J/ApJS/275/1 X-ray obs. of potential host star's HZ (Binder+, 2024)
X-ray emission of nearby low-mass and sunlike stars with directly imageable
habitable zones.
Binder B.A., Peacock S., Schwieterman E.W., Turnbull M.C., Virgen A.Y.,
Kane S.R., Farrish A., Garcia-Sage K.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 275, 1 (2024)>
=2024ApJS..275....1B 2024ApJS..275....1B
ADC_Keywords: Stars, dwarfs; X-ray sources; Spectral types; Stars, ages;
Stars, masses; Stars, distances
Keywords: Planet hosting stars ; Stellar x-ray flares ; F dwarf stars ;
G dwarf stars ; K dwarf stars ; Dwarf planets ; Habitable planets
Abstract:
Stellar X-ray and UV radiation can significantly affect the survival,
composition, and long-term evolution of the atmospheres of planets in
or near their host star's habitable zone (HZ). Especially interesting
are planetary systems in the solar neighborhood that may host
temperate and potentially habitable surface conditions, which may be
analyzed by future ground- and space-based direct-imaging surveys for
signatures of habitability and life. To advance our understanding of
the radiation environment in these systems, we leverage ∼3Ms of
XMM-Newton and Chandra observations in order to measure three
fundamental stellar properties at X-ray energies for 57 nearby FGKM
stellar systems: the shape of the stellar X-ray spectrum, the
luminosity, and the timescales over which the stars vary (e.g., due to
flares). These systems possess HZs that will be directly imageable to
next-generation telescopes such as the Habitable Worlds Observatory
and ground-based Extremely Large Telescopes. We identify 29 stellar
systems with LX/Lbol ratios similar to (or less than) that of the Sun;
any potential planets in the HZs of these stars therefore reside in
present-day X-ray radiation environments similar to (or less hostile
than) modern Earth, though a broader set of these targets could host
habitable planets. An additional 19 stellar systems have been observed
with the Swift X-ray Telescope; in total, only ∼30% of potential
direct imaging target stars has been observed with XMM-Newton,
Chandra, or Swift.
Description:
In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of archival X-ray
observations for all FGKM stellar systems with habitable zones (HZs)
that will be directly imageable with upcoming telescopes such as the
Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) and ground-based Extremely Large
Telescopes (ELTs).
Using a list of 229 viable targets for direct imaging campaigns, we
searched the archives of the XMM-Newton Observatory and the Chandra
X-ray Observatory for publicly available data. We retrieve 192
XMM-Newton and Chandra observations for 57 stellar systems containing
Sunlike and low-mass stars from the X-ray archive. An additional 19
stellar systems have been observed by Swift. See Sections 2 and 3.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 47 229 Potential target stars for future HZ imaging surveys
table2.dat 202 74 Properties of sample stars
table3.dat 44 57 Summary of X-ray observations
table4.dat 74 201 X-ray variability metrics
table5.dat 235 360 All best-fit parameters from X-ray spectral modeling
table6.dat 223 76 Average best-fit parameters from X-ray spectral
modeling
table7.dat 96 63 X-ray luminosities and LX/Lbol ratios
(or 3σ upper limits)
table8.dat 60 29 Potential HWO target stars with solar-Like Lx/Lbol
ratios
table9.dat 81 39 Summary of faint star observations
table10.dat 94 20 Stars with available Swift/XRT imaging
refs.dat 70 50 References
sp/* . 152 *Individual spectra
lcs/* . 327 *Individual light curves
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on sp/*: Spectra for all stars detected at high significance (with
>500 net counts in Chandra observations and >2000 net counts in
XMM-Newton observations) in ASCII format. We provide both the
continuum spectra and spectra containing line emission. For stars that
exhibit X-ray count rate variability, we provide spectra for specific
variability types (see Binder et al. 2024, in prep. for details).
