J/ApJS/258/17 NH3 obs. (∼23.7GHz) of SCOPE dense objects (Feher+, 2022)
Ammonia emission in various star-forming environments: a pilot study of
Planck Galactic Cold Clumps.
Feher O., Toth L.V., Kraus A., Bogner R., Kim G., Liu T., Tatematsu K.,
Toth V., Eden D.J., Hirano N., Juvela M., Kim K.-T., Li Di, Liu S.-Y.,
Wu Y., The TOP-SCOPE Collaboration
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 258, 17 (2022)>
=2022ApJS..258...17F 2022ApJS..258...17F
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds; Masers; Interstellar medium; Velocity dispersion
Keywords: Interstellar molecules ; Dense interstellar clouds ;
Star formation ; Dust continuum emission ; Interstellar medium ;
Protostars ; Molecular clouds
Abstract:
The Planck Catalogue of Galactic Cold Clumps provides an all-sky
sample of potential star-forming regions based on the submillimeter
emission of their dust content. Around 1000 of these Planck objects
were mapped with the James Clerk Maxwell telescope in the
submillimeter range during the SCOPE survey, identifying prestellar
and protostellar dense clumps inside them. We used the Effelsberg 100m
telescope to observe the emission lines of the NH3 inversion
transitions toward a sample of 97 dense objects in varying
environments in order to assess the physical parameters of their gas
content. We derive their temperature, density, and velocity
dispersion, correlating the resulting parameters with the
environmental and evolutionary characteristics of the targets and with
regard to their distance and physical size. We examine the dependence
of physical parameters on distance and Galactic position and compare
the gas-based and dust-continuum-based temperatures and densities.
Together with the presence of maser emission and higher inversion
transitions of ammonia, we may differentiate between certain groups of
targets, e.g., filamentary, protostellar clumps, and high-latitude,
core-sized, starless sources.
Description:
We observed the targets between 2017 February 15 and 18 with the 1.3cm
secondary focus receiver of the Effelsberg 100m telescope (see Table 2).
A bandwidth of 300MHz was used to measure the three ammonia inversion
transitions simultaneously with position switching mode, reaching a
spectral resolution of 4.6kHz that corresponds to 0.06km/s at the
observing frequency of ∼23.7GHz. The Effelsberg telescope provides a
37" beam size at this wavelength, the main-beam efficiency was 0.59,
and the average system temperature was 85-90K. We performed
observations with a single pointing toward the peaks seen on the
SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE;
Liu+ 2018ApJS..234...28L 2018ApJS..234...28L) dust continuum maps with an on-source time
of 10-15min.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 88 97 Observed targets
table3.dat 103 124 Line fit results
table4.dat 80 124 Physical parameters of the targets
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See also:
J/A+AS/101/153 : Galactic H2O masers (Palagi+ 1993)
J/A+A/291/261 : H2O masers in HII regions (Cadella+, 1994)
J/ApJ/463/205 : CS and NH3 Survey of H2O Maser Emission (Anglada+ 1996)
J/A+A/308/573 : Ammonia on YSOs IRAS sources (Molinari+ 1996)
J/ApJS/125/161 : A database of dense cores mapped in ammonia (Jijina+, 1999)
J/A+A/368/845 : Arcetri Cat. of H2O maser sources (Valdettaro+, 2001)
J/AJ/132/1322 : Water maser survey (Gomez+, 2006)
J/ApJ/651/L125 : H20 masers associated with IR dark cloud cores (Wang+, 2006)
J/PASJ/59/1185 : Water maser in galactic IRAS sources (Sunada+, 2007)
