J/ApJS/251/29 Stellar bow shock nebulae spectroscopic obs. (Chick+, 2020)
The wind beneath my wings.
I. Spectral types and multiplicity of the central stars supporting stellar bow
shock nebulae.
Chick W.T., Kobulnicky H.A., Schurhammer D.P., Andrews J.E., Povich M.S.,
Buser E.R., Dixon D.M., Lindman M.J., Munari S.A., Olivier G.M.,
Sorber R.L., Wernke H.N.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 251, 29 (2020)>
=2020ApJS..251...29C 2020ApJS..251...29C
ADC_Keywords: Nebulae; Spectral types; Radial velocities; Spectra, optical;
Stars, distances; Photometry, infrared; Extinction;
Equivalent widths; Magnitudes, absolute; Interstellar medium
Keywords: Massive stars; O stars; B stars; Interstellar medium;
Stellar-interstellar interactions; Stellar wind bubbles; Dust nebulae;
Runaway stars; Stellar bow shocks
Abstract:
Arcuate mid-infrared nebulae known as stellar bow shock nebulae (SBNe)
have been previously hypothesized to be supported by the strong
stellar winds and/or luminosity of massive early-type stars. We
present an optical spectroscopic survey of 84 stars identified from
mid-infrared images as candidate SBN-supporting stars. Eighty-one of
84 sources, 96%, are O or early-B spectral types. K-band luminosities
for a larger sample of 289 stars at the centers of bow shock nebulae
are overwhelmingly consistent with OB stars. This affirms both that
SBNe are supported by massive stars and that arcuate mid-infrared
nebulae are reliable indicators of the presence of a massive star. The
radial velocity dispersions of these systems and detections of
double-lined systems indicate that at least 27 of the 74 systems with
multiple observations (>36%) are candidate multiple-star systems. This
rate is consistent with observed multiplicity rates of field OB stars
detected with similar radial velocity surveys and lower than, but not
inconsistent with, the multiplicity rates of OB stars in clusters and
associations.
Description:
We selected sources from Kobulnicky+, 2016, J/ApJS/227/18 (K16)'s
catalog of 709 candidate stellar bow shock nebulae (SBNe) based upon
the appearance of a clear central stellar source and the optical
brightness of the source as determined from the USNO B1.0 (I/284).
Spectra for 84 sources were obtained between 2015 June and 2018 July
using the 2.3m Wyoming Infrared Observatory's (WIRO) Longslit
spectrograph (spectral coverage of 5400-6800Å).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 174 84 Stellar sources and observations
table2.dat 116 84 Stellar spectroscopic results
tablea1.dat 152 20 Nonprogram and alternate stars (see Appendix)
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See also:
III/135 : Henry Draper Catalogue and Extension (Cannon+ 1918-1924; ADC 1989)
III/182 : HDE Charts: positions, proper motions (Nesterov+ 1995)
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)
I/284 : The USNO-B1.0 Catalog (Monet+ 2003)
III/274 : Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS) (Sota+, 2014)
I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/ApJS/2/389 : Observations of O and B stars (Hiltner, 1956)
J/ApJ/649/759 : Bubbles in the galactic disk (Churchwell+, 2006)
J/ApJ/670/428 : Bubbles in the galactic disk. II. (Churchwell+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/410/190 : Young runaway stars within 3kpc (Tetzlaff+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/424/1925 : Spectrocopic Binarity of O and B type stars (Chini+, 2012)
J/ApJ/751/4 : Rvel. of massive stars in Cyg OB2 (Kiminki+, 2012)
J/A+A/543/A101 : OB stars in Cygnus OB2 association (Comeron+, 2012)
J/ApJS/213/34 : Veloc. of Cygnus OB2 massive binaries (Kobulnicky+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/446/3797 : Westerlund 2 UBVIc photometry (Hur+, 2015)
J/A+A/578/A45 : E-BOSS. II. Catalogue second release (Peri+, 2015)
J/ApJS/227/18 : Cand. stellar bowshock nebulae from MIR (Kobulnicky+, 2016)
J/ApJ/817/113 : RIOTS4: survey of SMC field OB stars (Lamb+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/4 : GOSSS III. additional O-type systems (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/201 : IR data of stellar bowshock nebulae (Kobulnicky+, 2017)
J/A+A/612/A50 : New massive members of Cygnus OB2 (Berlanas+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/488/1141 : MW Project DR2 bubbles & bow shocks (Jayasinghe+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/73 : OB stars & their bow shock nebulae (Kobulnicky+, 2019)
