J/ApJS/266/32 Extension of HOPS out to 500pc (eHOPS). I. Aquila (Pokhrel+, 2023)
Extension of HOPS out to 500pc (eHOPS).
I. Identification and modeling of protostars in the Aquila molecular clouds.
Pokhrel R., Megeath S.T., Gutermuth R.A., Furlan E., Fischer W.J.,
Federman S., Tobin J.J., Stutz A.M., Hartmann L., Osorio M., Watson D.M.,
Stanke T., Manoj P., Narang M., Atnagulov P., Habel N., Zakri W.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 266, 32 (2023)>
=2023ApJS..266...32P 2023ApJS..266...32P
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds; Photometry, infrared; YSOs; Reddening;
Energy distributions; Cross identifications;
Millimetric/submm sources; Surveys
Keywords: Star formation ; Protostars ; Molecular clouds ; Infrared astronomy ;
Young stellar objects ; Astronomy data modeling ;
Far infrared astronomy ; Pre-main sequence stars ; Catalogs ; Surveys
Abstract:
We present a Spitzer/Herschel focused survey of the Aquila molecular
clouds (d∼436pc) as part of the eHOPS (extension of the Herschel orion
protostar survey, or HOPS, Out to 500 ParSecs) census of nearby
protostars. For every source detected in the Herschel/PACS bands, the
eHOPS-Aquila catalog contains 1-850µm SEDs assembled from the Two
Micron All Sky Survey, Spitzer, Herschel, the Wide-field Infrared
Survey Explorer, and James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/SCUBA-2 data. Using
a newly developed set of criteria, we classify objects by their SEDs
as protostars, pre-main-sequence stars with disks, and galaxies. A
total of 172 protostars are found in Aquila, tightly concentrated in
the molecular filaments that thread the clouds. Of these, 71 (42%) are
Class 0 protostars, 54 (31%) are Class I protostars, 43 (25%) are
flat-spectrum protostars, and four (2%) are Class II sources. Ten of
the Class 0 protostars are young PACS bright red sources similar to
those discovered in Orion. We compare the SEDs to a grid of radiative
transfer models to constrain the luminosities, envelope densities, and
envelope masses of the protostars. A comparison of the eHOPS-Aquila to
the HOPS protostars in Orion finds that the protostellar luminosity
functions in the two star-forming regions are statistically
indistinguishable, the bolometric temperatures/envelope masses of
eHOPS-Aquila protostars are shifted to cooler temperatures/higher
masses, and the eHOPS-Aquila protostars do not show the decline in
luminosity with evolution found in Orion. We briefly discuss whether
these differences are due to biases between the samples, diverging
star formation histories, or the influence of environment on
protostellar evolution.
Description:
This paper presents SEDs assembled from photometry and spectra
covering a wavelength range of 1-850um. These come from multiple
catalogs. The photometry from 1-24um is from the Spitzer Extended
Solar Neighborhood Archive (SESNA) catalog compiled by
R. Gutermuth et al. (2022, in preparation). The SESNA data products
are publicly available through http://bit.ly/sesna2021
We use observations from the Herschel Space Observatory to extract
photometry in the 70-500um wavelength region. We obtain the
observations from the Herschel Science Archive. We provide the
observational details such as observation IDs, observed wavelengths,
proposal names, and scan velocities for these observations in Appendix A
(Tables 7 and 8).
The 850um photometry is from maps made with the Submillimeter
Common-User Bolometer Array-2 (SCUBA-2) instrument on the James Clerk
Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). We use the 850um flux maps from the JCMT
Gould Belt Survey data release repository (Kirk+ 2018ApJS..238....8K 2018ApJS..238....8K ;
doi: 10.11570/18.0005).
When available, we complement the Spitzer photometry with the
spectroscopic measurements from the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on
Spitzer using the Short-Low (SL; 5.2-14um) and Long-Low (LL; 14-38um)
modules, both having a low spectral resolution of about 90. We obtain
the IRS observation from the Combined Atlas of Sources with Spitzer
IRS Spectra (CASSIS).
We also utilize mid-IR photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer (WISE). The WISE photometry is retrieved from the AllWISE
catalog (see II/328) in the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA).
After following the steps from Sections 4.1.2-4.1.6, we find a total
of 172 protostars (Table 2), 73 pre-main-sequence (pre-MS) stars with
disks (Table 9), 24 reddened pre-MS stars with disks (Table 9),
118 galaxies (Table 10), and 12 candidate protostars (Table 11).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 467 172 Observed fluxes for the eHOPS protostars
table3.dat 52 172 Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
literature catalogs
table4.dat 110 172 Classification and best-fit model parameters for
the eHOPS sample
table7.dat 55 14 *Observation details for Herschel/PACS
table8.dat 150 3 *Observation details for Herschel/SPIRE
table9.dat 460 97 Fluxes for the pre-main-sequence (pre-MS) stars
with disks (Appendix F)
table10.dat 357 118 Fluxes for galaxies (Appendix G)
table11.dat 370 12 Fluxes for the candidate protostars (CPs;
Appendix H)
table12.dat 363 337 Fluxes for sources that are outside the Spitzer
coverage region (Appendix I)
table13.dat 53 37 Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
Winston+ 2007, J/ApJ/669/493
table14.dat 61 34 Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
Enoch+ 2009, J/ApJ/692/973
table15.dat 50 27 *Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
Gutermuth+ 2009, J/ApJS/184/18
table16.dat 50 40 Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
Kryukova+ 2012, J/AJ/144/31
table17.dat 43 199 Source comparison between eHOPS catalog and
Dunham+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on table7.dat: We use Level 2.5 processed Herschel/PACS observations that
are selected from JSCANAM data products.