Note on lcs/*: Light curve files for all stars detected at high significance;
in FITS (BinTableHDU) format with 7-14 extensions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
III/119 : Spectral classifications of proper motion stars (Bidelman+ 1985)
IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)
I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)
V/117 : Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood (Holmberg+, 2007)
V/130 : Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood III (Holmberg+, 2009)
J/A+A/356/529 : Catalogue of wide binaries (Allen+ 2000)
J/ApJ/571/512 : Distances of white dwarf stars (Holberg+, 2002)
J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)
J/A+A/415/391 : CORALIE survey for extrasolar planets. XII (Mayor+, 2004)
J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)
J/ApJ/646/523 : Exoplanet systems with stellar companions (Raghavan+, 2006)
J/ApJS/168/297 : Stellar parameters of nearby cool stars (Takeda+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/389/585 : Fundamental parameters of M dwarfs (Casagrande+, 2008)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/A+A/488/635 : HD 203608 radial velocity (Mosser+, 2008)
J/ApJ/720/1290 : Abundances of stars hosting planets (Ghezzi+, 2010)
J/A+A/534/A58 : HD20794, HD85512, HD192310 HARPS RVels (Pepe+, 2011)
J/AJ/144/56 : Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2012 (Tokovinin+, 2012)
J/A+A/556/A126 : GJ667C Doppler & activity (Anglada-Escude+, 2013)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/435/2077 : Properties of Sirius-like binary systems (Holberg+, 2013)
J/A+A/556/A150 : SWEETCat I. Stellar param. for host stars (Santos+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/443/L89 : Kapteyn's star sp. measurements (Anglada-Escude+ 2014)
J/A+A/577/A128 : CARMENES input cat. of M dwarfs. I (Alonso-Floriano+, 2015)
J/ApJ/809/8 : Terrestrial planet occurrence rates for KOIs (Burke+, 2015)
J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)
J/ApJ/817/L20 : Wolf 1061 velocities and planet candidates (Wright+, 2016)
J/A+A/602/A88 : 5 M dwarfs radial velocity curves (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)
J/A+A/605/A103 : HD20794 HARPS radial velocities (Feng+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). III. Radii (Fulton+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/200 : Nearby white dwarf/red dwarf pair 40 Eri BC (Mason+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/136 : Planets and host stars with Gaia parallaxes (Stassun+, 2017)
J/A+A/619/A1 : 55 Cnc radial velocities and photometry (Bourrier+, 2018)
J/A+A/619/L10 : pi Men radial velocity curves (Gandolfi+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/490/5088 : Stellar companions of exoplanet host stars (Mugrauer, 2019)
J/ApJ/872/17 : HAZMAT. V. UV & X-ray of K stars (Richey-Yowell+, 2019)
J/AJ/160/129 : HARPS, HIRES and AAT RVel of HD 136352 (Kane+, 2020)
J/AJ/162/14 : Astrometry & RVel, Alpha Centauri system (Akeson+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/36 : Exoplanets in habitable zone with Kepler (Bryson+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/10 : Radial velocities for 4 host stars (Burt+, 2021)
J/other/NatAs/5.775 : nu2 Lupi CHEOPS light curves (Delrez+, 2021)
J/ApJS/254/10 : Compilation of W UMa stars (Latkovic+, 2021)
J/AJ/163/295 : Radial velocity & astrometry for µ Arae (Benedict+, 2022)
J/A+A/658/A115 : Proxima Cen ESPRESSO RV and FWHM (Faria+, 2022)
J/ApJS/262/21 : 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions (Feng+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/223 : Radial velocity study of π Mensae (Hatzes+, 2022)
J/A+A/666/A143 : AD Leo RV and stellar activity indices (Kossakowski+, 2022)
J/AJ/166/46 : EXPRES. IV. Two Additional Planets Orbiting (Brewer+, 2023)
J/AJ/165/176 : Doppler constraints in Sun-like star syst. (Laliotis+, 2023)
J/A+A/678/A107 : Long-period substellar companions (Philipot+, 2023)
J/ApJS/272/30 : Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) (Harada+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- HD ?=-999 Henry Draper Catalog identifier
9- 23 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
25- 26 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
28- 32 F5.2 pc Dist [1/23.3] Distance (inverted Gaia DR3 parallax)
34- 41 A8 --- SpT Spectral Type
43- 43 A1 --- TW In this work?
45- 45 A1 --- MS24 In Mamajek & Stapelfelt (2024arXiv240212414M 2024arXiv240212414M)?