J/A+A/624/A66 : Massive runaway and walkaway stars models (Renzo+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- K16 [54/372] Nebular source identification number
from K16 (G1)
4 A1 --- m_K16 [*] *: central star (always the case)
6- 8 A3 --- n_K16 [abc, ] Source flag(s) (1)
10- 26 A17 --- Name Generic name of central star in Galactic
coordinates (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)
28- 42 A15 --- OName Alternate name for star, where available
44- 62 I19 --- Gaia Gaia DR2 source identifier
64- 65 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
67- 68 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
70- 74 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
76 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
77- 78 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
80- 81 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
83- 86 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
88- 94 F7.2 d HJD1 [175.8/1694.7] Heliocentric Julian date of
observation 1, HJD-2457000
96-102 F7.2 d HJD2 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 2,
HJD-2457000
104-110 F7.2 d HJD3 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 3,
HJD-2457000
112-118 F7.2 d HJD4 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 4,
HJD-2457000
120-126 F7.2 d HJD5 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 5,
HJD-2457000
128-134 F7.2 d HJD6 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 6,
HJD-2457000
136-142 F7.2 d HJD7 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 7,
HJD-2457000
144-150 F7.2 d HJD8 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 8,
HJD-2457000
152-158 F7.2 d HJD9 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 9,
HJD-2457000
160-166 F7.2 d HJD10 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 10,
HJD-2457000
168-174 F7.2 d HJD11 ? Heliocentric Julian date of observation 11,
HJD-2457000
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Note (1): Source flags as follows:
a = An alternate source was observed for this candidate. See Appendix A
for details.
b = The original star listed in K16 (Kobulnicky+, 2016, J/ApJS/227/18) has
been replaced by this updated star;
c = The authors have downgraded this source to a doubtful candidate SBN
owning to morphological reasons. See Subsection 5.6 for details.
d = A radial velocity could not be measured for this epoch, but the
spectrum has been used for spectral identification.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- K16 [54/372] Nebular source identification number
from K16 (G1)
4 A1 --- m_K16 [*] *: central star (always the case)
6- 7 A2 --- f_K16 [d1-3] Source flag (1)
9- 13 I5 pc Dist [310/11687]? Bailer-Jones et al. (I/347)
distance estimate
15- 18 I4 pc e_Dist [15/2227]? Lower uncertainty on Dist
20- 23 I4 pc E_Dist [17/3093]? Upper uncertainty on Dist
25- 30 F6.3 --- RUWE [0.84/45.87]? DR2 re-normalized unit weight
error (G2)
32- 36 F5.2 mag Ksmag [4.62/14.48] 2MASS Ks-band magnitude
38- 42 F5.2 mag Ak [-0.06/1.05] Estimated K-band extinction
44- 48 F5.2 mag KMAG [-7.69/1.63]? Calculated absolute K-band
magnitude
50- 53 F4.2 mag E_KMAG [0.04/3.15]? Upper uncertainty on KMAG
55- 58 F4.2 mag e_KMAG [0.04/2.9]? Lower uncertainty on KMAG
60 A1 --- l_EWHeII Limit flag on EWHeII
62- 65 F4.2 0.1nm EWHeII [0.01/1.19]? HeII 5411Å equivalent width
67- 70 F4.2 0.1nm e_EWHeII [0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in EWHeII
72- 75 F4.2 0.1nm EWHeI [0.31/1.34]? HeI 5876Å equivalent width
77- 80 F4.2 0.1nm e_EWHeI [0.01/0.52]? Uncertainty in EWHeI
82- 86 A5 --- SpT Stellar spectral Type
88- 94 A7 --- SpT-lit Literature spectral type
96 A1 --- r_SpT-lit [a-n] Reference for SpT-lit (2)
98- 101 I4 km/s HRV [-118/196]? Mean heliocentric radial velocity
103- 104 I2 km/s e_HRV [1/24]? Uncertainty in HRV
106- 108 I3 km/s rmsRV [0/111]? RMS radial velocity
110- 114 F5.3 --- Prv1 [0.0/0.966]? Probability, single star radial
velocity dispersion
116 A1 --- f_Prv1 [d] d = Double-lined spectroscopic binary
(see Figure 11 for details)
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Note (1): Source flag as follows:
d1 = No Bailer-Jones et al. (2018, I/347) distance is available.