Note on table8.dat: We use Level 3 processed Herschel/SPIRE data products
for this work.
Note on table15.dat: Only the protostars (Class I and I*) in Table 4 of
Gutermuth+ (2009, J/ApJS/184/18 ; <[GMM2009] MWC 297 NN> or
<[GMM2009] Serpens NN> in Simbad)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)
J/PASP/119/994 : MIPS 24um calibrators (Engelbracht+, 2007)
J/ApJ/663/1149 : Spitzer survey of Serpens YSO population (Harvey+, 2007)
J/ApJ/669/493 : Spitzer/Chandra YSOs in Serpens cloud core (Winston+, 2007)
J/ApJ/674/336 : Spitzer observations of NGC 1333 (Gutermuth+, 2008)
J/ApJ/678/985 : c2d Spitzer survey of interstellar ices. I. (Boogert+, 2008)
J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)
J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)
J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)
J/ApJ/691/672 : Spectrocopy of YSOs in Serpens (Oliveira+ 2009)
J/ApJ/693/L81 : Extinction in star-forming regions (McClure, 2009)
J/ApJ/712/925 : Transition circumstellar disks in Ophiuchus (Cieza+, 2010)
J/ApJ/714/778 : YSOs in the Serpens Molecular Cloud (Oliveira+, 2010)
J/ApJ/723/915 : BLAST view of Aquila (Rivera-Ingraham+, 2010)
J/ApJ/725/2485 : X-rays from the star-forming complex W40 (Kuhn+, 2010)
J/A+A/518/L73 : Youngest massive protostars in the LMC (Sewilo+, 2010)
J/AJ/140/266 : NGC 1333 X-ray luminous YSOs properties (Winston+, 2010)
J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS phot. of protostar candidates (Kryukova+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/79 : Transition disks. II. Southern MoC (Romero+, 2012)
J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/94 : Luminosities of protostars from Spitzer (Dunham+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)
J/ApJ/768/99 : X-ray survey of YSOs in Orion A (Pillitteri+, 2013)
J/AJ/148/11 : Infrared photometry in Cygnus-X (Kryukova+, 2014)
J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/64 : MIPSGAL 24µm point source catalog (Gutermuth+, 2015)
J/ApJ/806/231 : MISFITS survey: HCO+ obs. of Spitzer YSOs (Heiderman+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A91 : Dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)
J/ApJS/224/5 : The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS) (Furlan+, 2016)
J/ApJS/226/8 : Spitzer survey of Class II objects in Orion A. I. (Kim+, 2016)
J/A+A/615/A9 : Distribution of Serpens South protostars (Plunkett+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/241 : Chandra X-ray detection of YSOs in Serpens (Winston+, 2018)
J/A+A/622/A149 : Vienna survey in Orion. III. (Grossschedl+, 2019)
J/ApJ/905/119 : HOPS: Herschel/PACS 70 and 160um obs. (Fischer+, 2020)
J/ApJ/911/153 : 1.60um & 2.05um images of protostars in Orion (Habel+, 2021)
http://cassis.sirtf.com/ : Combined Atlas of Sources with Spitzer IRS Spectra
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Object name
15- 19 F5.1 mJy FJ [0.2/534]? 2MASS J-band flux
21- 24 F4.1 mJy e_FJ [0.1/12]? Uncertainty in FJ
26- 31 F6.1 mJy FH [0.3/1304]? 2MASS H-band flux
33- 36 F4.1 mJy e_FH [0.1/46]? Uncertainty in FH
38- 43 F6.1 mJy FKs [0.6/2469]? 2MASS Ks-band flux
45- 48 F4.1 mJy e_FKs [0.1/41]? Uncertainty in FKs
50- 55 F6.1 mJy F3.6 [0.1/2428]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Flux
57- 60 F4.1 mJy e_F3.6 [0.1/33]? Uncertainty in F3.6
62- 66 F5.1 mJy F3.6-C [0.1/470]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Completeness
Flux limit
68- 73 F6.1 mJy F4.5 [0.1/3613]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
75- 78 F4.1 mJy e_F4.5 [0.1/49]? Uncertainty in F4.5
80- 84 F5.1 mJy F4.5-C [0.1/143]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Completeness
Flux limit
86- 91 F6.1 mJy F5.8 [0.1/8470]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Flux
93- 97 F5.1 mJy e_F5.8 [0.1/111]? Uncertainty in F5.8
99- 103 F5.1 mJy F5.8-C [0.2/414]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Completeness
Flux limit
105- 110 F6.1 mJy F8.0 [0.2/5752]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Flux
112- 116 F5.1 mJy e_F8.0 [0.1/112]? Uncertainty in F8.0
