J/ApJS/271/64 Low-mass black holes in Sy1. III. SKA radio sources (Wu+, 2024)
A uniformly selected sample of low-mass black holes in Seyfert 1 galaxies.
III. Radio sources from the SKA Pathfinders and beyond.
Wu J.-Z., Dong X.-B., Qian L., Liu W.-J., Xie F.-G., Peng Bo
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 271, 64 (2024)>
=2024ApJS..271...64W 2024ApJS..271...64W
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei; Radio continuum; Redshifts; Optical;
Black holes
Keywords: Active galactic nuclei ; Accretion ; Intermediate-mass black holes ;
Seyfert galaxies ; Radio continuum emission ; Relativistic jets
Abstract:
Occupying the intermediate-mass regime of the accretion-jet parameter
space, radio continuum emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs)
with black hole mass MBH≲106M☉ (low-mass AGNs) is a
valuable probe to the physics of relativistic jets. Yet the number of
low-mass AGNs with radio detection is rather limited so far (∼40 in
total). In this work, we make two efforts to search for radio
counterparts for the largest sample of optically selected low-mass
AGNs. First, we collect counterparts from the recent data releases of
Square Kilometre Array (SKA) pathfinders such as LOFAR Two-meter Sky
Survey (LoTSS). Additionally, we deeply mine in Faint Images of the
Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST), fitting the FIRST images of
the optical AGNs with an elaborate procedure optimized to detect faint
radio sources. We have obtained 151 radio sources (mainly from the SKA
pathfinders), including 102 new reliable sources (signal-to-noise
ratio, hereafter S/N, ≥5) and 23 new candidates (3.5≤S/N<5). The
majority of these new sources (119 of 125) have flux densities lower
than the threshold of the official FIRST catalog. The new sources have
rest-frame 20cm power (P20cm) from 1.98x1020 to 1.29x1023W/Hz.
For low-z Seyfert galaxies, P20 cm correlates with MBH intrinsically
and positively, yet only marginally with Eddington ratio L/LEdd. In
terms of the log N-log S relation for the expanding Universe, the
limiting flux density for the completeness of our LoTSS sources turns
out to be 0.45mJy at 1.4GHz; i.e., complete to such a flux-density
level that is 4 times deeper than the official FIRST catalog.
Description:
We search in the large-scale radio continuum surveys for radio
counterparts of the optical low-mass AGNs in the uniformly selected
samples of Dong+ (2012, J/ApJ/755/167), Liu+ (2018, J/ApJS/235/40);
namely Papers I and II of this series, in order to compile a largest
radio sample of low-mass AGNs. Specifically, we conduct our searches
in the publicly released data of the continuum surveys of SKA
pathfinders (Section 2.2), as well as deeply mining the images of Very
Large Array (VLA) FIRST (Section 2.3).
We obtain two radio subsamples of low-mass AGNs. In the subsample from
the surveys of SKA pathfinders (SKAPs subsample in short), there are
117 reliable sources (S/N≥5), among which 100 are brand-new. In the
subsample deeply mined from the FIRST images (deep FIRST subsample in
short), there are 63 sources (S/N≥3.5), among which 33 are deemed as
reliable sources with S/N≥5 (including the 26 previously known
sources recorded in the official FIRST catalog), and the remaining
30 are deemed as candidate sources with 3.5≤S/N<5. We compile two
respective catalogs, as presented in Tables 2 and 3. There are
29 sources in common between the two subsamples. Combining the two
subsamples, there are 151 distinct sources in total, including the
26 known sources, 102 reliable sources, and 23 candidate sources.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 154 153 Radio low-mass AGNs from the surveys of SKA
Pathfinders
table3.dat 134 75 Expanded radio low-mass AGNs deeply mined
from FIRST images
table4.dat 66 180 Physical properties of the radio low-mass AGNs
tablea1.dat 71 16 Other radio data for some sources in our sample
tablea2.dat 57 24 Other radio sources in the literature
tableb1.dat 94 33 Low-mass AGNs deeply mined from the FIRST images
