archive, they are listed as G208.89-20.04W and G211.72-19.25S1,
respectively. These objects are different than JCMT dense cores
catalog in Yi+ (2018, J/ApJS/236/51), with the same names.
These objects are selected directly from JCMT images for ALMA
observations.
Note (2):
* = Note that, the ALMA archive names are different than the JCMT dense
core names in Yi+ (2018, J/ApJS/236/51)
Note (3): weak emission detections are marked, whereas the ∼3σ level
emissions or questionable detections are marked with "(weak?)". These
are not included in the final detection count.
In few targeted positions, no emission detected around the dense core
coordinates but some other compact emission detected. They are marked
with "(other?)".
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID Source identifier (GLLL.ll+BB.bbWN or
G208.89-20.04Walma)
20- 22 A3 --- m_ID Component identifier within ID
24- 24 A1 --- f_ID [x] Flag on ID (1)
26- 27 I2 h RAh [5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
29- 30 I2 min RAm [29/53] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
32- 36 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
38- 38 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)(2)
39- 40 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)
42- 43 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (2)
45- 49 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (2)
51- 56 F6.3 arcsec amaj [0/14.7] Deconvolved major Axis (2)
58- 62 F5.3 arcsec e_amaj [0/0.7] Uncertainty in amaj (2)
64- 68 F5.3 arcsec bmin [0/4.8] Deconvolved minor Axis (2)
70- 74 F5.3 arcsec e_bmin [0/0.6] Uncertainty in bmin (2)
76- 81 F6.2 deg PA [0/174] Position angle (2)
83- 88 F6.2 deg e_PA [0/500] Uncertainty in PA (2)
90- 95 F6.2 mJy F1.3 [1.2/812] Integrated flux density (2)
97-101 F5.2 mJy e_F1.3 [0.04/21] Uncertainty in F1.3 (2)
103-108 F6.2 mJy/beam P1.3 [0.2/300] Peak flux (2)
110-113 F4.2 mJy e_P1.3 [0.01/9.3] Uncertainty in P1.3 (2)
115-119 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.003/4.8] Estimated mass (2)
121-125 F5.3 Msun e_Mass [0.001/2.1] Uncertainty in Mass (2)
127-127 A1 --- l_DelVB Limit flag on DelVB
128-130 I3 km/s DelVB [2/114]? Maximum blue component outflow
velocity of CO (3)
132-132 A1 --- f_DelVB [c] c = complex structure
134-135 I2 km/s E_DelVB [4/22]? Upper uncertainty in DelVB (3)
137-138 I2 km/s e_DelVB [0/20]? Lower uncertainty in DelVB (3)
140-140 A1 --- l_DelVR Limit flag on DelVR
141-143 I3 km/s DelVR [4/106]? Maximum red component outflow
velocity of CO (3)
145-145 A1 --- f_DelVR [c] c = complex structure
147-148 I2 km/s E_DelVR [4/22]? Upper uncertainty in DelVR (3)
150-151 I2 km/s e_DelVR [2/24]? Lower uncertainty in DelVR (3)
153-156 F4.2 arcsec OF400 [0.6/3.9]? Outflow cavity width at 400um (3)
158-161 F4.2 arcsec e_OF400 [0.01/2.1]? Uncertainty in OF400 (3)
163-166 F4.2 arcsec OF800 [0.9/6.2]? Outflow cavity width at 800um (3)
168-171 F4.2 arcsec e_OF800 [0.01/3.3]? Uncertainty in OF800 (3)
173-173 A1 --- SiO SiO jet detected? (Y)es or (N)o
175-177 I3 K Tbol [15/750]? Bolometric temperature from IR data
179-181 I3 K e_Tbol [5/193]? Uncertainty in Tbol
183-187 F5.1 Lsun Lbol [0.1/180]? Bolometric luminosity from IR data
189-192 F4.1 Lsun e_Lbol [0.1/70]? Uncertainty in Lbol
194-196 I3 --- Class [-1/111]? Class (4)
198-200 I3 --- HOPS [10/402]? HOPS catalog identifier
in Furlan+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
x = The objects are likely point sources and they are not resolved in
deconvolved 2-D Gaussian fitting in combined TM1+TM2+ACA beam.
Further investigation are required to confirm their candidacy.
Note (2): of 1.3mm continuum from TM1+TM2+ACA observations.
Note (3): Blanks indicate not estimated or not found.