118- 123 F6.1 mJy F8.0-C [0.2/4784]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Completeness
Flux limit
125- 130 F6.1 mJy F24 [1.6/4766]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
132- 135 F4.1 mJy e_F24 [0.1/91]? Uncertainty in F24
137- 142 F6.1 mJy F24-C [0.9/5024]? Spitzer/MIPS Spitzer/MIPS 24um
Completeness Flux limit
144- 149 F6.1 mJy F3.4 [0.1/2951]? WISE W1 3.4um Flux
151- 155 F5.1 mJy e_F3.4 [0.1/509]? Uncertainty in F3.4
157- 162 F6.1 mJy F4.6 [0.4/5652]? WISE W2 4.6um Flux
164- 168 F5.1 mJy e_F4.6 [0.1/682]? Uncertainty in F4.6
170- 176 F7.1 mJy F12 [0.6/21220]? WISE W3 12um Flux
178- 182 F5.1 mJy e_F12 [0.2/470]? Uncertainty in F12
184- 190 F7.1 mJy F22 [2/48083]? WISE W4 22um Flux
192- 196 F5.1 mJy e_F22 [1.4/158]? Uncertainty in F22
198- 205 F8.1 mJy F70 [157/209133]? Herschel/PACS 70um Flux
207- 213 F7.1 mJy e_F70 [18/10824]? Uncertainty in F70
215- 220 F6.1 mJy F70-S [14/2778] Herschel/PACS 70um Background Sky
Flux
222- 229 F8.1 mJy F100 [102/387654]? Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
231- 237 F7.1 mJy e_F100 [7/19411]? Uncertainty in F100
239- 244 F6.1 mJy F100-S [5/1018]? Herschel/PACS 100um Background Sky
Flux
246- 253 F8.1 mJy F160 [189/485307]? Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
255- 261 F7.1 mJy e_F160 [14.8/24467]? Uncertainty in F160
263- 268 A6 mJy F160-S Herschel/PACS 160um Background Sky Flux (G1)
270- 277 F8.1 mJy F250 [214/247540] Herschel/SPIRE 250um Flux
279- 284 F6.1 mJy e_F250 [4/8046] Uncertainty in F250
286- 291 A6 mJy F250-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 250um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
293- 300 F8.1 mJy F350 [159.9/187795] Herschel/SPIRE 350um Flux
302- 307 F6.1 mJy e_F350 [4/5184] Uncertainty in F350
309 A1 mJy F350-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 350um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
311- 318 F8.1 mJy F500 [208/108621] Herschel/SPIRE 500um Flux
320- 325 F6.1 mJy e_F500 [5/4171] Uncertainty in F500
327 A1 mJy F500-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 500um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
329- 334 F6.1 mJy F850 [21/7901]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um Flux
336- 340 F5.1 mJy e_F850 [6/285]? Uncertainty in F850
342- 345 A4 mJy F850-S ? JCMT/SCUBA2 1σ 850um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
347- 467 A121 --- Comm Comments (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The Comment field states the step in which the protostar is
identified with a brief explanation (in LaTeX).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Object name
15- 42 A28 --- OName Other name
44- 44 A1 --- W07 [YN] Source in Winston+ (2007, J/ApJ/669/493 ;
<[WMW2007] NNN> in Simbad)?
46- 46 A1 --- E09 [YN] Source in Enoch+ (2009, J/ApJ/692/973 ;
<[EES2009] Ser-emb NN> in Simbad)?
48- 48 A1 --- G09 [YN] Source in Gutermuth+ (2009, J/ApJS/184/18)?
50- 50 A1 --- K12 [YN] Source in Kryukova+ (2012, J/AJ/144/31)?
52- 52 A1 --- D15 [YN] Source in Dunham+ (2015, J/ApJS/220/11)?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Object name
15- 22 F8.4 deg RAdeg [276.2/280.1] Mean Right Ascension (J2000) (1)
24- 30 F7.4 deg DEdeg [-4/1.4] Mean Declination (J2000) (1)
32- 38 A7 --- Class SED Class
40- 46 F7.3 Lsun Lbol [0.04/159] Bolometric luminosity
48- 52 F5.1 K Tbol [16/735] Bolometric temperature
54- 58 F5.2 --- alpha [-0.6/3.3]? SED slope, α,
from 4.5um to 24um
60- 60 A1 --- f_alpha Flag on alpha (2)
62- 66 F5.1 Lsun Ltot [0.1/607] Total disk, stellar luminosity
68- 70 I3 au Rdisk [5/500] Disk inner radius
72- 78 E7.1 g/cm3 rho [0/1.8e-16] Envelope density at 1000au
80- 85 F6.4 Msun Menv [0/8.7] Envelope mass, within 2500au
87- 88 I2 deg theta [5/45] outflow cavity half-angle, θ
90- 93 F4.1 deg i [18/87.2] Envelope inclination (in the sky)
95- 99 F5.1 mag Av [0/140.2] Foreground Reddening, V-band
101-104 F4.2 --- Scale [0.5/2] Scaling factor, applied to model SEDs
106-110 F5.3 --- R [0.02/9.1] Goodness of fit parameter
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Positions represent mean of the coordinates from 2MASS, Spitzer and
Herschel/PACS positions.