J/ApJS/175/509 : Ammonia spectral atlas in Perseus (Rosolowsky+, 2008)
J/ApJ/681/1296 : Radio evolution of the PN NGC 7027 (Zijlstra+, 2008)
J/A+A/515/A42 : Catalog of high extinction clouds (Rygl+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/416/1764 : H2O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) (Walsh+, 2011)
J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH3 (Wienen+, 2012)
J/ApJ/756/76 : Planck cold dust clumps CO survey (Wu+, 2012)
J/A+A/552/A40 : MSX high-contrast IRDCs with NH3 (Chira+, 2013)
J/ApJS/209/37 : Planck cold clumps in 12CO, 13CO & C18O (Meng+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/437/1791 : RMS survey: molecular observations (Urquhart+, 2014)
J/ApJ/806/74 : NH3 line profiles in star-forming regions (Camarata+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A94 : Galactic cold cores. VI. Herschel fields (Juvela+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A93 : Galactic cold cores. V. Dust opacity (Juvela+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A92 : Galactic Cold Cores. IV. sub-mm sources (Montillaud+, 2015)
J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Catalog of Gal. cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/59 : BGPS. XIV. Molecular cloud clumps GBT obs. (Svoboda+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/470/1462 : HOPS. III. Dense molecular gas properties (Longmore+, 2017)
J/A+A/598/A30 : Massive star forming molecular clumps Tkin (Tang+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/485/2895 : The SCOPE 850um compact source catalogue (Eden+, 2019)
J/ApJ/884/4 : KEYSTONE: ammonia structures in Galactic GMCs (Keown+, 2019)
J/ApJS/249/33 : Nobeyama molecular line survey of SCUBA-2 cores (Kim+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq [1/100] Sequential identification number (1)
5- 17 A13 --- PGCC Name of the associated Planck Galactic cold
clump (PGCC)
19- 35 A17 --- SCOPE Identification in the SCOPE survey
37- 38 I2 h RAh [2/22] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
40- 41 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
43- 47 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
49- 49 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000) (2)
50- 51 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)
53- 54 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (2)
56- 59 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (2)
61- 64 F4.2 kpc Dist [0.1/9.21] Distance (3)
66- 66 A1 --- Env [HFC ] Environment (G1)
68- 81 A14 --- RefNH3 References to previous publications reporting
on NH3 (4)
83- 88 A6 --- RefH2O References to previous publications reporting
on H2O maser (4)
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Note (1): During data reduction, targets 63, 64 and 67 were found to be
duplicates of targets 59, 60 and 66, thus, were excluded from further
analysis.
Note (2): Central equatorial coordinates of the target
Note (3): Distance based on Kim+ (2020, J/ApJS/249/33) and references therein.
Note (4): NH3 & H2O references as follows:
1 = Jijina et al. (1999, J/ApJS/125/161)
2 = Benson & Myers (1989ApJS...71...89B 1989ApJS...71...89B)
3 = Anglada et al. (1989ApJ...341..208A 1989ApJ...341..208A)
4 = Ungerechts et al. (1980A&A....88..259U 1980A&A....88..259U)
5 = Camarata et al. (2015, J/ApJ/806/74)
6 = Svoboda et al. (2016, J/ApJ/822/59)
7 = Wienen et al. (2012, J/A+A/544/A146)
8 = Anglada et al. (1996, J/ApJ/463/205)
9 = Longmore et al. (2017, J/MNRAS/470/1462)
10 = Tang et al. (2017, J/A+A/598/A30)
11 = Rygl et al. (2010, J/A+A/515/A42)
12 = Urquhart et al. (2014, J/MNRAS/437/1791)
