J/ApJS/256/25 Nobeyama mapping survey of SCUBA-2 cores (Tatematsu+, 2021)
Molecular cloud cores with high deuterium fractions: Nobeyama mapping survey.
Tatematsu K., Kim G., Liu T., Evans II N.J., Yi H.-W., Lee J.-E.,
Wu Y., Hirano N., Liu S.-Y., Dutta S., Sahu D., Sanhueza P., Kim K.-T.,
Juvela M., Toth L.V., Feher O., He J., Ge J., Feng S., Choi M., Kang M.,
Thompson M.A., Fuller G.A., Li Di, Ristorcelli I., Wang Ke, Di Francesco J.,
Eden D., Ohashi S., Kandori R., Vastel C., Hirota T., Sakai T., Lu X.,
Nguyen Lu'o'ng Q., Shinnaga H., Kim J., the JCMT Large Program "SCOPE" col.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 256, 25 (2021)>
=2021ApJS..256...25T 2021ApJS..256...25T
ADC_Keywords: Molecular data; Interstellar medium; Radio lines; YSOs;
Velocity dispersion; Star Forming Region; Molecular clouds;
Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: Interstellar clouds
Abstract:
We present the results of on-the-fly mapping observations of 44 fields
containing 107 SCUBA-2 cores in the emission lines of molecules
N2H+, HC3N, and CCS at 82-94GHz using the Nobeyama 45m
telescope. This study aimed at investigating the physical properties
of cores that show high deuterium fractions and might be close to the
onset of star formation. We found that the distributions of the N2H+
and HC3N line emissions are approximately similar to the distribution
of the 850µm dust continuum emission, whereas the CCS line emission
is often undetected or is distributed in a clumpy structure
surrounding the peak position of the 850µm dust continuum emission.
Occasionally (12%), we observe CCS emission, which is an early-type
gas tracer toward the young stellar object, probably due to local high
excitation. Evolution toward star formation does not immediately
affect the nonthermal velocity dispersion.
Description:
We conducted mapping observations of 44 fields of 3'x3' or larger
areas covering 107 SCUBA-2 cores in the N2H+ J=1->0 (93.17GHz),
HC3N J=9->8 (81.88GHz), CCS JN=87->76 (CCS-H; 93.87GHz), and
CCS JN=76->65 (CCS-L; 81.50GHz) lines using the 45m radio
telescope of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory (LP177001; P.I.=K.Tatematsu).
Observations were performed in the on-the-fly (OTF) mapping mode from
2017 December to 2019 May.
We also included the SCUBA-2 data (Yi+ 2018, J/ApJS/236/51) and our
previous single-pointing data toward the SCUBA-2 position
(Kim+ 2020, J/ApJS/249/33) in the analysis.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table4.dat 93 41 Physical properties of N2H+ core for SCUBA-2
cores in the Orion region
table6.dat 59 63 Deuterium fraction and CEF2.0
tablea1.dat 99 107 Mapped fields and SCUBA-2 cores
tablea2.dat 100 107 Basic information of YSOs associated with
SCUBA-2 Cores
tablea3.dat 77 44 Parameters for integrated-intensity maps for
the N2H+, HC3N, CCS-H, and CCS-L lines
tablea4.dat 91 43 Line emission distribution in the Orion region
for N2H+ and HC3N