Note (2): Flags on α as follows:
a = α calculated using 4.5um completeness limit;
b = α calculated with 24um completeness limit.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 um lambda [70/160] Wavelength
5- 14 I10 --- ObsID1 Observation identifier
15 A1 --- --- [,]
16- 25 I10 --- ObsID2 Second observation identifier
27- 32 F6.2 deg RAdeg [277/280.01] Right ascension (J2000)
34- 38 F5.2 deg DEdeg [-3.63/0.9] Declination (J2000)
40- 52 A13 --- Prop Proposal
54- 55 I2 arcsec/s Vel [20/60] Scan velocity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 um lambda [250/500] Wavelength
5- 14 I10 --- ObsID1 Observation identifier
15 A1 --- --- [,]
16- 25 I10 --- ObsID2 Second observation identifier
26 A1 --- --- [,]
27- 36 I10 --- ObsID3 Third observation identifier
37 A1 --- --- [,]
38- 47 I10 --- ObsID4 Fourth observation identifier
48 A1 --- --- [,]
49- 58 I10 --- ObsID5 Fifth observation identifier
59 A1 --- --- [,]
60- 69 I10 --- ObsID6 Sixth observation identifier
70 A1 --- --- [,]
71- 80 I10 --- ObsID7 Seventh observation identifier
81 A1 --- --- [,]
82- 91 I10 --- ObsID8 Eighth observation identifier
93- 98 F6.2 deg RAdeg [277.78] Right ascension (J2000)
100-104 F5.2 deg DEdeg [-0.88/-0.87] Declination (J2000)
106-147 A42 --- Prop Proposals
149-150 I2 arcsec/s Vel [30] Scan velocity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 I7 --- Seq [30016/2067888] Sequential number identifier
9- 17 F9.5 deg RAdeg [275.6/280.1] Right Ascension (J2000)
19- 26 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-4.4/1.5] Declination (J2000)
28- 37 A10 --- Type SED Type (1)
39- 44 F6.1 mJy FJ [0.4/7401]? 2MASS J-band flux
46- 50 F5.1 mJy e_FJ [0.1/178]? Uncertainty in FJ
52- 58 F7.1 mJy FH [0.4/24436]? 2MASS H-band flux
60- 65 F6.1 mJy e_FH [0.1/6212]? Uncertainty in FH
67- 73 F7.1 mJy FKs [0.6/37670]? 2MASS Ks-band flux
75- 80 F6.1 mJy e_FKs [0.1/9425]? Uncertainty in FKs
82- 87 F6.1 mJy F3.6 [0.1/2974]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Flux
89- 92 F4.1 mJy e_F3.6 [0.1/41]? Uncertainty in F3.6
94- 99 F6.1 mJy F3.6-C [0.2/1255]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Completeness
Flux limit
101- 106 F6.1 mJy F4.5 [0.1/3426]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
108- 111 F4.1 mJy e_F4.5 [0.1/46]? Uncertainty in F4.5
113- 118 F6.1 mJy F4.5-C [0.2/2890]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Completeness
Flux limit
120- 126 F7.1 mJy F5.8 [1/15798]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Flux
128- 132 F5.1 mJy e_F5.8 [0.1/207]? Uncertainty in F5.8
134- 139 F6.1 mJy F5.8-C [0.2/4579]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Completeness
Flux limit
141- 146 F6.1 mJy F8.0 [0.5/7391]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Flux
148- 152 F5.1 mJy e_F8.0 [0.1/123]? Uncertainty in F8.0
154- 159 F6.1 mJy F8.0-C [0.3/3340]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Completeness
Flux limit
161- 166 F6.1 mJy F24 [2/4888]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
168- 172 F5.1 mJy e_F24 [0.1/185]? Uncertainty in F24
174- 179 F6.1 mJy F24-C [1/5696]? Spitzer/MIPS Spitzer/MIPS 24um
Completeness Flux limit
181- 188 F8.1 mJy F3.4 [0.7/903477]? WISE W1 3.4um Flux
190- 195 F6.1 mJy e_F3.4 [0.1/6057]? Uncertainty in F3.4
197- 204 F8.1 mJy F4.6 [0.3/957190]? WISE W2 4.6um Flux
206- 211 F6.1 mJy e_F4.6 [0.1/5932]? Uncertainty in F4.6
213- 220 F8.1 mJy F12 [0.6/709138]? WISE W3 12um Flux
222- 228 F7.1 mJy e_F12 [0.2/97121]? Uncertainty in F12
230- 237 F8.1 mJy F22 [2/900302]? WISE W4 22um Flux
239- 243 F5.1 mJy e_F22 [0.8/596]? Uncertainty in F22
245- 251 F7.1 mJy F70 [188/83147]? Herschel/PACS 70um Flux
253- 258 F6.1 mJy e_F70 [17/4193]? Uncertainty in F70
260- 264 F5.1 mJy F70-S [14/540] Herschel/PACS 70um Background Sky
Flux
266- 272 F7.1 mJy F100 [41/44154]? Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
274- 279 F6.1 mJy e_F100 [6/2210]? Uncertainty in F100
281- 284 F4.1 mJy F100-S [5/92]? Herschel/PACS 100um Background Sky
Flux
286- 293 F8.1 mJy F160 [76/105972]? Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
295- 300 F6.1 mJy e_F160 [9/5308]? Uncertainty in F160
302- 306 F5.1 mJy F160-S [10/210] Herschel/PACS 160um Background Sky
Flux
308- 314 F7.1 mJy F250 [-133.2/88743] Herschel/SPIRE 250um Flux
316- 320 F5.1 mJy e_F250 [3.8/284] Uncertainty in F250
322- 326 A5 mJy F250-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 250um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