Note (4): Class code as follows:
-1 = Starless (4 occurrences);
0 = Class 0 (37 occurrences);
1 = Class 1 (19 occurrences);
111 = Unclassified (10 occurrences).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID Source identifier (GLLL.ll+BB.bbWN or
G208.89-20.04Walma)
20- 22 A3 --- m_ID Component identifier within ID
24- 25 I2 h RAh [5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
27- 28 I2 min RAm [29/53] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
30- 40 F11.8 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
42 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
43- 44 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
46- 47 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
49- 59 F11.8 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
61- 69 E9.3 Jy FJ2M [0.0003/0.2]? 2MASS J band flux density
71- 79 E9.3 Jy e_FJ2M [5.3e-05/0.006]? Uncertainty in FJ2M
81- 89 E9.3 Jy FH2M [0.0004/0.91]? 2MASS H band flux density
91- 99 E9.3 Jy e_FH2M [9.4e-05/0.04]? Uncertainty in FH2M
101-109 E9.3 Jy FKs2M [0.0008/2.8]? 2MASS Ks band flux density
111-119 E9.3 Jy e_FKs2M [8.8e-08/0.2]? Uncertainty in FKs2M
121-129 E9.3 Jy FJ [5e-05/5.1e-05]? UKIDSS J band flux density
131-139 E9.3 Jy e_FJ [9.4e-06/9.9e-06]? Uncertainty in FJ
141-149 E9.3 Jy FH [0.0002/0.003]? UKIDSS H band flux density
151-159 E9.3 Jy e_FH [6.2e-06/1.6e-05]? Uncertainty in FH
161-169 E9.3 Jy FK [5.5e-05/0.02]? UKIDSS K band flux density
171-179 E9.3 Jy e_FK [7.4e-06/2.1e-05]? Uncertainty in FK
181-189 E9.3 Jy FW1 [1.6e-05/7.2]? WISE 3.4um band flux density
191-199 E9.3 Jy e_FW1 [6.5e-06/2.1]? Uncertainty in FW1
201-209 E9.3 Jy FW2 [0.00013/11.8]? WISE 4.6um band flux density
211-219 E9.3 Jy e_FW2 [1.3e-05/4.5]? Uncertainty in FW2
221-229 E9.3 Jy FW3 [0.003/16.8]? WISE 12um band flux density
231-239 E9.3 Jy e_FW3 [0.0002/1.1]? Uncertainty in FW3
241-249 E9.3 Jy FW4 [0.002/23.6]? WISE 22um band flux density
251-259 E9.3 Jy e_FW4 [0.001/0.3]? Uncertainty in FW4
261-269 E9.3 Jy F70um [0.4/453.6]? Herschel/PACS 70um band flux
density
271-279 E9.3 Jy e_F70um [0.02/22.7]? Uncertainty in F70um
281-289 E9.3 Jy F100um [0.7/467.6]? Herschel/PACS 100um band flux
density
291-299 E9.3 Jy e_F100um [0.04/23.7]? Uncertainty in F100um
301-309 E9.3 Jy F160um [1/426.6]? Herschel/PACS 160um band flux
density
311-319 E9.3 Jy e_F160um [0.1/42.7]? Uncertainty in F160um
321-329 E9.3 Jy F350um [1.1/39.6]? APEX 350um band flux density
331-339 E9.3 Jy e_F350um [0.4/15.9]? Uncertainty in F350um
341-349 E9.3 Jy F870um [0.4/6.3]? APEX 870um band flux density
351-359 E9.3 Jy e_F870um [0.08/1.3]? Uncertainty in F870um
361-369 E9.3 Jy F9um [0.19/13.3]? AKARI 9um band flux density
371-379 E9.3 Jy e_F9um [0.007/0.4]? Uncertainty in F9um
381-389 E9.3 Jy F18um [0.2/19.2]? AKARI 18um band flux density
391-399 E9.3 Jy e_F18um [0.002/0.2]? Uncertainty in F18um
401-409 E9.3 Jy F65um [2/51]? AKARI 65 micron band flux density
411-419 E9.3 Jy e_F65um [0.5/3]? Uncertainty in F65um
421-429 E9.3 Jy F140um [5/72]? AKARI 140 micron band flux density
431-439 E9.3 Jy e_F140um [1.6/9]? Uncertainty in F140um
441-449 E9.3 Jy F160umA [4.9/121]? AKARI 160um band flux density
451-459 E9.3 Jy e_F160umA [8.3/29.1]? Uncertainty in F160umA
461-469 E9.3 Jy F850um [0.1/10.1]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um band flux
density
471-479 E9.3 Jy e_F850um [0.02/5]? Uncertainty in F850um
481-489 E9.3 Jy F1300um [0.001/0.9]? ALMA 1300 micron flux density
491-499 E9.3 Jy e_F1300um [3.7e-05/0.03]? Uncertainty in F1300um