tablea5.dat 92 40 Line emission distribution in the Orion region
for CCS-H and CCS-L
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)
J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)
J/A+A/579/A80 : Star-forming regions deuteration (Gerner+, 2015)
J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Catalogue of Galactic cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)
J/ApJ/834/142 : Gould's Belt Distances Survey. II. OMC (Kounkel+, 2017)
J/ApJ/846/144 : Virial analysis of the dense cores in Orion A (Kirk+, 2017)
J/ApJS/236/51 : PGCCs in lambda Orionis complex. II. Cores at 850um (Yi+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE:Binary companions of evolved stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)
J/A+A/644/A29 : 14N/15N ratio in YSOs (Redaelli+, 2020)
J/ApJS/249/33 : Nobeyama molecular line survey of SCUBA-2 cores (Kim+, 2020)
J/ApJS/251/20 : ALMA survey of Orion PGCCs (ALMASOP). II. 1.3mm (Dutta+, 2020)
J/ApJS/254/14 : Planck Cold Clumps in lambda Orionis complex. III. (Yi+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
21- 24 F4.2 km/s DelV [0.35/1.42] N2H+ FWHM line width toward
the SCUBA-2 position (Kim+ 2020, J/ApJS/249/33)
(1)
26- 29 F4.2 km/s e_DelV [0.01/0.16] DelV uncertainty
31- 34 F4.2 km/s SigNt [0.13/0.6] Nonthermal velocity dispersion (1)
36- 39 F4.2 km/s e_SigNt [0.01/0.06] Signt uncertainty
41- 44 F4.2 km/s SigTot [0.25/0.65] Total velocity dispersion (1)
46- 49 F4.2 km/s e_SigTot [0.01/0.11] Sigtot uncertainty
51- 55 F5.3 pc Rdust [0.005/0.12] HWHM dust continuum radius
(Yi+ 2018, J/ApJS/236/51) (2)
57- 61 F5.2 Msun Mdust [0.07/12.25] Mass from the dust continuum
(Yi+ 2018, J/ApJS/236/51) (2)
63- 66 F4.2 Msun e_Mdust [0.02/3.18] Mdust uncertainty
68- 71 F4.1 Msun Mvir [1.2/17.1] Virial mass (2)
73- 75 F3.1 Msun e_Mvir [0.2/3] Mvir uncertainty
77- 80 F4.1 --- aVir [0.1/18] Virial parameter (2)
82- 86 F5.2 --- e_aVir [0.03/14.5] AVir uncertainty
88- 91 F4.1 K Tkin [10.8/19.7] Kinetic temperature (1)
93 A1 --- Fil Association with the filament?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DelV SigNt SigTot Tkin
km/s km/s km/s K
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean (all) 0.59±0.23 0.24±0.10 0.33±0.08 13.9±2.7
Median (All) 0.50 0.20 0.30 12.5
Mean (Starless) 0.64±0.11 0.26±0.11 0.35±0.09
Median (Starless) 0.63 0.26 0.35
Mean (Star-forming) 0.51±0.16 0.21±0.07 0.31±0.05
Median (Star-forming) 0.48 0.19 0.30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2):
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rdust Mdust Mvir aVir
pc Msun Msun
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean (all) 0.047±0.023 1.90±2.14 5.9±3.6 5.9±4.6
Median (All) 0.040 1.36 4.9 4.7
Mean (Starless) 0.048±0.025 1.81±1.53 6.8±4.1 5.8±4.5
Median (Starless) 0.040 1.37 5.4 4.5
Mean (Star-forming) 0.045±0.021 2.03±2.84 4.6±2.0 6.0±4.8
Median (Star-forming) 0.050 1.36 4.8 5.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