13 = Urquhart et al. (2011, J/MNRAS/418/1689)
14 = Chira et al. (2013, J/A+A/552/A40)
15 = Keown et al. (2019, J/ApJ/884/44)
16 = Torrelles et al. (1983ApJ...274..214T 1983ApJ...274..214T)
17 = Gusten et al. (1986A&A...164..342G 1986A&A...164..342G)
18 = Tafalla et al. (1993ApJ...403..175T 1993ApJ...403..175T)
19 = Molinari et al. (1996, J/A+A/308/573)
20 = Harju et al. (1993A&AS...98...51H 1993A&AS...98...51H)
21 = Rosolowsky et al. (2008, J/ApJS/175/509)
22 = Codella et al. (1994, J/A+A/291/261)
23 = Han et al. (1995PPMtO..14..184H 1995PPMtO..14..184H)
24 = Svoboda et al. (2016, J/ApJ/822/59)
25 = Palagi et al. (1993, J/A+AS/101/153)
26 = Walsh et al. (2011, J/MNRAS/416/1764)
27 = Codella et al. (1994, J/A+A/291/261)
28 = Wang et al. (2006, J/ApJ/651/L125)
29 = Sunada et al. (2007, J/PASJ/59/1185)
30 = Gomez et al. (2006, J/AJ/132/1322)
31 = Valdettaro et al. (2001, J/A+A/368/845)
32 = Urquhart et al. (2011, J/MNRAS/418/1689)
The reference numbers are marked with a star if the position of the
previous measurement is in the 1-2 arcminute radius area around our
target, thus, considered as "associated", but outside the 37"
Effelsberg beam.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- Seq [1/100] Sequential identification number
5- 5 I1 --- NL [1/2]? Number, detected NH3 (1,1) velocity
components
7- 10 F4.2 K Tmb1 [0.15/7]? NH3(1,1) main group main beam
brightness
12- 15 F4.2 K e_Tmb1 [0.03/0.8]? Uncertainty in Tmb1
17- 23 F7.3 km/s vlsr [-31.7/106.2]? NH3(1,1) LSR velocity from
HFS fitting
25- 29 F5.3 km/s e_vlsr [0/0.11]? Uncertainty in vlsr
31- 35 F5.3 km/s dV-hfs [0.23/2.31]? NH3(1,1) HFS linewidth
37- 41 F5.3 km/s e_dV-hfs [0.002/0.6]? Uncertainty in dV-hfs
43- 47 F5.3 km/s dV-g [0.57/2.8]? NH3(1,1) main group Gaussian
linewidth
49- 53 F5.3 km/s e_dV-g [0.008/0.8]? Uncertainty in dV-g
55- 59 F5.2 --- tau [0.1/10.8]? NH3(1,1) main group opacity
61- 65 F5.3 --- e_tau [0/0.72]? Uncertainty in tau
67- 70 F4.2 K Tmb2 [0.09/1.81]? NH3(2,2) main group main
beam brightness
72- 75 F4.2 K e_Tmb2 [0.02/0.8]? Uncertainty in Tmb2
77- 81 F5.3 km/s sigma-th [0.06/0.11]? Thermal velocity dispersion
83- 87 F5.3 km/s e_sigma-th [0.013/0.05]? Uncertainty in sigma-th
89- 93 F5.3 km/s sigma-tu [0.078/0.96]? Turbulent velocity dispersion
95- 99 F5.3 km/s e_sigma-tu [0.001/0.03]? Uncertainty in sigma-tu
101-101 A1 --- pNH3 Presence of NH3 (3,3)
103-103 A1 --- pH2O Presence of H2O maser emission
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq [1/100] Sequential identification number
5- 5 I1 --- NL [1/2]? Number, detected NH3 (1,1) velocity
components
7- 11 F5.2 K Trot [7.79/31.88]? Rotational temperature from (1,1),
(2,2) levels
13- 17 F5.2 K e_Trot [0.29/26.54]? Uncertainty in Trot
19- 23 F5.2 K Tex [3.02/11.59]? Excitation temperature of NH3 (1,1)
25- 28 F4.2 K e_Tex [0.04/1.6]? Uncertainty in Tex
30- 34 F5.2 K Tkin [7.99/52.04]? Kinetic temperature
36- 40 F5.2 K e_Tkin [0.37/45]? Uncertainty in Tkin
42- 49 E8.2 cm-2 NNH3 ? NH3 column density
51- 58 E8.2 cm-2 e_NNH3 ? Uncertainty in NNH3
60- 67 E8.2 cm-3 nH2 [609/358000]? H2 volume density
69- 76 E8.2 cm-3 e_nH2 [216/940000]? Uncertainty in nH2
78- 78 A1 --- Evol [PS ] Evolutionary group;
(P)rotostellar; (S)tarless
80- 80 A1 --- Env [HFC ] Environment category of target (G1)
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Environment as follows:
H = high latitude isolated or small clusters (35 occurrences);
F = in filament (49 occurrences);
C = clusters at the Galactic Plane (13 occurrences).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 28-Apr-2022