with 3≤S/N<3.5
tablec1.dat 77 104 Low-mass AGNs in the parent sample with 5σ
upper limits from LoTSS-DR2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/294 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 7 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2009)
VIII/92 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 2014Dec17 (Helfand+ 2015)
J/ApJS/133/77 : VLA radio continuum survey of Seyfert galaxies (Ho+, 2001)
J/MNRAS/362/9 : Radio-loud AGN in SDSS (Best+, 2005)
J/A+A/435/521 : Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity AGNs. IV (Nagar+, 2005)
J/ApJ/670/92 : New sample of low-mass black holes in AGN (Greene+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/375/931 : Radio sources in the 6dFGS (Mauch+, 2007)
J/AJ/142/3 : 1.4GHz observations of Stripe 82 (Hodge+, 2011)
J/ApJ/755/167 : Low-mass black holes in SDSS Sy1 galaxies (Dong+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/462/1910 : H-ATLAS NGP LOFAR radio catalogue (Hardcastle+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/460/2385 : Bootes field LOFAR 150-MHz observations (Williams+, 2016)
J/A+A/598/A104 : LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (Shimwell+, 2017)
J/ApJS/235/40 : Low-mass black holes in Sy1 gal. II. SDSS-DR7 (Liu+, 2018)
J/ApJS/243/21 : Broad-line AGN from SDSS-DR7 (Liu+, 2019)
J/A+A/622/A1 : LOFAR 2m Sky Survey DR1 source catalog (Shimwell+, 2019)
J/ApJS/255/30 : VLASS QL Ep.1 Catalog, CIRADA version (Gordon+, 2021)
J/A+A/648/A2 : LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep Fields DR1 (Sabater+, 2021)
J/A+A/648/A3 : LOFAR 2m Sky Survey Deep Fields DR1 (Kondapally+, 2021)
J/A+A/659/A1 : LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2 (Shimwell+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- SID Identification number assigned in this work,
SKA-pathfinders sources (S1 to S117)
6- 24 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 Position-based name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
26- 40 A15 --- SDR SKA pathfinders data release (1)
42- 45 I4 MHz Fmin [115/2000] Frequency range of the surveys,
minimum
47- 50 I4 MHz Fmax [168/4000] Frequency range of the surveys,
maximum
52- 52 I1 --- Cat [1/2] Parent Catalog (G1)
54- 62 F9.5 deg RAdeg [112.7/257.6] Radio source right ascension,
decimal degrees (J2000)
64- 67 F4.2 arcsec e_RAdeg [0.03/3.1] Uncertainty in RAdeg
69- 76 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-3.2/66] Radio source declination,
decimal degrees (J2000)
78- 81 F4.2 arcsec e_DEdeg [0.02/2.8] Uncertainty in DEdeg
83- 88 F6.3 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.2/11.3] Peak flux density
90- 94 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 e_Speak [0.027/0.8] Uncertainty in Speak
96-101 F6.3 mJy Sint [0.3/45.6] Integrated flux density
103-107 F5.3 mJy e_Sint [0.068/2.1] Uncertainty in Sint
109-114 F6.2 deg PA [3.5/179] Undeconvolved position angle,
East of North
116-121 F6.2 deg e_PA [1.1/179.5] Uncertainty in PA
123-127 F5.2 arcsec Maj [2.49/62.47] Major axis, FWHM
129-132 F4.2 arcsec e_Maj [0.06/8.19] Uncertainty in Maj
134-138 F5.2 arcsec Min [2.15/41.8] Minor axis, FWHM
140-143 F4.2 arcsec e_Min [0.06/5.28] Uncertainty in Min
145-147 A3 --- FID Detection in the deep FIRST subsample
149-154 A6 --- Note Note(s) (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Realeases as follows:
LoTSS-DR2 = LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2
(Shimwell+ 2022, J/A+A/659/A1)
LoTSS-DR1 = LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey DR1 source catalog
(Shimwell+ 2019, J/A+A/622/A1)
VLASS1QL = Very Large Array Sky Survey 'Quick Look' (QL) Ep. 1 cat.
(Gordon+ 2021, J/ApJS/255/30)
LoTSS-deep = LOFAR Two Metre Sky Survey Deep Fields DR1
(Paper I: Kondapally+ 2021, J/A+A/648/A3);
Paper II: Sabater+ 2021, J/A+A/648/A2)
Apertif/shallow = Apertif installed on Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
images first data (E. A. K. Adams+ 2024, in preparation)
See Section 2.2.