22- 26 F5.1 km/s Vlsr [-19.3/105] Local Standard of Rest velocity
28 A1 --- l_N2D/N2H Limit flag on N2D/N2H
30- 33 F4.2 --- N2D/N2H [0.04/0.63]? N2D+ to N2H+
column density ratio
35- 38 F4.2 --- e_N2D/N2H [0.01/0.13]? N2D/N2H uncertainty
40 A1 --- l_DNC/HNC Limit flag on DNC/HNC
42- 45 F4.1 --- DNC/HNC [0.4/14.6]? DNC to HN13C column density ratio
47- 50 F4.1 --- e_DNC/HNC [0.3/10.3]? DNC/HNC uncertainty
52 A1 --- YSO YSO association?
54- 56 I3 --- CEF2 [-67/-18]? CEF2.0 value (1)
58- 59 I2 --- e_CEF2 [3/36]? CEF2 uncertainty
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Note (1): The chemical evolution factor (CEF) second version (CEF2.0) as
defined in Kim+ 2020, J/ApJS/249/33 ; see Sections 1 and 4.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- Field Field name of the mapped region
14- 15 I2 h RAMh Map center hour of right ascension (J2000)
17- 18 I2 min RAMm Map center minute of right ascension (J2000)
20- 24 F5.2 s RAMs Map center second of right ascension (J2000)
26 A1 --- DEM- Map center sign of declination (J2000)
27- 28 I2 deg DEMd Map center degree of declination (J2000)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEMm Map center arcminute of declination (J2000)
33- 36 F4.1 arcsec DEMs Map center arcsecond of declination (J2000)
38- 47 A10 arcmin Size Map size
49- 52 F4.2 kpc Dist [0.11/9.21]? Distance
54- 55 A2 --- Reg Region (1)
57- 75 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
77- 78 I2 h RAh SCUBA-2 core hour of right ascension (J2000)
80- 81 I2 min RAm SCUBA-2 core minute of right ascension (J2000)
83- 87 F5.2 s RAs SCUBA-2 core second of right ascension (J2000)
89 A1 --- DE- SCUBA-2 core sign of declination (J2000)
90- 91 I2 deg DEd SCUBA-2 core degree of declination (J2000)
93- 94 I2 arcmin DEm SCUBA-2 core arcminute of declination (J2000)
96- 99 F4.1 arcsec DEs SCUBA-2 core arcsecond of declination (J2000)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Region as follows:
OA = a core in Orion A (36 occurrences)
OB = a core in Orion B (13 occurrences)
OL = λ Orionis (2 occurrences)
G = a core in the Galactic plane (|B|<2°; 30 occurrences)
H = cores at high latitudes (|B|≥2°; 26 occurrences)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
22- 25 A4 --- Class Core classification (1)
27- 51 A25 --- YSO YSO name
55- 56 I2 h RAYh ? YSO hour of right ascension (J2000)
58- 59 I2 min RAYm ? YSO minute of right ascension (J2000)
61- 65 F5.2 s RAYs ? YSO second of right ascension (J2000)
67 A1 --- DEY- ? YSO sign of declination (J2000)
68- 69 I2 deg DEYd ? YSO degree of declination (J2000)
71- 72 I2 arcmin DEYm ? YSO arcminute of declination (J2000)
74- 77 F4.1 arcsec DEYs ? YSO arcsecond of declination (J2000)
79- 81 I3 K Tbol [15/158]? Bolometric temperature
83- 84 I2 K e_Tbol [5/25]? Tbol uncertainty
86- 90 F5.1 Lsun Lbol [0.1/180]? Bolometric luminosity
92- 95 F4.1 Lsun e_Lbol [0.1/70]? Lbol uncertainty
97- 100 F4.1 arcsec Sep [0/31.6]? Separation, θcore-YSO
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Note (1): Core classification as follows:
S = starless core (38 occurrences)
P = protostellar core (34 occurrences)
P0 = a core including class 0 protostar (13 occurrences)
PI = a core including a class I protostar (17 occurrences)
PF = a core including a flat-spectrum protostar (4 occurrences)
PII = a core including a class II protostar (4 occurrences)
PIII = a core including a class III protostar (1 occurrence)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- Field Field name of the mapped area
14- 18 F5.1 km/s b_VN2H [-22.2/102.4] Lower limit of the velocity
integration range for the
integrated-intensity map of N2H+ line
20- 24 F5.1 km/s B_VN2H [-16.3/109] Upper limit of the velocity
integration range for the
integrated-intensity map of N2H+ line
26- 30 F5.1 km/s b_Vel [-20.4/103.7] Lower limit of velocity range