47- 47 A1 --- X X-ray observation available?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed), as in other tables;
column added by CDS
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 35 A16 --- Name Star Name (1)
37- 58 A22 --- OName Other Names, comma separate list
60- 61 I2 h RAh ? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
63- 64 I2 min RAm ? Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
66- 70 F5.2 s RAs ? Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
72 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
73- 74 I2 deg DEd ? Degree of Declination (J2000)
76- 77 I2 arcmin DEm ? Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
79- 83 F5.2 arcsec DEs ? Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
85- 92 A8 --- SpT Spectral Type, from Gray+ 2006, J/AJ/132/161 (2)
94-100 F7.4 pc Dist [1.3/18.3]? Distance (inverted Gaia DR3 parallax)
102-105 F4.2 pc E_Dist [0.07/0.5]? Upper uncertainty on Dist
107-112 F6.4 pc e_Dist [0.0003/1]? Lower (or symmetric) Uncertainty on
Dist
114-119 F6.4 Msun Mstar [0.08/1.5]? Stellar mass
121-126 F6.4 Msun E_Mstar [0.0026/0.3]? Upper uncertainty on Mstar
128-133 F6.4 Msun e_Mstar [0.002/0.2]? Lower (or symmetric) Uncertainty
on Mstar
135-138 I4 K Teff [2508/6854]? Stellar effective temperature
140-142 I3 K E_Teff [63/188]? Upper uncertainty on Teff
144-146 I3 K e_Teff [11/200]? Lower (or symmetric) Uncertainty on
Teff
148-155 F8.6 Lsun Lbol [0.00049/4.7]? Bolometric luminosity
157-162 F6.4 Lsun E_Lbol [0.0004/0.3]? Upper uncertainty on Lbol
164-171 F8.6 Lsun e_Lbol [4e-06/0.3]? Lower (or symmetric) Uncertainty
on Lbol
173-190 A18 --- Age Age, comma separate list of Ages (2)
192-202 A11 --- Ref References, comma separated list
(see refs.dat file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Stellar data were compiled using the NASA Exoplanet Archive
(doi:10.26133/NEA40) and are valid as of 2024-05-10.
Note (2): Significant disagreements in literature are discussed in Appendix A.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 28 I2 --- Nxmm [1/38]?=0 Number of XMM-Newton observations
30- 35 F6.1 ks Txmm [5/392]?=-999 Total XMM-Newton exposure time
37- 37 I1 --- Nchandra [1/6]?=0 Number of Chandra observations
39- 44 F6.1 ks Tchandra [4.9/97]?=-999 Total Chandra exposure time
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 33 A7 --- Tel X-ray telescope used
35- 44 I10 --- ObsID [616/891801301] X-ray observation identifier
46- 49 F4.1 ks ExpTime [0.8/68.4] Exposure time
51- 56 I6 ct Net [70/831320] Net counts (1)
58- 61 I4 ct e_Net [10/1080] Uncertainty in Net
63- 67 F5.1 --- chi2 [0.1/704] Chi2 of observed vs. constant
count rate
69- 74 F6.2 --- A2 [0.17/169] Anderson-Darling statistic
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Net counts are reported for 0.2-15 keV for XMM-Newton observations
and 0.5-7 keV for Chandra observations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 36 I10 --- ObsID [7248/891801301] X-ray observation identifier
38- 46 A9 --- Dur Sub-exposure duration (1)
48 A1 --- VarFlag Variability flag (2)
50- 56 F7.2 keV kT1 [0.05/1.8]?=-999 APEC Component #1, kT
58- 64 F7.2 keV E_kT1 [0.01/1.5]?=-999 Upper error on kT1
66- 72 F7.2 keV e_kT1 [0.01/0.3]?=-999 Lower error on kT1
74- 80 F7.2 10-4 norm1 [0.2/562]?=-999 APEC Component #1,
normalization
82- 89 F8.2 10-4 E_norm1 [0.1/19700]?=-999 Upper error on norm1
91- 97 F7.2 10-4 e_norm1 [0.1/420]?=-999 Lower error on norm1
99-105 F7.2 keV kT2 [0.17/1.1]?=-999 APEC Component #2, kT
107-113 F7.2 keV E_kT2 [0.01/0.5]?=-999 Upper error on kT2
115-121 F7.2 keV e_kT2 [0.01/0.4]?=-999 Lower error on kT2
123-129 F7.2 10-4 norm2 [0.03/238]?=-999 APEC Component #2,
normalization
131-137 F7.2 10-4 E_norm2 [0.02/83]?=-999 Upper error on norm2
139-145 F7.2 10-4 e_norm2 [0.01/89]?=-999 Lower error on norm2
147-153 F7.2 keV kT3 [0.46/3.5]?=-999 APEC Component #3, kT
155-161 F7.2 keV E_kT3 [0.02/63]?=-999 Upper error on kT3
163-169 F7.2 keV e_kT3 [0/0.8]?=-999 Lower error on kT3
171-177 F7.2 10-4 norm3 [0.09/733]?=-999 APEC Component #3,
