J/ApJS/276/11 Spectroscopic binaries from LAMOST MRS DR9 (Li+, 2025)
Mining double-line spectroscopic candidates in the LAMOST Medium-Resolution
Spectroscopic survey using a human-AI hybrid method.
Li S.-S., Li C.-Q., Li C.-H., Fan D.-W., Xu Y.-F., Mi L.-Y., Cui C.-Z.,
Shi J.-R.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 276, 11 (2025)>
=2025ApJS..276...11L 2025ApJS..276...11L
ADC_Keywords: Binaries, spectroscopic; Spectra, optical; Radial velocities
Keywords: Spectroscopic binary stars ; Binary stars
Abstract:
We utilize a hybrid approach that integrates the traditional
cross-correlation function (CCF) and machine learning to detect
spectroscopic multiple star systems, specifically focusing on
double-line spectroscopic binaries (SB2s). Based on the ninth data
release (DR9) of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic
Telescope (LAMOST), which includes a medium-resolution survey (MRS)
containing 29,920,588 spectra, we identify 27,164 double-line and
3124 triple-line spectra, corresponding to 7096 SB2 candidates and
1903 triple-line spectroscopic binary (SB3) candidates, respectively,
representing about 1% of the selected data set from LAMOST-MRS DR9.
Notably, 70.1% of the SB2 candidates and 89.6% of the SB3 candidates
are newly identified. Compared to using only the traditional CCF
technique, our method significantly improves the efficiency of
detecting SB2s, saving time on visual inspections by a factor of 4.
Description:
The LAMOST-MRS DR9, released in 2022 March, contains 29,920,588
spectra. We focus exclusively on single-exposure data and select the
spectra from the blue arm from the MRS data due to their abundance of
absorption lines. We choose spectra with S/N greater than 5 to fully
exploit the potential of our method and maximize the discovery of
double-line spectroscopic binaries (SB2s) and triple-line
spectroscopic binaries (SB3s).
The final selected sample comprises 6,565,721 spectra from 930,783 stars.
After the cross-correlation function (CCF) and machine learning (ML)
approach (see Section 3), we identified 27,233 SB2 spectra and 11,904
SB3 spectra. The results are then examined visually to verify the
precision of this method, resulting in 27,164 double-line spectra and
3124 triple-line spectra being selected, corresponding to 7096 SB2 and
1903 SB3 candidates, respectively.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 134 30288 Classification outcomes, including RVs and
associated errors
table4.dat 81 2318 List of common SB2 and SB3 candidates with other
binary catalogs
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See also:
B/sb9 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2004-2014)
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)
V/122 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2005)
V/156 : LAMOST DR7 catalogs (Luo+, 2019)
I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/AJ/140/184 : RAVE double-lined spectroscopic binaries (Matijevic+, 2010)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/416/817 : RV catalog of O-type stars in IC 2944 & Cen OB2 (Sana+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/448/822 : LAMOST candidate members of star clusters (Xiang+, 2015)
J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)
J/A+A/608/A95 : GES: multi-line spectroscopic binary cand. (Merle+, 2017)
J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEEDR14: companions of evolved stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/155 : SB candidates from the RAVE & Gaia DR2 surveys (Birko+, 2019)
J/other/RAA/19.64 : LAMOST sp. binaries & variable stars (Qian+, 2019)
J/A+A/635/A155 : Gaia-ESO Survey SB1 catalogue (Merle+, 2020)
