J/ApJS/259/27 DES Bright Arcs Survey: strong lens systems (O'Donnell+, 2022)
The Dark Energy Survey Bright Arcs Survey: candidate strongly lensed galaxy
systems from the Dark Energy Survey 5000 square degree footprint.
O'Donnell J.H., Wilkinson R.D., Diehl H.T., Aros-Bunster C., Bechtol K.,
Birrer S., Buckley-Geer E.J., Carnero Rosell A., Carrasco Kind M.,
da Costa L.N., Gonzalez Lozano S.J., Gruendl R.A., Hilton M., Lin H.,
Lindgren K.A., Martin J., Pieres A., Rykoff E.S., Sevilla-Noarbe I.,
Sheldon E., Sifon C., Tucker D.L., Yanny B., Abbott T.M.C., Aguena M.,
Allam S., Andrade-Oliveira F., Annis J., Bertin E., Brooks D., Burke D.L.,
Carretero J., Costanzi M., De Vicente J., Desai S., Dietrich J.P.,
Eckert K., Everett S., Ferrero I., Flaugher B., Fosalba P., Frieman J.,
Garcia-Bellido J., Gaztanaga E., Gerdes D.W., Gruen D., Gschwend J.,
Gill M.S.S., Gutierrez G., Hinton S.R., Hollowood D.L., Honscheid K.,
James D.J., Jeltema T., Kuehn K., Lahav O., Lima M., Maia M.A.G.,
Marshall J.L., Melchior P., Menanteau F., Miquel R., Morgan R., Nord B.,
Ogando R.L.C., Paz-Chinchon F., Pereira M.E.S., Plazas Malagon A.A.,
Rodriguez-Monroy M., Romer A.K., Roodman A., Sanchez E., Scarpine V.,
Schubnell M., Serrano S., Smith M., Suchyta E., Swanson M.E.C., Tarle G.,
Thomas D., To C., Varga T.N., The DES Collaboration
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 259, 27 (2022)>
=2022ApJS..259...27O 2022ApJS..259...27O
ADC_Keywords: Gravitational lensing; Galaxies; Photometry, ugriz; Redshifts;
Surveys
Keywords: High-redshift galaxies ; Strong gravitational lensing
Abstract:
We report the combined results of eight searches for strong
gravitational lens systems in the full 5000 square degrees of Dark
Energy Survey (DES) observations. The observations accumulated by the
end of the third observing season fully covered the DES footprint in
five filters (grizY), with an i-band limiting magnitude (at 10σ)
of 23.44. In four searches, a list of potential candidates was
identified using a color and magnitude selection from the object
catalogs created from the first three observing seasons. Three other
searches were conducted at the locations of previously identified
galaxy clusters. Cutout images of potential candidates were then
visually scanned using an object viewer. An additional set of
candidates came from a data-quality check of a subset of the
color-coadd tiles created from the full DES six-season data set. A
short list of the most promising strong-lens candidates was then
numerically ranked according to whether or not we judged them to be
bona fide strong gravitational lens systems. These searches discovered
a diverse set of 247 strong-lens candidate systems, of which 81 are
identified for the first time. We provide the coordinates, magnitudes,
and photometric properties of the lens and source objects, and an
estimate of the Einstein radius for 81 new systems and 166 previously
reported systems.
Description:
The Dark Energy Survey (DES) has completed a six-season program that
imaged 5100 square degrees of the southern galactic cap using the Dark
Energy Camera (DECam), which is operated on the 4m Victor M. Blanco
Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) near
La Serena, Chile.
DES data collection typically occurred from mid-to-late August to
mid-February, starting on 2013 August 31 and ending on 2019 January 9.