normalization
179-185 F7.2 10-4 E_norm3 [0.04/164]?=-999 Upper error on norm3
187-193 F7.2 10-4 e_norm3 [0.01/65.5]?=-999 Lower error on norm3
195-199 F5.2 [10-7W] logLx [26/29.7] Log, X-ray luminosity, erg/s
201-204 F4.2 [10-7W] E_logLx [0.01/0.2] Upper error on logLx
206-209 F4.2 [10-7W] e_logLx [0.01/0.3] Lower error on logLx
211-214 F4.2 --- abd [0.02/1] Abundance (3)
216-222 F7.2 --- E_abd [0/0.6]?=-999 Upper error on abd (3)
224-230 F7.2 --- e_abd [0.01/0.3]?=-999 Lower error on abd (3)
232-235 F4.2 --- chi2 [0.68/6.5] Average reduced chi^2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Sub-exposure duration, start-_end (0=start of observation; in ks)
Note (2): Variability flag as follows:
D = decaying periods following flares or descending count rates
that follow highly elevated count rates; these periods are
roughly defined as immediately following an obvious flare
where the count rate is below 80% the maximum flare count
rate but still above ∼150% of the quiescent count rate;
E = elevated count rate periods, when count rates are
approximately 50% higher than the quiescent count rate but
not obviously associated with a strong flaring event;
F = strong flaring events, where the count rate is above ∼80% the
quiescent maximum count rate;
Q = quiescent periods, when the count rate is low and constant
within the uncertainties;
R = rising count rate periods that precede a strong flare.
Note (3): When the abundance is fixed, the tabulated value is set to "1".
and the corresponding errors are set to null.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27 A1 --- VarFlag Variability flag (1)
29- 30 A2 --- SpT Spectral type flag
32- 38 F7.2 keV kT1 [0.07/1.5]?=-999 APEC Component #1, kT
40- 46 F7.2 keV E_kT1 [0.01/0.3]?=-999 Upper error on kT1
48- 54 F7.2 keV e_kT1 [0.01/0.3]?=-999 Lower error on kT1
56- 62 F7.2 10-4 norm1 [0.2/513]?=-999 APEC Component #1,
normalization
64- 69 F6.1 10-4 E_norm1 [0.1/228]?=-999 Upper error on norm1
71- 77 F7.2 10-4 e_norm1 [-0.8/228]?=-999 Lower error on norm1
79- 85 F7.2 keV kT2 [0.19/1.1]?=-999 APEC Component #2, kT
87- 93 F7.2 keV E_kT2 [0.01/0.4]?=-999 Upper error on kT2
95-101 F7.2 keV e_kT2 [0.01/0.3]?=-999 Lower error on kT2
103-109 F7.2 10-4 norm2 [0.03/139]?=-999 APEC Component #2,
normalization
111-117 F7.2 10-4 E_norm2 [0.02/59]?=-999 Upper error on norm2
119-125 F7.2 10-4 e_norm2 [0.01/59.3]?=-999 Lower error on norm2
127-133 F7.2 keV kT3 [0.6/3.5]?=-999 APEC Component #3, kT
135-141 F7.2 keV E_kT3 [0.02/2.3]?=-999 Upper error on kT3
143-149 F7.2 keV e_kT3 [0.02/0.7]?=-999 Lower error on kT3
151-157 F7.2 10-4 norm3 [0.09/171.3]?=-999 APEC Component #3,
normalization
159-165 F7.2 10-4 E_norm3 [0.04/73]?=-999 Upper error on norm3
167-173 F7.2 10-4 e_norm3 [0.03/77]?=-999 Lower error on norm3
175-179 F5.2 [10-7W] logLx [26/29.1] Log, X-ray luminosity, erg/s
181-184 F4.2 [10-7W] E_logLx [0.01/0.4] Upper error on logLx
186-189 F4.2 [10-7W] e_logLx [0.01/0.8] Lower error on logLx
191-194 F4.2 --- abd [0.03/1] Abundance (2)
196-202 F7.2 --- E_abd [0.02/0.7]?=-999 Upper error on abd (2)
204-210 F7.2 --- e_abd [0.01/0.4]?=-999 Lower error on abd (2)
212-215 F4.2 --- chi2 [0.7/2.6] Average reduced chi^2
217-223 F7.4 pc Dist [1.3/18] Distance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Variability flag as follows:
D = decaying periods following flares or descending count rates
that follow highly elevated count rates; these periods are
roughly defined as immediately following an obvious flare
where the count rate is below 80% the maximum flare count
rate but still above ∼150% of the quiescent count rate;
E = elevated count rate periods, when count rates are
approximately 50% higher than the quiescent count rate but
not obviously associated with a strong flaring event;
F = strong flaring events, where the count rate is above ∼80% the
quiescent maximum count rate;
Q = quiescent periods, when the count rate is low and constant
within the uncertainties;
R = rising count rate periods that precede a strong flare.