328- 334 F7.1 mJy F350 [107/52637] Herschel/SPIRE 350um Flux
336- 340 F5.1 mJy e_F350 [3/287] Uncertainty in F350
342- 346 A5 mJy F350-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 350um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
348- 354 F7.1 mJy F500 [80/36701] Herschel/SPIRE 500um Flux
356- 360 F5.1 mJy e_F500 [4/276]? Uncertainty in F500
362- 366 A5 mJy F500-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 500um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
368- 372 F5.1 mJy F850 [56/850]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um Flux
374- 377 F4.1 mJy e_F850 [5/49]? Uncertainty in F850
379- 382 A4 mJy F850-S JCMT/SCUBA2 1σ 850um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
384- 460 A77 --- Comm Comments (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Denotes whether the pre-ms star with disk is sufficiently reddened
due to foreground extinction.
Note (2): The Comment field states the step in which the pre-main
sequence star is identified with a brief explanation (in LaTeX).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 I7 --- Seq [17703/2067508] Sequential number identifier
9- 17 F9.5 deg RAdeg [275.8/279.6] Right Ascension (J2000)
19- 26 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-4.3/1.6] Declination (J2000)
28- 30 F3.1 mJy FJ [0.4/1.4]? 2MASS J-band flux
32- 34 F3.1 mJy e_FJ [0.1]? Uncertainty in FJ
36- 38 F3.1 mJy FH [0.6/2.5]? 2MASS H-band flux
40- 42 F3.1 mJy e_FH [0.1/0.3]? Uncertainty in FH
44- 46 F3.1 mJy FKs [0.6/3.1]? 2MASS Ks-band flux
48- 50 F3.1 mJy e_FKs [0.1/0.3]? Uncertainty in FKs
52- 54 F3.1 mJy F3.6 [0.1/2.5]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Flux
56- 58 F3.1 mJy e_F3.6 [0.1]? Uncertainty in F3.6
60- 62 F3.1 mJy F3.6-C [0.2/7]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Completeness Flux
limit
64- 66 F3.1 mJy F4.5 [0.1/2]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
68- 70 F3.1 mJy e_F4.5 [0.1]? Uncertainty in F4.5
72- 74 F3.1 mJy F4.5-C [0.2/4.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Completeness
Flux limit
76- 78 F3.1 mJy F5.8 [0.1/7.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Flux
80- 82 F3.1 mJy e_F5.8 [0.1/0.2]? Uncertainty in F5.8
84- 87 F4.1 mJy F5.8-C [0.2/11]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Completeness
Flux limit
89- 92 F4.1 mJy F8.0 [0.2/24]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Flux
94- 96 F3.1 mJy e_F8.0 [0.1/0.7]? Uncertainty in F8.0
98- 101 F4.1 mJy F8.0-C [0.2/29.6]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Completeness
Flux limit
103- 106 F4.1 mJy F24 [0.6/74]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
108- 110 F3.1 mJy e_F24 [0.1/2]? Uncertainty in F24
112- 116 F5.1 mJy F24-C [0.8/198]? Spitzer/MIPS Spitzer/MIPS 24um
Completeness Flux limit
118- 120 F3.1 mJy F3.4 [0.1/6.1]? WISE W1 3.4um Flux
122- 124 F3.1 mJy e_F3.4 [0.1/0.2]? Uncertainty in F3.4
126- 128 F3.1 mJy F4.6 [0.1/4.4]? WISE W2 4.6um Flux
130- 132 F3.1 mJy e_F4.6 [0.1]? Uncertainty in F4.6
134- 137 F4.1 mJy F12 [0.8/30]? WISE W3 12um Flux
139- 141 F3.1 mJy e_F12 [0.1/1.1]? Uncertainty in F12
143- 146 F4.1 mJy F22 [2/91]? WISE W4 22um Flux
148- 150 F3.1 mJy e_F22 [1/3]? Uncertainty in F22
152- 157 F6.1 mJy F70 [154/1243]? Herschel/PACS 70um Flux
159- 162 F4.1 mJy e_F70 [18/66]? Uncertainty in F70
164- 167 F4.1 mJy F70-S [13/31] Herschel/PACS 70um Background Sky Flux
169- 174 F6.1 mJy F100 [34/1437]? Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
176- 179 F4.1 mJy e_F100 [5/73]? Uncertainty in F100
181- 184 F4.1 mJy F100-S [4/11]? Herschel/PACS 100um Background Sky
Flux
186- 191 F6.1 mJy F160 [48/1821]? Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
193- 196 F4.1 mJy e_F160 [9/95]? Uncertainty in F160
198- 201 F4.1 mJy F160-S [10/28] Herschel/PACS 160um Background Sky
Flux
203- 209 F7.1 mJy F250 [-53.4/17978] Herschel/SPIRE 250um Flux
211- 214 F4.1 mJy e_F250 [3/76]? Uncertainty in F250
216- 220 A5 mJy F250-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 250um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
222- 228 F7.1 mJy F350 [-113.1/13550] Herschel/SPIRE 350um Flux
230- 233 F4.1 mJy e_F350 [3/52]? Uncertainty in F350
235- 239 A5 mJy F350-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 350um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
241- 247 F7.1 mJy F500 [-74.6/11406] Herschel/SPIRE 500um Flux
249- 252 F4.1 mJy e_F500 [4/27] Uncertainty in F500