J/A+A/643/A122 : Active deep learning in large sp. surveys (Skoda+, 2020)
J/ApJS/249/22 : Radial velocity variable stars from LAMOST DR4 (Tian+, 2020)
J/A+A/638/A145 : GALAH survey. FGK binary stars (Traven+, 2020)
J/ApJS/258/16 : TESS Eclipsing Binary stars. I. Sectors 1-26 (Prsa+, 2022)
J/A+A/666/A121 : Cluster target Giraffe HR15N RV precision (Randich+, 2022)
J/ApJS/258/26 : Spectroscopic binaries from LAMOST MRS. I. (Zhang+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
12- 20 F9.6 deg DEdeg [-10/89] Declination (J2000)
22- 40 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 Source identifier (1)
42- 45 F4.1 mag Gmag [5.9/18.6] Apparent G magnitude
from Gaia DR3 (1)
47- 49 A3 --- Mult Multiplicity of spectroscopic binary
candidates (SB2 or SB3)
51- 70 A20 --- PlanID Plan name from LAMOST-MRS
72- 73 I2 --- SpID [1/16] Spectrograph ID from LAMOST-MRS
75- 77 I3 --- Fiber [1/250] Fiber ID of the target from LAMOST-MRS
79- 86 I8 --- LMJm [83555758/85491560] Local modified Julian
Minute at the start of exposure (2)
88- 93 F6.2 --- S/N [5/447] Signal-to-Noise ratio representing the
median S/N of all pixels
95- 101 F7.2 km/s RVel1 [-402/274] Radial velocity for the first
component (3)
103- 107 F5.2 km/s e_RVel1 [0.02/87]? Uncertainty in RVel1
109- 115 F7.2 km/s RVel2 [-217/407] Radial velocity for the second
component (3)
117- 121 F5.2 km/s e_RVel2 [0.02/67]? Uncertainty in RVel2
123- 128 F6.2 km/s RVel3 [-61/305]? Radial velocity for the third
component (3)
130- 134 F5.2 km/s e_RVel3 [0.04/72]? Uncertainty in RVel3
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Note (1): Gaia source ID and G magnitude are cross-matched from Gaia DR3
using coordinates with a radius of 3.3". The radius is determined
from the diameter of the fibers of LAMOST. See Section 4.
Note (2): The LMJm is obtained by multiplying the local modified Julian day
(LMJD) of the observation start time by 1440. The LMJD refers to the
modified Julian day at Xinglong Observatory, which operates in the +8
time zone.
Note (3): The RVs are calculated from the first step using the conventional
cross-correlation function (CCF) technique.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
12- 20 F9.6 deg DEdeg [-8/80] Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
22- 40 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 Source identifier
42- 45 F4.1 mag Gmag [7.6/15.1] Apparent G magnitude from Gaia DR3
47- 49 A3 --- Mult SB2 or SB3 candidates (1)
51- 52 I2 --- NExp [1/64] Number of exposures of this candidate
in LAMOST-MRS
54- 81 A28 --- Comm The catalogs in which this candidate is
included; see Section 4.1 (2)
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Note (1): Multiplicity as follows:
SB2 = double-line spectroscopic binary (2121 occurrences)
SB3 = triple-line spectroscopic binary (197 occurrences)
Note (2): Catalog as follows:
KEBC = Kepler Eclipsing Binary Stars (Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68)
TESS = TESS Eclipsing Binary stars, TESS-EBs (Prsa+ 2022, J/ApJS/258/16)
APOGEE = SB in the APOGEE DR16 and DR17 Data
(Kounkel+ 2021AJ....162..184K 2021AJ....162..184K)
Gaia_NSS = Gaia DR3 Non-single stars (Gaia Coll. 2022, I/357)
Gaia-ESO = SB candidates from Gaia-ESO Survey (Merle+ 2017, J/A+A/608/A95)
GALAH = FGK binary stars from the GALAH survey
(Traven+ 2020, J/A+A/638/A145)
SB9 = SB9 catalog (Pourbaix+ 2004, V/122)
Gaia_WB = Wide binaries from Gaia eDR3 (El-Badry 2021MNRAS.506.2269E 2021MNRAS.506.2269E;
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4435257);
WDS = Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001, B/wds)
LC_2021 = Li+ 2021ApJS..256...31L 2021ApJS..256...31L
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 24-Oct-2025