Distance and associated uncertainty is calculated from the inverse
Gaia DR1 parallax;
d2 = Reclassified as a doubtful candidate stellar bow shock nebula. See
Subsection 5.6 for details;
d3 = No Bailer-Jones et al. (2018, I/347) distance is available.
Distance and associated uncertainty is calculated from the inverse
Hipparcos parallax.
Note (2): Spectral type references as follows:
a = Sota et al. (2011ApJS..193...24S 2011ApJS..193...24S ; III/274);
b = Houk & Swift (1999MSS...C05....0H 1999MSS...C05....0H);
c = Nesterov et al. (1995A&AS..110..367N 1995A&AS..110..367N ; III/182);
d = Stock et al. (1960LS....C02....0S 1960LS....C02....0S);
e = Hiltner (1956, J/ApJS/2/389);
f = Kobulnicky et al. (2010ApJ...710..549K 2010ApJ...710..549K);
g = Berlanas et al. (2018, J/A+A/612/A50);
h = Comeron & Pasquali (2012, J/A+A/543/A101);
i = Walborn (1971ApJS...23..257W 1971ApJS...23..257W);
j = Hardorp et al. (1964LS....C03....0H 1964LS....C03....0H);
k = Barbier et al. (1973A&A....27..421B 1973A&A....27..421B);
l = Cannon & Pickering (1918-1924; III/135);
m = Georgelin et al. (1973A&A....25..337G 1973A&A....25..337G);
n = Roman-Lopes & Roman-Lopes (2019MNRAS.484.5578R 2019MNRAS.484.5578R).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Generic name of central star in Galactic
coordinates
18- 20 I3 --- K16 [289/350]? Alternate candidate central star
observed for K16 nebula number (G1)
22- 35 A14 --- OName Alternate name for star, where available
37- 38 I2 h RAh [19/22] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)
at epoch=2015.5
40- 41 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
43- 47 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
49 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of the Declination (ICRS)
at epoch=2015.5
50- 51 I2 deg DEd [17/61] Degree of Declination (ICRS)
at epoch=2015.5
53- 54 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
56- 59 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (ICRS) at epoch=2015.5
61- 79 I19 --- Gaia Gaia DR2 source identifier
81- 84 I4 pc Dist [437/7190] Bailer-Jones et al. (2018, I/347)
distance estimate
86- 89 I4 pc E_Dist [8/2726] Upper uncertainty on Dist
91- 94 I4 pc e_Dist [8/1994] Lower uncertainty on Dist
96-106 F11.8 --- RUWE [0.7/40.4] DR2 re-normalized unit weight
error (G2)
108-113 F6.3 mag Ksmag [7.5/11.7] 2MASS Ks-band magnitude
115-118 F4.2 0.1nm EWHeI [0.16/1.1]? HeI 5876Å equivalent width
120-123 F4.2 0.1nm e_EWHeI [0.01/0.1]? Uncertainty in EWHeI
125 A1 --- l_EWHeII Limit flag on EWHeII
127-130 F4.2 0.1nm EWHeII [0.02/1.1]? HeII 5411Å equivalent width
132-135 F4.2 0.1nm e_EWHeII [0.01/0.1]? Uncertainty in EWHeII
137-138 A2 --- SpT Stellar spectral type
140-150 A11 --- SpT-lit Literature spectral type
152 A1 --- r_SpT-lit [a-e] Reference for SpT-lit (1)
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Note (1): Literature spectral type references as follows:
a = Cannon & Pickering (1918-1924; III/135);
b = Nesterov et al. (1995A&AS..110..367N 1995A&AS..110..367N ; III/182);
c = Stock et al. (1960LS....C02....0S 1960LS....C02....0S);
d = Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2016, J/ApJS/224/4);
e = Hardorp et al. (1964LS....C03....0H 1964LS....C03....0H).
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Global notes:
Note (G1):
K16 = Kobulnicky+, 2016, J/ApJS/227/18 --
<[KCS2016] JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s> in Simbad
Note (G2): Gaia DR2 renormalized unit weight error (RUWE) for each star with
a Bailer-Jones+ (2018, I/347) distance or DR2 parallax where available.
RUWE serves as a measure of the reliability of the DR2 5D astrometric
solution where sources with an RUWE<1.40 are considered to have
reliable solutions -- 72 of 84 (86%) of the program stars have RUWE<1.40.
See Section 3.1.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 05-Feb-2021