J/ApJS/276/46 Bent-tail radio galaxies from FIRST and hosts (Lao+, 2025)
Identification of 4876 bent-tail radio galaxies in the FIRST survey using deep
learning combined with visual inspection.
Lao B., Andernach H., Yang X., Zhang X., Zhao R., Zhao Z., Yu Y., Sun X.,
Qin S.-L.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 276, 46 (2025)>
=2025ApJS..276...46L 2025ApJS..276...46L
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, radio; Clusters, galaxy; Redshifts; Colors;
Magnitudes, absolute; Optical; Morphology
Keywords: Radio astronomy ; Radio galaxies ; Extragalactic radio sources ;
Active galactic nuclei
Abstract:
Bent-tail radio galaxies (BTRGs) are characterized by bent radio
lobes. This unique shape is mainly caused by the movement of the
galaxy within a cluster, during which the radio jets are deflected by
the intracluster medium. A combined method, which involves a deep
learning-based radio source finder along with visual inspection, has
been utilized to search for BTRGs from the Faint Images of the Radio
Sky at Twenty cm survey images. Consequently, a catalog of 4876 BTRGs
has been constructed, among which 3871 are newly discovered. Based on
the classification scheme of the opening angle between the two jets of
the galaxy, BTRGs are typically classified as either wide-angle-tail
(WAT) sources or narrow-angle-tail (NAT) sources. Our catalog
comprises 4424 WATs and 652 NATs. Among these, optical counterparts
are identified for 4193 BTRGs. This catalog covers luminosities in the
range of 1.91x1020≤L1.4GHz≤1.45x1028W/Hz and redshifts from
z=0.0023 to z=3.43. Various physical properties of these BTRGs and
their statistics are presented. Particularly, by the nearest neighbor
method, we found that 1825 BTRGs in this catalog belong to galaxy
clusters reported in literature.
Description:
The FIRST survey is a 1.4GHz continuum survey that utilized the NRAO
Karl G. Jansky VLA B configuration to carry out survey observations
over 18yr (1993-2011), accumulating a total observation time of more
than 4000hr (5.5 months). With an angular resolution of 5" and an
average rms noise level of 0.15mJy, the FIRST survey covers 25% of the
entire sky, encompassing a total sky area of 10575deg2.
In our Bent-tail radio galaxy (BTRG) identification, we used the
2014-Dec-17, version of the catalog (FIRST-14dec17) and accompanying
images. See Section 2.
We identify potential host galaxy candidates for our BTRGs from the
Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Survey (LS). The
sky area containing all BTRG samples in this study is included in the
DESI LS's 10th data release (DR10). See Section 3.
We adopt the ΛCDM cosmological model throughout this paper,
with parameters specified as follows: H0=67.4km/s/Mpc, Ωm=0.315,
and Ωvac=0.685
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 165 4876 A catalog of 4876 bent-tail radio galaxies (BTRGs)
identified from VLA FIRST survey
table2.dat 102 3286 Cluster details for BTRGs; see Section 4.6
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See also:
VII/4 : Abell and Zwicky Clusters of Galaxies (Abell+ 1974)
VII/110 : Rich Clusters of Galaxies (Abell+ 1989)
VIII/51 : the FIRST Survey, version 1998Feb (White+ 1998)
VIII/59 : the FIRST Survey, version 1999Jul (White+ 1999)
VII/250 : The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) (2dFGRS Team, 1998-2003)
VIII/71 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 03Apr11 (Becker+ 2003)
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
VII/259 : 6dF galaxy survey final redshift release (Jones+, 2009)
VIII/90 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 12Feb16 (Becker+ 2012)
VIII/92 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 2014Dec17 (Helfand+ 2015)
V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)