254- 258 A5 mJy F500-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 500um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
260- 263 F4.1 mJy F850 [40.7]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um Flux
265- 267 F3.1 mJy e_F850 [5/8]? Uncertainty in F850
269- 272 F4.1 mJy F850-S [-0.4]? JCMT/SCUBA2 1σ 850um Background
Sky Flux (G1)
274- 357 A84 --- Comm Comments (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The Comment field states the step in which the galaxy is
identified with a brief explanation (in LaTeX).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 I7 --- Seq [133408/2067887] Sequential number identifier
9- 17 F9.5 deg RAdeg [277/278.5] Right Ascension (J2000)
19- 26 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-3.8/1.3] Declination (J2000)
28- 30 F3.1 mJy FJ [5.6]? 2MASS J-band flux
32- 34 F3.1 mJy e_FJ [0.5]? Uncertainty in FJ
36- 38 F3.1 mJy FH [1.9]? 2MASS H-band flux
40- 42 F3.1 mJy e_FH [0.1]? Uncertainty in FH
44- 46 F3.1 mJy FKs [0.7/3.1]? 2MASS Ks-band flux
48- 50 F3.1 mJy e_FKs [0.1/0.2]? Uncertainty in FKs
52- 54 F3.1 mJy F3.6 [0.1/7.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Flux
56- 58 F3.1 mJy e_F3.6 [0.1]? Uncertainty in F3.6
60- 63 F4.1 mJy F3.6-C [0.2/79.2]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Completeness
Flux limit
65- 67 F3.1 mJy F4.5 [0.1/9]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
69- 71 F3.1 mJy e_F4.5 [0.1]? Uncertainty in F4.5
73- 76 F4.1 mJy F4.5-C [0.2/57]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Completeness
Flux limit
78- 81 F4.1 mJy F5.8 [0.2/19]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Flux
83- 85 F3.1 mJy e_F5.8 [0.3]? Uncertainty in F5.8
87- 90 F4.1 mJy F5.8-C [0.3/34]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Completeness
Flux limit
92- 95 F4.1 mJy F8.0 [0.2/48.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Flux
97- 99 F3.1 mJy e_F8.0 [0.1/0.6]? Uncertainty in F8.0
101- 105 F5.1 mJy F8.0-C [0.2/370.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Completeness
Flux limit
107- 111 F5.1 mJy F24 [2.5/604]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
113- 115 F3.1 mJy e_F24 [0.1/6]? Uncertainty in F24
117- 122 F6.1 mJy F24-C [1/4321]? Spitzer/MIPS Spitzer/MIPS 24um
Completeness Flux limit
124- 126 F3.1 mJy F3.4 [0.6/7.2]? WISE W1 3.4um Flux
128- 130 F3.1 mJy e_F3.4 [0.2]? Uncertainty in F3.4
132- 134 F3.1 mJy F4.6 [0.4/10]? WISE W2 4.6um Flux
136- 138 F3.1 mJy e_F4.6 [0.2]? Uncertainty in F4.6
140- 143 F4.1 mJy F12 [2.4/69.4]? WISE W3 12um Flux
145- 147 F3.1 mJy e_F12 [0.2/1]? Uncertainty in F12
149- 153 F5.1 mJy F22 [4/641]? WISE W4 22um Flux
155- 158 F4.1 mJy e_F22 [1/10]? Uncertainty in F22
160- 166 F7.1 mJy F70 [11929/11930]? Herschel/PACS 70um Flux
168- 172 F5.1 mJy e_F70 [605/606]? Uncertainty in F70
174- 178 F5.1 mJy F70-S [16/104] Herschel/PACS 70um Background Sky
Flux
180- 185 F6.1 mJy F100 [57/9666] Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
187- 191 F5.1 mJy e_F100 [6/484] Uncertainty in F100
193- 196 F4.1 mJy F100-S [4/19] Herschel/PACS 100um Background Sky Flux
198- 203 F6.1 mJy F160 [200/3491]? Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
205- 209 F5.1 mJy e_F160 [13/180]? Uncertainty in F160
211- 214 F4.1 mJy F160-S [10/45] Herschel/PACS 160um Background Sky
Flux
216- 222 F7.1 mJy F250 [206/35817] Herschel/SPIRE 250um Flux
224- 228 F5.1 mJy e_F250 [4/122] Uncertainty in F250
230- 234 A5 mJy F250-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 250um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
236- 242 F7.1 mJy F350 [59/34354] Herschel/SPIRE 350um Flux
244- 248 F5.1 mJy e_F350 [4/163] Uncertainty in F350
250- 254 A5 mJy F350-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 350um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
256- 262 F7.1 mJy F500 [2908/33074] Herschel/SPIRE 500um Flux
264- 268 F5.1 mJy e_F500 [5/171] Uncertainty in F500
270 A1 mJy F500-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 500um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
272- 276 F5.1 mJy F850 [323/735]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um Flux
278- 281 F4.1 mJy e_F850 [25/49]? Uncertainty in F850
283- 285 A3 mJy F850-S JCMT/SCUBA2 1σ 850um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
287- 370 A84 --- Comm Comments (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The Comment field states the step in which the candidate protostar is