Note (2): When the abundance is fixed, the tabulated value is set to "1".
and the corresponding errors are set to null.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Common Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 33 F7.2 [10-7W] logL25 [25.4/29]?=-999 Log, 25th percentile Lx,
erg/s
35- 39 F5.2 [10-7W] logL50 [24/29] Log, 50th percentile Lx, erg/s
41- 47 F7.2 [10-7W] logL75 [26.2/29]?=-999 Log, 75th percentile Lx,
erg/s
49- 55 F7.2 [10-7W] logL90 [25.6/29.4]?=-999 Log, 90th percentile
Lx, erg/s
57- 63 F7.2 [-] logL25/Lbol [-8.01/-2.5]?=-999 Log, 25th percentile
Lx/Lbol
66 A1 --- l_logL50/Lbol Limit flag on logL50/Lbol
67- 71 F5.2 [-] logL50/Lbol [-8/-2.37] Log, 50th percentile Lx/Lbol
74- 80 F7.2 [-] logL75/Lbol [-7.5/-2.18]?=-999 Log, 75th percentile
Lx/Lbol
82- 88 F7.2 [-] logL90/Lbol [-7.7/-1.99]?=-999 Log, 90th percentile
Lx/Lbol
90 A1 --- flag1 ?=-999 25th percentile upper limit flag
(1)
92 A1 --- flag2 ?=-999 50th percentile upper limit flag
(1)
94 A1 --- flag3 ?=-999 75th percentile upper limit flag
(1)
96 A1 --- flag4 ?=-999 90th percentile upper limit flag
(1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Limit flags as follows:
U = upper limit;
M = measurement;
X = no measurement possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Star Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 35 A9 --- SpT Spectral Type
37- 37 A1 --- f_Age Flag on Age (1)
39- 42 F4.1 Gyr Age [2.0/13.0]? Age
44- 55 A12 --- Sun Sun Comparison
57- 60 A4 --- Tier HWO Tier (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Age flags as follows:
u = unknown age;
∼ = uncertain age;
< = age upper limit.
Note (2): Habitable Worlds Observatory Tier or Priority as given in
Mamajek & Stapelfelt (2024arXiv240212414M 2024arXiv240212414M).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Star Name (spaces removed)
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20- 25 A6 --- HIP ?=-999 Hipparcos Catalogue identifier
27- 40 A14 --- ObsID X-ray Observation ID (Telescope/ID)
42- 44 A3 --- Det Detected?
46- 46 A1 --- l_Rate Limit flag on Rate
48- 54 A7 ct.s-1 Rate Count Rate (1)
56- 62 A7 ct.s-1 e_Rate ? Uncertainty on Rate (1)
64- 67 F4.1 --- sigma [1.5/28.5]? Detection Significance, N*σ
69- 81 A13 --- Match Match Star (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Count rates are reported for 0.2-15 keV for XMM-Newton
observations and 0.5-7 keV for Chandra observations.
Note (2): The "match star" used to convert count rates to luminosities.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- ID Star Name
17- 18 A2 --- m_ID Component name on ID
20 A1 --- Flag Flag (1)
22- 33 A12 --- OName Other Name
35- 36 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
38- 39 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
41- 45 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
47 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
48- 49 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
51- 52 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
54- 58 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
60- 64 A5 --- SpT Spectral Type
66- 70 F5.2 pc Dist [3.29/21] Distance
72- 75 F4.2 Msun Mstar [0.2/1.4] Mass
77- 80 I4 K Teff [3344/6533] Surface effective temperature
82- 86 F5.3 Lsun Lbol [0.01/3] Bolometric luminosity
88 A1 --- l_logLx Limit flag on logLx
90- 94 F5.2 [10-7W] logLx [26/28.3] Log, X-ray luminosity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flags as follows:
a = Unresolved binary;
b = Unresolved binary with a T7 brown dwarf.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference code
4- 25 A22 --- Auth First author's name(s)
27- 45 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference
47- 70 A24 --- Comm VizieR catalog's reference
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal for tables
Light curves and spectra downloaded at: http://zenodo.org/records/11490574
(doi:10.5281/zenodo.11490574)
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 12-Mar-2025