for the integrated-intensity map of HC3N,
CCS-H, and CCS-L lines
32- 36 F5.1 km/s B_Vel [-17.8/109] Upper limit of velocity range
for the integrated-intensity map of HC3N,
CCS-H, and CCS-L lines
38- 41 F4.2 K.km/s e_IN2Hpk [0.05/0.16] RMS value of the N2H+
integrated intensity
43- 47 F5.2 K.km/s IN2Hpk [1.15/17.38] Peak value of the N2H+
integrated intensity
49- 52 F4.2 K.km/s e_IHC3Npk [0.03/0.24] RMS value of the HC3N integrated
intensity
54- 57 F4.2 K.km/s IHC3Npk [0.16/6.5] Peak value of the HC3N
integrated intensity
59- 62 F4.2 K.km/s e_ICCSHpk [0.03/0.2] RMS value of the CCS-H integrated
intensity
64- 67 F4.2 K.km/s ICCSHpk [0.13/0.75] Peak value of the CCS-H
integrated intensity
69- 72 F4.2 K.km/s e_ICCSLpk [0.03/0.16] RMS value of the CCS-L
integrated intensity
74- 77 F4.2 K.km/s ICCSLpk [0.12/0.86] Peak value of the CCS-L
integrated intensity
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
21- 22 I2 h RAh ? Hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)
24- 25 I2 min RAm ? Minute of right ascension (J2000) (1)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs ? Second of right ascension (J2000) (1)
33 A1 --- DE- ? Sign of declination (J2000) (1)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd ? Degree of declination (J2000) (1)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm ? Arcminute of declination (J2000) (1)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DEs ? Arcsecond of declination (J2000) (1)
45- 49 F5.3 pc SepN2H [0.001/0.14]? Separation between the
SCUBA-2 core and the N2H+ core
51- 55 F5.3 pc RadN2H [0.029/0.14]? Deconvolved radius of
the N2H+ core
57- 58 I2 h RAHh ? Hour of right ascension (J2000) (2)
60- 61 I2 min RAHm ? Minute of right ascension (J2000) (2)
63- 67 F5.2 s RAHs ? Second of right ascension (J2000) (2)
69 A1 --- DEH- ? Sign of declination (J2000) (2)
70- 71 I2 deg DEHd ? Degree of declination (J2000) (2)
73- 74 I2 arcmin DEHm ? Arcminute of declination (J2000) (2)
76- 79 F4.1 arcsec DEHs ? Arcsecond of declination (J2000) (2)
81- 85 F5.3 pc SepHC3N [0.001/0.16]? Separation between SCUBA-2 core
and HC3N core
87- 91 F5.3 pc RadHC3N [0.025/0.14]? Deconvolved radius of
the HC3N core
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Note (1): Coordinates of the peak intensity for an N2H+ core.
Note (2): Coordinates of the peak intensity for an HC3N core.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Name SCUBA-2 core name
21- 22 I2 h RACh ? Hour of right ascension (J2000) (3)
24- 25 I2 min RACm ? Minute of right ascension (J2000) (3)
27- 31 F5.2 s RACs ? Second of right ascension (J2000) (3)
33 A1 --- DEC- ? Sign of declination (J2000) (3)
34- 35 I2 deg DECd ? Degree of declination (J2000) (3)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DECm ? Arcminute of declination (J2000) (3)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DECs ? Arcsecond of declination (J2000) (3)
45- 50 F6.4 pc SepCCSH [0.0001/0.06]? Separation between
the SCUBA-2 core and the CCS-H core
52- 56 F5.3 pc RadCCSH [0.038/0.11]? Deconvolved radius of
the CCS-H core
58- 59 I2 h RALh ? Hour of right ascension (J2000) (4)
61- 62 I2 min RALm ? Minute of right ascension (J2000) (4)
64- 68 F5.2 s RALs ? Second of right ascension (J2000) (4)
70 A1 --- DEL- ? Sign of declination (J2000) (4)
71- 72 I2 deg DELd ? Degree of declination (J2000) (4)
74- 75 I2 arcmin DELm ? Arcminute of declination (J2000) (4)
77- 80 F4.1 arcsec DELs ? Arcsecond of declination (J2000) (4)
82- 86 F5.3 pc SepCCSL [0.006/0.16]? Separation between
the SCUBA-2 core and the CCS-L core
88- 92 F5.3 pc RadCCSL [0.021/0.16]? Deconvolved radius of
the CCS-L core
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Note (3): Coordinates of the peak intensity for an CCS-H core.
Note (4): Coordinates of the peak intensity for an CCS-L core.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 24-Jan-2022