VII/292 : DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR8 photometric redshifts (Duncan, 2022)
III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)
J/ApJ/306/30 : Catalog of distant galaxy clusters (Gunn+, 1986)
J/ApJ/569/689 : Distant cluster hunting. II. (Donahue+, 2002)
J/ApJ/579/93 : KPNO/Deeprange distant cluster survey (Postman+, 2002)
J/AJ/125/2064 : Northern Optical Cluster Survey. II. (Gal+, 2003)
J/AJ/128/1017 : Northern Optical Cluster Survey. IV. (Lopes+, 2005)
J/AJ/130/968 : SDSS-C4 cluster catalog (Miller+, 2005)
J/ApJ/660/239 : MaxBCG catalog of galaxy clusters from SDSS (Koester+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/379/867 : BCG C4 cluster catalog (von der Linden+, 2007)
J/AJ/137/2981 : Northern Optical Cluster Survey. III. (Gal+, 2009)
J/ApJS/183/197 : Galaxy clusters identified from the SDSS-DR6 (Wen+, 2009)
J/ApJS/191/254 : GMBCG galaxy cluster catalog from SDSS DR7 (Hao+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/406/2578 : Galaxies near S1189 (Mao+, 2010)
J/A+A/534/A109 : MCXC Meta-Catalog X-ray galaxy Clusters (Piffaretti+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/31 : Morphology for groups in the FIRST database (Proctor, 2011)
J/ApJ/736/21 : Galaxy clusters opt. cat. from AMF on SDSS DR6 (Szabo+ 2011)
J/AJ/141/88 : Galaxy cluster environments of radio sources (Wing+, 2011)
J/ApJS/199/26 : The 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) (Huchra+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/150 : Group galaxies in the RCS (Li+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/422/25 : SDSS DR7 groups, clusters and filaments (Smith+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/34 : Clusters of galaxies in SDSS-III (Wen+, 2012)
J/A+A/544/A38 : ATLAS 2.3GHz obs. of ELAIS-S1 and CDF-S (Zinn+, 2012)
J/AJ/148/75 : Bent-tailed radio gal. Chandra DFS (Dehghan+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/444/147 : Richness of galaxy clusters (Oguri, 2014)
J/ApJ/799/60 : X-ray galaxy clusters in CFHTLS fields (Mirkazemi+, 2015)
J/ApJ/807/178 : Rich galaxy clusters identified in SDSS-DR12 (Wen+, 2015)
J/A+A/587/A158 : Rich galaxy clusters richness-based masses (Andreon, 2016)
J/A+A/594/A27 : Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources (PSZ2) (Planck+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/462/2934 : Lockman Hole North 3GHz catalogue (Vernstrom+, 2016)
J/ApJ/816/98 : Galaxies in X-ray clusters with DES. I. (Zhang+, 2016)
J/ApJS/230/20 : ML technique to classify CoNFIG gal. (Aniyan+, 2017)
J/A+A/601/A81 : FIRST catalog of FR II radio galaxies (Capetti+, 2017)
J/ApJ/835/280 : WISE MIR data of galaxies in compact groups (Lee+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/466/4346 : Extended radio galaxies (Miraghaei+, 2017)
J/ApJ/844/78 : High-redshift COBRA survey: IRAC (Paterno-Mahler+, 2017)
J/A+A/598/A107 : Candidate galaxy clusters in KiDS-DR2 (Radovich+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/474/4151 : WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey final DR (Drinkwater+, 2018)
J/A+A/613/A67 : Clusters in 4 CFHTLS T0007 Wide fields (Sarron+, 2018)
J/ApJ/856/172 : The HectoMAP cluster survey. I. (Sohn+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/475/343 : 2MASS, WISE & SuperCOSMOS clusters of galaxies (Wen+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/473/4523 : ATLAS/FUSION SWIRE CDFS and ELAIS-S1 fields (Weston+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/126 : RGZ: distortion of radio gal. by clusters (Garon+, 2019)
J/ApJS/240/33 : MaDCoWS. I. Catalog of z∼1 galaxy clusters (Gonzalez+, 2019)
J/A+A/626/A8 : WATCAT. Wide-angle tailed radio galaxies (Missaglia+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/496/4654 : Radio tails of galaxies in the Coma cluster (Chen+, 2020)