Note (2): Additional notes as follows:
FCat = sources listed in the official FIRST catalog
M = source having multiple Gaussian components
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- FID Identification number assigned in this work,
deep FIRST sources (F1 to F63)
4 A1 --- --- [.]
5 I1 --- m_FID ? Component number of FID
7- 25 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 Position-based name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
27- 27 I1 --- Cat [1/2] Parent Catalog (G1)
29- 37 F9.5 deg RAdeg [49.4/355.5] Radio source right ascension,
decimal degrees (J2000)
39- 42 F4.2 arcsec e_RAdeg [0.02/3] Uncertainty in RAdeg
44- 51 F8.5 deg DEdeg [-3.2/64.3] Radio source declination,
decimal degrees (J2000)
53- 56 F4.2 arcsec e_DEdeg [0.02/2.3] Uncertainty in DEdeg
58- 63 F6.3 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.58/11.3] Peak flux density
65- 69 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 e_Speak [0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in Speak
(local image rms)
71- 76 F6.3 mJy Sint [0.28/16.8] Integrated flux density
78- 82 F5.3 mJy e_Sint [0.13/1.1] Uncertainty in Sint
84- 89 F6.3 mJy Sitot [0.3/16.8] Total integrated Flux density (1)
91- 96 F6.2 deg PA [0/175] Undeconvolved position angle,
East of North
98-103 F6.2 deg e_PA [0/153] Uncertainty in PA
105-109 F5.2 arcsec Maj [4/11.4] Major axis, FWHM
111-114 F4.2 arcsec e_Maj [0.05/7.3] Uncertainty in Maj
116-119 F4.2 arcsec Min [2.79/7.8] Minor axis, FWHM
121-124 F4.2 arcsec e_Min [0.04/3] Uncertainty in Min
126-129 A4 --- SID Identification number in the SKAPs subsample
131-134 A4 --- Note FCat=source listed in the official
FIRST catalog
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Total integrated flux density is the sum of the integrated
flux densities of the individual Gaussian components for
multi-component sources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- ID Identification number assigned in this work
(S1-S117 and F1-F63)
6- 11 F6.4 --- zspec [0.0057/0.4] Spectroscopic SDSS redshift
13- 16 F4.2 [Msun] logMBH [5.12/6.3] Log, black hole mass
18- 22 F5.2 [-] logLLedd [-2.4/0.27] Log, Eddington ratio, L/Ledd
24- 28 F5.2 [10-7W] logLHaB [38.5/42] Log, broad Hα luminosity,
erg/s
30- 34 F5.2 [10-7W] logL5100 [40.3/43.4] Log, continuum luminosity at
5100Å, erg/s (G2)
36- 40 F5.2 [W.Hz-1] logP20cm [20.3/23.57] Log, calculated radio power
at rest-frame 20cm
42- 46 F5.2 [-] logR [-0.4/2.5] Log, radio loudness
48- 66 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 names (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s) as
in Tables 2 an 3; column added by CDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- FID Identification number assigned in this
work (among F13-F54) (1)
5- 23 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 Position-based name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
25- 31 F7.5 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.2/5.6]? Peak flux density
33- 39 F7.5 mJy.beam-1 e_Speak [0.008/1.2]? Uncertainty in Speak
41- 47 F7.5 mJy Sint [0.27/7]? Integrated flux density
49- 55 F7.5 mJy e_Sint [0.02/1.6]? Uncertainty in Sint
57- 61 F5.3 GHz Freq [0.14/9] Central frequency
63- 67 F5.3 --- alphar [0.6/0.8]? Radio Spectral index, αr
69- 71 A3 --- Ref References (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): J124035.82-002919.5 is in fact GH 10. J152205.41+393441.2
has multiple spectral indices; see Berton+ 2020A&A...636A..64B 2020A&A...636A..64B for
the detail.
Note (2): References as follows:
1 = Shimwell et al. (2017, J/A+A/598/A104)
2 = Gultekin et al. 2014ApJ...788L..22G 2014ApJ...788L..22G
3 = Greene et al. 2006ApJ...636...56G 2006ApJ...636...56G
4 = Wrobel et al. 2008ApJ...686..838W 2008ApJ...686..838W
5 = Berton et al. 2020A&A...636A..64B 2020A&A...636A..64B
6 = Williams et al. (2016, J/MNRAS/460/2385)
7 = Hardcastle et al. (2016, J/MNRAS/462/1910)
S = Four sources mentioned in Section 3.2 are in both the deep FIRST
(Table 3) and SKAPs (Table 2) subsamples.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 A19 --- Name Object Name or SDSS Position-based name (1)
21- 25 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.015/5]? Peak flux density
27- 31 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 e_Speak [0.002/0.3]? Uncertainty in Speak
33- 37 F5.3 mJy Sint [0.023/6] Integrated flux density
39- 43 F5.3 mJy e_Sint [0.005/0.4]? Uncertainty in Sint
45- 48 F4.1 GHz Freq [1.4/15] Central frequency
50- 53 F4.2 --- alphar [0.6/1.1]? Radio spectral index, αr
55- 57 A3 --- Ref References (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Some of these sources had VLBI observations:
J090613.76+561015.1 (Yang+ 2020MNRAS.495L..71Y 2020MNRAS.495L..71Y),
NGC 4395 (Wrobel+ 2001ApJ...553L..23W 2001ApJ...553L..23W ; Wrobel & Ho 2006ApJ...646L..95W 2006ApJ...646L..95W ;
Yang+ 2022MNRAS.514.6215Y 2022MNRAS.514.6215Y), NGC 404 (Paragi+ 2014ApJ...791....2P 2014ApJ...791....2P),
J082443.28+295923.5, J110501.97+594103.6 and J131659.37+035319.8
(Yang+ 2022ApJ...941...43Y 2022ApJ...941...43Y).