Over the 6-year survey, we accumulated 10 high-quality, 90s duration
observations of the full survey field in each of the four filter g, r,
i, and z bands, and 6 to 10 high-quality observations of 45 or 90s
length for the Y band (totaling 450s).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 96 252 Properties of all candidate lensing systems,
ordered by increasing RA
table4.dat 119 652 *Names, positions, photometry, and photometric
redshifts of objects for each candidate
lensing system
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Note on table4.dat: DESJ0159-3413ALT, DESJ2131-4019 and DESJ2308-0155 have been
removed from Table 4 by CDS; following the authors recommandations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/357 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 1 (Abbott+, 2018)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
II/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abott+, 2021)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
J/ApJ/682/964 : Sloan lens ACS survey. V. (Bolton+, 2008)
J/ApJS/176/19 : COSMOS: strong lens systems (Faure+, 2008)
J/ApJS/193/8 : Spectroscopy of 26 lensing cluster cores (Bayliss+, 2011)
J/ApJ/742/48 : Blanco survey of lens BCS J2352-5452 (Buckley-Geer+, 2011)
J/ApJ/749/38 : CFHTLS-SL2S-ARCS strong lens candidates (More+, 2012)
J/ApJ/763/127 : Galaxy clusters discovered in SPT survey (Reichardt+, 2013)
J/ApJ/785/144 : SL2S galaxy-scale sample of lens candidates (Gavazzi+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/443/1549 : MACSJ0416.1-2403 strong-lensing analysis (Jauzac+, 2014)
J/ApJ/785/104 : redMaPPer. I. Algorithm applied to SDSS DR8 (Rykoff+, 2014)
J/ApJS/216/27 : Galaxy clusters discovered in SPT-SZ survey (Bleem+, 2015)
J/ApJ/801/44 : HST lensing analysis of the CLASH sample (Zitrin+, 2015)
J/ApJS/227/3 : Full spectroscopic data release of SPT-GMOS (Bayliss+, 2016)
J/A+A/592/A75 : New lens candidates in CFHTLS (Paraficz+, 2016)
J/ApJ/817/85 : Properties of giant arcs behind CLASH clusters (Xu+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/465/4914 : R-band light curves of HE 0435-1223 (Bonvin+, 2017)
J/ApJS/232/15 : Candidate strong lens systems from DES obs. (Diehl+, 2017)
J/ApJ/851/48 : SLACS. XIII. Galaxy-scale strong lens cand. (Shu+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/478/5104 : Model selection with strong-lensing systems (Leaf+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/484/5330 : High-redshift strong lens cand. from DES (Jacobs+, 2019)
J/ApJS/243/17 : Strong DES lens cand. from neural networks (Jacobs+, 2019)
J/ApJS/247/25 : The SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey (Bleem+, 2020)
J/A+A/644/A163 : Pan-STARRS lens cand. from neural networks (Canameras+ 2020)
J/ApJ/894/78 : Strong gravitational lenses from DECaLS (Huang+, 2020)
J/ApJS/247/12 : Strong lens models for 37 clusters from SGAS (Sharon+, 2020)
J/ApJS/253/3 : Sunyaev-Zel'dovich galaxy clusters from ACT (Hilton+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [DES]
4- 14 A11 --- DES System name (JHHMM+DDMMA)
16- 17 I2 --- Rank [3/10] Visual inspection rank (3=possible
to 10=definite strong lens system) (1)
19- 47 A29 --- Algorithm Algorithm that detected the system (2)
49- 53 F5.2 arcsec Rad [1.5/42.4] Average radius
55- 58 F4.2 arcsec e_Rad [0.26/7.7] Uncertainty in
60- 85 A26 --- OName Other name (3)
87- 96 A10 --- Ref Reference(s) to detections in other
papers (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): After each search was completed, a short list of systems identified
as candidates was compiled and all re-ranked by a team of five
scientists. Each person assigned a score of 0-2 to each system --
0 points if the system was thought to not be a strong lens candidate,
1 point if it might be, and 2 points if the system was expected to be
an instance of strong lensing. Scores from all judges were summed to
produce a rank between 0 and 10. The candidate rankings of 3-10 span
the range from possible to probable to definite strong-lens systems.
See Section 3.
Note (2): Systems labeled "RedM missed" were not identified in the RedM search,
but were later found to match redMaPPer galaxy clusters. The
algorithms are as follows:
BNA = Blue Near Anything;
BBNA = secondary Blue Near Anything search;
RNA = Red Near Anything;
TI = Tile Inspection;
ACT = Atacama Cosmology Telescope cluster sample;
RedM = redMaPPer year 3 cluster sample;
SPTPol = SPTPol Extended Cluster Survey clusters.
Note (3): Names are only given for the earliest discovery. Names from
Diehl et al. (2017, J/ApJS/232/15 ;
<[DBL2017] DES JHHMM+DDMM ({A/N})> in Simbad);
Jacobs et al. (2019, J/MNRAS/484/5330);
Jacobs et al. (2019, J/ApJS/243/17 ; in Simbad)
are identical to the present work.