J/ApJS/255/30 : VLASS QL Ep.1 Catalog, CIRADA version (Gordon+, 2021)
J/ApJS/253/3 : Sunyaev-Zel'dovich gal. clusters with ACT (Hilton+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/503/5763 : SPIDERS galaxy clusters catalogue (Kirkpatrick+, 2021)
J/ApJS/254/30 : One-side head-tail (OHT) gal. from FIRST & SDSS (Pan+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/500/1003 : Redshifts for gal. in the HSC-SSP and unWISE (Wen+, 2021)
J/ApJS/253/56 : Galaxy clusters from the DESI surveys. I. (Zou+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/516/372 : Radio galaxies and clusters from 150GHz TGSS (Bhukta+, 2022)
J/A+A/661/A1 : The eFEDS X-ray catalogs (V7.4) (Brunner+, 2022)
J/MNRAS/513/439 : GAMA DR4 spectrum catalog (Driver+, 2022)
J/ApJS/259/31 : Head-tail radio gal. from VLA FIRST survey (Sasmal+, 2022)
J/MNRAS/513/3946 : Clusters of galaxies from DES*unWISE data (Wen+, 2022)
J/A+A/658/A59 : Extended galaxy clusters from RXGCC (Xu+, 2022)
J/ApJS/267/37 : Quick Look at the 3GHz radio sky. II. DRAGNs (Gordon+, 2023)
J/ApJS/272/39 : Galaxy clusters from DESI Legacy Surveys & WISE (Wen+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 A19 --- Name Source name in FIRST image provided by RGCMT
model (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
21- 27 A7 --- Ref Sources present in papers (1)
29- 53 A25 --- Host Name of host galaxy if available;
see Section 3
55- 63 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
65- 73 F9.5 deg DEdeg [-11.4/64.6] Declination (J2000)
75- 81 F7.5 --- z [0.0023/3.44]? Redshift
83 A1 --- f_z Flag on z (p=photometric or s=spectroscopic
redshift)
85- 93 F9.2 mJy F1.4GHz [3.8/140820] Total flux density at 1.4GHz
95- 102 F8.2 mJy F3GHz [0.05/31971]? Total flux density at 3GHz
104- 108 F5.2 --- alpha [-0.83/7.05]? Spectral index between 1.4GHz
and 3GHz
110- 114 F5.2 [W/Hz] logLum [20.28/28.2]? Logarithmic luminosity at 1.4GHz
116- 120 F5.1 deg OA [20/170] Opening angle
122- 126 F5.1 arcsec Rc [3/995]? Radius of curvature of radio jets
128- 130 I3 arcsec LAS [12/199] Largest angular size
132- 136 F5.1 kpc LLS [1/842]? Largest linear size
138- 143 F6.2 mag rMag [-24.61/-18.25]? Absolute r-band magnitude
145- 149 F5.2 [Msun] logMBH [6.9/10.7]? Logarithmic mass of black hole
151- 155 F5.2 mag g-r [-0.7/5.35]? g-r color value
157- 165 A9 --- Type Morphological type of source
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Note (1): References as follows:
a = Wing & Blanton (2011, J/AJ/141/88)
b = Proctor (2011, J/ApJS/194/31)
c = Paterno-Mahler et al. (2017, J/ApJ/844/78)
d = Missaglia et al. (2019, J/A+A/626/A8)
e = Pan et al. (2021, J/ApJS/254/30)
f = Sasmal et al. (2022, J/ApJS/259/31)
g = Aniyan & Thorat (2017, J/ApJS/230/20)
h = Miraghaei & Best (2017, J/MNRAS/466/4346)
j = Griese et al. (2023, Data in Brief, Vol. 47;
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.108974)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 A19 --- Name Source name of BTRGs (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
21- 49 A29 --- Cluster Cluster name (with J2000 coordinates most
of the time)
51- 56 F6.4 --- zcl [0.0066/1.4]? Cluster redshift
58 A1 --- f_zcl Flag on zcl (p=photometric or
s=spectroscopic redshift)
60- 65 F6.1 Mpc Dc [29/4289]? Comoving distance
67- 69 I3 arcsec Sep [0/180] Angular separation between BTRGs
and their associated cluster centers
71- 76 F6.1 kpc Dl [0/1500]? Linear distance between
positions of BTRG hosts and centers of
their associated clusters
78- 82 F5.3 Mpc r500 [0.3/1.6]? Cluster radius
84- 89 F6.2 --- RL500 [6.16/307]? Cluster richness
91- 96 F6.3 10+14Msun M500 [0.3/13]? Cluster mass
98- 102 F5.1 --- N500 [2/192]? Number of member galaxy
candidates within r500
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 29-Oct-2025