J/ApJS/272/44 NEOWISE variability analysis of ATLASGAL sources (Lu+, 2024)
Sample and statistical analysis on NEOWISE variability of ATLASGAL sources.
Lu Y., Chen X., Song S.-M., Liu J.-T., Yang T., Wang Y.-X., Zhang Y.-K.,
Zhang S.-J.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 272, 44 (2024)>
=2024ApJS..272...44L 2024ApJS..272...44L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: YSOs; Photometry, infrared; Galactic plane; H II regions;
Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: Massive stars; Infrared photometry; Variable stars;
Young stellar objects; Protostars
Abstract:
This study focuses on the analysis of mid-infrared variability in a
sample of high-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) associated with the
cataloged sources from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the
Galaxy (ATLASGAL). The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer Reactivation Mission (NEOWISE) database was used to explore
the long-term mid-infrared variability of these high-mass YSOs at a
half-year scale. After matching with NEOWISE photometric measurements,
a total of 2230 ATLASGAL sources were selected for the variability
analysis, out of which 717 were identified as variables. The derived
proportions of variables at different evolutionary stages show that
the variability rate of high-mass YSOs is highest during the YSO stage
and decreases with evolution toward the H ii region stage, resembling
the behavior of low-mass YSOs. The variables can be classified into
six types based on their light curves, divided into two categories:
secular (linear, sin, sin+linear) and stochastic variables (burst,
drop, and irregular). The magnitude-color variations observed in
∼160 secular variables can be mainly divided into "bluer when
brighter/redder when dimming" and "redder when brighter/bluer when
dimming", likely originating from changes in accretion rate or the
effect of extinction due to obscuration. Moreover, several episodic
accretion candidates were selected for further observational studies.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 84 38530 Multiepoch NEOWISE photometry for
2230 ATLASGAL Sources
tableb1.dat 176 422 Parameters of the secular light-curve variables
tableb2.dat 82 295 Parameters of the stochastic light-curve
variables
tableb3.dat 72 1513 Parameters of the non-variable sources
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See also:
VIII/96 : 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue (Caswell+, 2010-12)
J/MNRAS/291/261 : Methanol maser of IRAS-selected sources (Walsh+ 1997)
J/A+AS/143/269 : 6.7GHz methanol maser emission survey (Szymczak+, 2000)
J/AJ/121/3160 : JHK photometry near the Trapezium region (Carpenter+, 2001)
J/A+A/432/737 : General Catalog of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)
J/other/PASA/26.454 : Precise positions of methanol masers (Caswell, 2009)
J/ApJ/717/L133 : Formaldehyde maser flares in IRAS 18566+0408 (Araya+, 2010)
J/ApJ/733/50 : MIR phot. monitoring of the ONC (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)
J/ApJS/196/9 : 95GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs (Chen+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/416/1764 : H2O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) (Walsh+, 2011)
J/ApJ/743/156 : NEOWISE obs. of NEOs: preliminary results (Mainzer+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)
J/AN/333/634 : Torun methanol source catalogue (Szymczak+, 2012)
J/ApJ/764/61 : H2O maser & NH3 survey of GLIMPSE EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2013)
J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)
J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)
J/AJ/148/122 : YSOVAR: infrared photometry in Lynds 1688 (Gunther+, 2014)
J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Galactic clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/99 : IR var. among YSOs in the Serpens South cluster (Wolk+, 2018)
J/ApJ/854/170 : Methanol (CH3OH) and OH masers in NGC 6334I (Hunter+, 2018)
J/ApJS/241/18 : A 6.7GHz methanol maser survey. II. |b|<2° (Yang+, 2019)
J/A+A/628/A90 : OH maser emission in THOR survey (Beuther+, 2019)
J/ApJ/883/6 : AllWISE & NEOWISE LCs of Red MSX YSOs (Uchiyama+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/490/2779 : Dust clumps and methanol masers (Billington+, 2019)
J/ApJ/920/132 : NEOWISE 6.5yr variability in YSOs (Park+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/510/3389 : High-mass star formation trends (Urquhart+, 2022)