Note (4): Reference code as follows:
a = Cabanac et al. (2007A&A...461..813C 2007A&A...461..813C)
b = Estrada et al. (2007AJ....660.1176E 2007AJ....660.1176E)
c = Hennawi et al. (2008AJ....135..664H 2008AJ....135..664H)
d = Wuyts et al. (2010AJ....724.1182W 2010AJ....724.1182W)
e = Bayliss et al. (2011ApJS..193....8B 2011ApJS..193....8B)
f = Buckley-Geer et al. (2011ApJ...742...48B 2011ApJ...742...48B)
g = Bayliss (2012AJ....744..156B 2012AJ....744..156B)
h = Furlanetto et al. (2013MNRAS.432...73F 2013MNRAS.432...73F)
i = Stark et al. (2013MNRAS.436.1040S 2013MNRAS.436.1040S)
j = Jauzac et al. (2014MNRAS.443.1549J 2014MNRAS.443.1549J)
k = Richard et al. (2015MNRAS.446L..16R 2015MNRAS.446L..16R)
l = Zitrin et al. (2015AJ....801...44Z 2015AJ....801...44Z)
m = Bleem et al. (2015ApJS..216...27B 2015ApJS..216...27B)
n = Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A.587C 2016A&A...587A.587C)
o = Nord et al. (2016ApJ...827...51N 2016ApJ...827...51N)
p = Bayliss et al. (2016ApJS..227....3B 2016ApJS..227....3B)
q = Collett et al. (2017ApJ...843..148C 2017ApJ...843..148C)
r = Ebeling et al. (2017MNRAS.471.3305E 2017MNRAS.471.3305E)
s = Cerny et al. (2018AJ....859..159C 2018AJ....859..159C)
t = Diego et al. (2018MNRAS.473.4279D 2018MNRAS.473.4279D)
u = Petrillo et al. (2019MNRAS.484.3879P 2019MNRAS.484.3879P)
v = Huang et al. (2020ApJ...894...78H 2020ApJ...894...78H)
w = Jaelani et al. (2020MNRAS.495.1291J 2020MNRAS.495.1291J)
x = Li et al. (2020ApJ...899...30L 2020ApJ...899...30L)
y = Canameras et al. (2020A&A...644A.163C 2020A&A...644A.163C)
z = Huang et al. (2021ApJ...909...27H 2021ApJ...909...27H)
A = Rojas et al. (2021arXiv210900014R 2021arXiv210900014R)
B = Diehl et al. (2017ApJS..232...15D 2017ApJS..232...15D)
C = Jacobs et al. (2019MNRAS.484.5330J 2019MNRAS.484.5330J)
D = Jacobs et al. (2019ApJS..243...17J 2019ApJS..243...17J)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [DES]
4- 14 A11 --- DES System name (JHHMM+DDMMA)
18 A1 --- --- [(]
19 A1 --- m_DES Lens (if letter) or source (if number) within the
system
20 A1 --- --- [)]
22- 31 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
33- 42 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-64.6/4.6] Declination (J2000)
44 A1 --- fmDES n = object not detected in DES Y3 or Y6 (1)
46- 50 F5.2 mag gmag [16.69/24.9]? Apparent g band AB magnitude (2)
52- 56 F5.2 mag e_gmag [0/1]? Uncertainty in gmag (2)
58- 62 F5.2 mag rmag [15.7/24.2]? Apparent r band AB magnitude (2)
64- 68 F5.2 mag e_rmag [0/0.4]? Uncertainty in rmag (2)
70- 74 F5.2 mag imag [15.28/23.3]? Apparent i band AB magnitude (2)
76- 80 F5.2 mag e_imag [0/0.2]? Uncertainty in imag (2)
82- 86 F5.2 mag zmag [14.95/23.26]? Apparent z band AB magnitude
88- 91 F4.2 mag e_zmag [0/0.5]? Uncertainty in zmag
93- 97 F5.2 mag ymag [14.8/24.4]? Apparent y band AB magnitude (2)
99-103 F5.2 mag e_ymag [0/6]? Uncertainty in ymag (2)
105-107 A3 --- Flag Data flag(s) (3)
108-112 F5.2 --- zphot [-0/4.41]? Photometric redshift
114-119 F6.2 --- e_zphot [0/108.2]? Uncertainty in zphot
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
n = the object did not have a corresponding detection in DES Y3 or DES Y6
and thus no photometry or photometric redshift. Such objects are
indicated by arrows in the cutout figures.
Note (2): A blank indicates an individual filter(s) did not detect the source.
Note (3): Flag as follows:
* = FLAGS_GOLD!=0 indicating a likely problem with the object's
identification or photometry.
d = The object photometry comes from Y3 catalog (see II/357).
p = Object photometry is from Y6 catalog (see II/371).
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Acknowledgements:
Jackson O'Donnell [jhodonnell at ucsc.edu]
Thomas Diehl [diehl at fnal.gov]
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 08-Jun-2022