identified with a brief explanation (in LaTeX).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table12.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 I7 --- Seq [60169/2068200] Sequential number identifier
9- 17 F9.5 deg RAdeg [276/281.8] Right Ascension (J2000)
19- 26 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-5.1/2] Declination (J2000)
28 A1 --- Group Group (1)
30- 36 F7.1 mJy FJ [0.4/33702]? 2MASS J-band flux
38- 43 F6.1 mJy e_FJ [0.1/7761]? Uncertainty in FJ
45- 51 F7.1 mJy FH [0.4/88640]? 2MASS H-band flux
53- 59 F7.1 mJy e_FH [0.1/17309]? Uncertainty in FH
61- 68 F8.1 mJy FKs [0.7/100830]? 2MASS Ks-band flux
70- 76 F7.1 mJy e_FKs [0.1/24147]? Uncertainty in FKs
78- 81 F4.1 mJy F3.6 ? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Flux
83- 86 F4.1 mJy e_F3.6 ? Uncertainty in F3.6
88- 91 F4.1 mJy F3.6-C ? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um Completeness Flux limit
93- 96 F4.1 mJy F4.5 ? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
98- 101 F4.1 mJy e_F4.5 ? Uncertainty in F4.5
103- 106 F4.1 mJy F4.5-C ? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Completeness Flux limit
108- 111 F4.1 mJy F5.8 ? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Flux
113- 116 F4.1 mJy e_F5.8 ? Uncertainty in F5.8
118- 121 F4.1 mJy F5.8-C ? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um Completeness Flux limit
123- 126 F4.1 mJy F8.0 ? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Flux
128- 131 F4.1 mJy e_F8.0 ? Uncertainty in F8.0
133- 136 F4.1 mJy F8.0-C ? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um Completeness Flux limit
138- 143 F6.1 mJy F24 [0.9/4947]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
145- 148 F4.1 mJy e_F24 [0.1/47]? Uncertainty in F24
150- 155 F6.1 mJy F24-C [1/5462]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um
Completeness Flux limit
157- 165 F9.1 mJy F3.4 [0.1/1926269]? WISE W1 3.4um Flux
167- 172 F6.1 mJy e_F3.4 [0.1/8586]? Uncertainty in F3.4
174- 181 F8.1 mJy F4.6 [0.1/708922]? WISE W2 4.6um Flux
183- 188 F6.1 mJy e_F4.6 [0.1/6715]? Uncertainty in F4.6
190- 196 F7.1 mJy F12 [0.5/71045]? WISE W3 12um Flux
198- 204 F7.1 mJy e_F12 [0.1/18519]? Uncertainty in F12
206- 212 F7.1 mJy F22 [2/84643]? WISE W4 22um Flux
214- 218 F5.1 mJy e_F22 [0.9/181]? Uncertainty in F22
220- 227 F8.1 mJy F70 [109/157624]? Herschel/PACS 70um Flux
229- 234 F6.1 mJy e_F70 [16/7966]? Uncertainty in F70
236- 241 F6.1 mJy F70-S [13/1208]? Herschel/PACS 70um Background Sky
Flux
243- 249 F7.1 mJy F100 [29/77641]? Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
251- 256 F6.1 mJy e_F100 [5/3884]? Uncertainty in F100
258- 262 A5 mJy F100-S Herschel/PACS 100um Background Sky Flux
264- 271 F8.1 mJy F160 [26/153158]? Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
273- 278 F6.1 mJy e_F160 [9/7693]? Uncertainty in F160
280- 284 F5.1 mJy F160-S [9/774]? Herschel/PACS 160um Background Sky Flux
286- 292 F7.1 mJy F250 [12/69438]? Herschel/SPIRE 250um Flux
294- 299 F6.1 mJy e_F250 [2/1588]? Uncertainty in F250
301- 305 A5 mJy F250-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 250um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
307- 313 F7.1 mJy F350 [22/55467]? Herschel/SPIRE 350um Flux
315- 320 F6.1 mJy e_F350 [2/2858]? Uncertainty in F350
322- 326 A5 mJy F350-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 350um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
328- 334 F7.1 mJy F500 [-28/32372]? Herschel/SPIRE 500um Flux
336- 341 F6.1 mJy e_F500 [3/1931]? Uncertainty in F500
343- 347 A5 mJy F500-S Herschel/SPIRE 1σ 500um Background Sky
Flux (G1)
349- 354 F6.1 mJy F850 [37/1929]? JCMT/SCUBA2 850um Flux
356- 359 F4.1 mJy e_F850 [4/59]? Uncertainty in F850
361- 363 A3 mJy F850-S JCMT/SCUBA2 1σ 850um Background Sky Flux
(G1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Group explained in Section 4.1. Code as follows:
B = WISE + MIPS + Herschel: 51 additional sources are observed by
Herschel and MIPS, are not observed by IRAC, yet are detected
by WISE to replace the IRAC (3.6 and 4.5um) bands;
C = MIPS + Herschel: 25 sources are only covered by MIPS and
Herschel, but are not detected by WISE due to their faintness
or due to confusion;
D = WISE + Herschel: 167 sources are not covered by the Spitzer
maps. For these, we use WISE and Herschel detections;
E = Herschel-only: 95 sources are detected in Herschel
observations only (≥70um), are not covered by Spitzer, and