J/ApJ/929/60 : K-band & smm LCs of the protostar HOPS 373 (Yoon+, 2022)
J/A+A/667/A12 : PRODIGE I. Per-emb-50 datacubes (Valdivia-Mena+, 2022)
J/ApJS/263/9 : Mult. maser transitions from G358.93-0.03 burst (Miao+, 2022)
J/ApJS/264/38 : NEOWISE var. of Gaia Herbig Ae/Be & Be stars (Mei+, 2023)
J/ApJS/265/16 : Stat. study of NEOWISE 6.7GHz methanol masers (Song+, 2023)
J/A+A/675/A112 : ATLASGAL. 3mm class I masers (Yang+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL ATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)
20- 27 F8.4 deg RAdeg Right Ascension, decimal degrees (J2000)
29- 34 F6.4 deg e_RAdeg Uncertainty in RAdeg
36- 43 F8.4 deg DEdeg Declination, decimal degrees (J2000)
45- 50 F6.4 deg e_DEdeg Uncertainty in DEdeg
52- 58 F7.1 d Epoch Epoch, JD-2400000
60- 65 F6.3 mag W1mag [5.27/16.12] NEOWISE W1 magnitude at Epoch
67- 71 F5.3 mag e_W1mag [0.001/2.1] Uncertainty in W1mag
73- 78 F6.3 mag W2mag [5.10/12.81] NEOWISE W2 magnitude at Epoch
80- 84 F5.3 mag e_W2mag [0/0.15] Uncertainty in W2mag
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL ATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)
20- 35 A16 --- Type Variable Type (1)
37- 44 F8.1 d Per [348/542273]? Fit period
46- 57 F12.1 d e_Per [0.6/2.7e+09]? Uncertainty in Per
59- 67 F9.3 --- AMP [-2209/1877]? Fit amplitude
69- 79 F11.3 --- e_AMP [0.004/7.6e+06]? Uncertainty in AMP
81- 89 A9 --- fAMP Fit fractional amplitude
91- 99 A9 --- Slope Fit slope
101- 111 A11 --- e_Slope Uncertainty in Slope
113- 116 F4.2 --- R2 [0.6/0.98] R2 goodness of fit
118- 122 F5.2 mag W1mag [6.3/15.25] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitude
124- 128 F5.2 mag W2mag [5.73/11.9] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitude
130- 133 F4.2 mag dW2 [0.08/2] Difference between minimum and
maximum W2 magnitude
135- 139 F5.1 --- SI [3.2/309.6] Stetson index
141- 145 F5.2 --- alpha [-2.12/4.14]? Infrared spectral index
147- 151 F5.2 --- WSDsigma [0.78/22.81] Ratio, SD/sigma for W2 flux
density (G1)
153- 170 A18 --- EvolType Evolutionary stage (G2)
172- 176 A5 --- ColType Type of color-magnitude variation (left blank
if no definite trend) (2)
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Note (1): Variable Types as follows:
Burst = Bursts of any duration;
Linear = Linear (constant) increase or decrease in flux density;
Sin = Periodic sinusoidal variations.
Note (2): Color-magnitude diagram variations as follows:
BB/RD = bluer when brighter or redder when dimming;
PD = period in different;
RB/BD = redder when brighter or bluer when dimming;
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL ATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)
20- 28 A9 --- Type Variable Type (1)
30- 34 F5.2 mag W1mag [6.69/15.72] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitude
36- 40 F5.2 mag W2mag [5.67/12.1] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitude
42- 45 F4.2 mag dW2 [0.07/2.03] Difference between minimum and
maximum W2 magnitude
47- 51 F5.1 --- SI [8.6/258] Stetson index
53- 57 F5.2 --- alpha [-2.9/3.66]? Infrared spectral index
59- 63 F5.2 --- WSDsigma [0.56/20.3] Ratio, SD/σ for W2 flux
density (G1)
65- 82 A18 --- EvolType Evolutionary stage (G2)
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Note (1): Variable Types as follows:
Burst = Sudden brightening of any duration;
Drop = Sudden dimming of any duration;
Irregular = No definite trend.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL ATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)
20- 24 F5.2 mag W1mag [5.6/15.64] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitude
26- 30 F5.2 mag W2mag [5.8/12.43] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitude
32- 35 F4.2 mag dW2 [0.03/2.5] Difference between minimum and
maximum W2 magnitude
37- 41 F5.1 --- SI [-38.7/33.4] Stetson index
43- 47 F5.2 --- alpha [-3.2/4.3]? Infrared spectral index
49- 53 F5.2 --- WSDsigma [0.27/17.6] Ratio, SD/sigma for W2 flux
density (G1)
55- 72 A18 --- EvolType Evolutionary stage (G2)
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Ratio of the standard deviation (SD) of flux densities at
W2 for a specific source divided by the mean errors of the
averaged W2 fluxe densities for all epochs σ.
Note (G2): Evolutionary stages described in Section 4.1 of
Urquhart+ 2022, J/MNRAS/510/3389 (Table 4).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 02-Sep-2024