501-509 E9.3 Jy F3.6um [5.6e-06/0.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band flux
density
511-519 E9.3 Jy e_F3.6um [5.8e-06/0.02]? Uncertainty in F3.6um
521-529 E9.3 Jy F4.5um [3.6e-06/0.8]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band flux
density
531-539 E9.3 Jy e_F4.5um [1.7e-05/0.04]? Uncertainty in F4.5um
541-549 E9.3 Jy F5.8um [3e-06/1.2]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band flux
density
551-559 E9.3 Jy e_F5.8um [3e-05/0.06]? Uncertainty in F5.8um
561-569 E9.3 Jy F8um [3.5e-05/1.9]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band flux
density
571-579 E9.3 Jy e_F8um [2.9e-05/0.1]? Uncertainty in F8um
581-589 E9.3 Jy F24um [0.001/21.2]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um band flux
density
591-599 E9.3 Jy e_F24um [0.0002/1.1]? Uncertainty in F24um
601-609 E9.3 Jy F5.4um [0.002/0.5]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 5.4um flux
density
611-619 E9.3 Jy e_F5.4um [0.0002/0.006]? Uncertainty in F5.4um
621-629 E9.3 Jy F6.5um [0.002/0.6]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 6.45um flux
density
631-639 E9.3 Jy e_F6.5um [0.0003/0.02]? Uncertainty in F6.5um
641-649 E9.3 Jy F7.5um [0.0016/1]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 7.5um flux
density
651-659 E9.3 Jy e_F7.5um [0.0002/0.01]? Uncertainty in F7.5um
661-669 E9.3 Jy F8.1um [0.0019/1.2]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 8.1um flux
density
671-679 E9.3 Jy e_F8.1um [5e-05/0.006]? Uncertainty in F8.1um
681-689 E9.3 Jy F8.6um [0.0003/0.8]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 8.6um flux
density
691-699 E9.3 Jy e_F8.6um [1.7e-05/0.005]? Uncertainty in F8.6um
701-709 E9.3 Jy F9.2um [4.4e-05/0.5]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 9.2um flux
density
711-719 E9.3 Jy e_F9.2um [7.4e-05/0.02]? Uncertainty in F9.2um
721-729 E9.3 Jy F9.8um [6.4e-05/0.6]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 9.8um flux
density
731-739 E9.3 Jy e_F9.8um [4e-05/0.009]? Uncertainty in F9.8um
741-749 E9.3 Jy F10.5um [0.0002/0.9]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 10.5um flux
density
751-759 E9.3 Jy e_F10.5um [1e-05/0.009]? Uncertainty in F10.5um
761-769 E9.3 Jy F12.5um [9.5e-05/2]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 12.5um flux
density
771-779 E9.3 Jy e_F12.5um [3.3e-05/0.02]? Uncertainty in F12.5um
781-789 E9.3 Jy F14um [0.0006/3.1]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 14um flux
density
791-799 E9.3 Jy e_F14um [0.00013/0.04]? Uncertainty in F14um
801-809 E9.3 Jy F16.5um [0.003/4.7]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 16.5um flux
density
811-819 E9.3 Jy e_F16.5um [0.0006/0.08]? Uncertainty in F16.5um
821-829 E9.3 Jy F19um [0.003/8.2]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 19um flux
density
831-839 E9.3 Jy e_F19um [0.001/0.06]? Uncertainty in F19um
841-849 E9.3 Jy F23um [0.0009/16.4]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 23um flux
density
851-859 E9.3 Jy e_F23um [0.0008/0.05]? Uncertainty in F23um
861-869 E9.3 Jy F27um [0.019/26.7]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 27um flux
density
871-879 E9.3 Jy e_F27um [0.0019/0.2]? Uncertainty in F27um
881-889 E9.3 Jy F31um [0.04/34.7]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 31um flux
density
891-899 E9.3 Jy e_F31um [0.004/0.2]? Uncertainty in F31um
901-909 E9.3 Jy F35um [0.07/40.8]? HOPS Spitzer/IRS 35um flux
density
911-919 E9.3 Jy e_F35um [0.0005/0.2]? Uncertainty in F35um
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 02-Feb-2021