are not detected by WISE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table13.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- [WMW2007] [1/48] Spitzer identification number,
Winston+ 2007, J/ApJ/669/493 (1)
4- 5 I2 h RAh [18] eHOPS Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 8 I2 min RAm [29/30] eHOPS Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
10- 14 F5.2 s RAs eHOPS Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 16 A1 --- DE- [+] eHOPS Sign of the Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 deg DEd [1] eHOPS Degree of Declination (J2000)
20- 21 I2 arcmin DEm [5/18] eHOPS Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
23- 27 F5.2 arcsec DEs eHOPS Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
29- 41 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Name
43- 53 A11 --- Comm Comments (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Spitzer ID numbers from the protostars (Class 0, I, FS) in Table 4
of Winston+ (2007, J/ApJ/669/493)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table14.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- [EES2009] Embedded protostar identification,
Enoch+ 2009, J/ApJ/692/973 (1)
12- 13 I2 h RAh [18] eHOPS Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
15- 16 I2 min RAm [28/30] eHOPS Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
18- 22 F5.2 s RAs eHOPS Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 24 A1 --- DE- [+] eHOPS Sign of the Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd [0/1] eHOPS Degree of Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm eHOPS Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 arcsec DEs eHOPS Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
37- 49 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Name
51- 61 A11 --- Comm Comments (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Embedded protostar identification from Table 3 of
Enoch+ (2009, J/ApJ/692/973).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table15.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh [18] eHOPS Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm [27/30] eHOPS Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 11 F5.2 s RAs eHOPS Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 13 A1 --- DE- eHOPS Sign of the Declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 deg DEd eHOPS Degree of Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 arcmin DEm eHOPS Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
20- 24 F5.2 arcsec DEs eHOPS Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
26- 38 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Name
40- 50 A11 --- Comm Comments (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table16.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh [18] eHOPS Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm [28/30] eHOPS Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 11 F5.2 s RAs eHOPS Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 13 A1 --- DE- [+] eHOPS Sign of the Declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 deg DEd [0/1] eHOPS Degree of Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 arcmin DEm eHOPS Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
20- 24 F5.2 arcsec DEs eHOPS Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
26- 38 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Name
40- 50 A11 --- Comm Comments (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table17.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- ID Spitzer ID, Dunham+ (2015, J/ApJS/220/11) (1)
18- 30 A13 --- eHOPS eHOPS Name
32- 43 A12 --- Comm Comments (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Spitzer ID from Table 2 in Dunham+ (2015, J/ApJS/220/11 ;
<SSTgbs JHHMMSSs+DDMMSS> in Simbad)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): When the Sky Flux values are set equal to "U" it indicates that
that the Flux is used as an upper limit when fitting with models.
Note (G2): In Comments column, "No PACS, IN" refers the sources that
are included in the PACS coverage but the sources are not
detected. "No PACS, OUT" refers to the sources that do not have
PACS detection because they are outside the PACS coverage. If a
protostar is reclassified to a different Class or category then
the reclassified category is mentioned in Comments column. For
example, "Redd. disk" means that the protostar is classified as a
reddenned disk in eHOPS catalog.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 03-Aug-2023