Note (2): References as follows:
1 = Greene & Ho (2007, J/ApJ/670/92)
2 = Gultekin et al. 2014ApJ...788L..22G 2014ApJ...788L..22G
3 = Gultekin et al. 2022MNRAS.516.6123G 2022MNRAS.516.6123G
4 = Ho & Ulvestad (2001, J/ApJS/133/77)
5 = Nyland et al. 2012ApJ...753..103N 2012ApJ...753..103N
6 = Nyland et al. 2017ApJ...845...50N 2017ApJ...845...50N
7 = FIRST official catalog.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- FID Identification number assigned in this
work (F64-F86) (1)
4 A1 --- --- [.]
5 I1 --- m_FID ? Component number of FID
7- 25 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 Position-based name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
27- 27 I1 --- Cat [1/2] Parent Catalog (G1)
29- 34 F6.4 --- zspec [0.019/0.2] Spectroscopic SDSS redshift
36- 44 F9.5 deg RAdeg [46/248] Radio source right ascension,
decimal degrees (J2000)
46- 53 F8.5 deg DEdeg [0.47/54.4] Radio source declination,
decimal degrees (J2000)
55- 59 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.5/0.8] Peak flux density
61- 65 F5.3 mJy Sint [0.28/2] Integrated flux density
67- 71 F5.3 mJy Sitot [0.28/3] Total integrated flux density (2)
73- 77 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 rms [0.1/0.2] Local root-mean square noise of
image (3)
79- 83 F5.1 deg PA [7.4/176] Undeconvolved position angle,
East of North
85- 89 F5.2 arcsec Maj [3.7/14.5] Major axis, FWHM
91- 94 F4.2 arcsec Min [2.5/8] Minor axis, FWHM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Note, J152637.37+065941.7 (ID=F82) has been detected by deep
VLA observation (Gultekin+ 2022MNRAS.516.6123G 2022MNRAS.516.6123G).
Note (2): Total integrated flux density is the sum of the integrated
flux densities of the individual Gaussian components for
multi-component sources.
Note (3): This value and the value of e_Speak in Table 3 are both the
local rms noise of the images.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- ID Identification number assigned in
this work, upper-limit sources
(U1 to U104)
6- 24 A19 --- SDSS SDSS DR7 Position-based name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
26- 26 I1 --- Cat [1/2] Parent Catalog (G1)
28- 33 F6.4 --- zspec [0.03/0.4] Spectroscopic SDSS redshift
35- 35 A1 --- l_Speak Limit flag for Speak
36- 40 F5.3 mJy.beam-1 Speak [0.25/1.21] Peak flux density
42- 42 A1 --- l_logP20cm Limit flag for logP20cm
43- 47 F5.2 [W.Hz-1] logP20cm [20.5/22.5] log, calculated radio power
at rest-frame 20cm
49- 49 A1 --- l_logR Limit flag for logR
50- 54 F5.2 [-] logR [-0.3/1.62] log, radio loudness
56- 59 F4.2 [Msun] logMBH [5.3/6.3] log, black hole mass
61- 65 F5.2 [-] logLLedd [-1.6/0.2] log, Eddington ratio, L/Ledd
67- 71 F5.2 [10-7W] logLHaB [39.6/42] log, broad Hα luminosity,
erg/s
73- 77 F5.2 [10-7W] logL5100 [41.3/43.4] log, continuum luminosity at
5100Å, erg/s (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): Parent catalog, as follows:
1 = Dong et al. (2012, J/ApJ/755/167)
2 = Liu et al. (2018, J/ApJS/235/40)
Note (G2): Continuum luminosity at rest-frame 5100Å
(L5100=λLλ at λ=5100Å), derived from LHαB.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Dong et al. Paper I. 2012ApJ...755..167D 2012ApJ...755..167D Cat. J/ApJ/755/167
Liu et al. Paper II. 2018ApJS..235...40L 2018ApJS..235...40L Cat. J/ApJS/235/40
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 21-Jun-2024