J/ApJS/276/47 SpeX survey on M dwarfs and giant planets (Gan+, 2025)
Metallicity dependence of giant planets around M dwarfs.
Gan T., Theissen C.A., Wang S.X., Burgasser A.J., Mao S.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 276, 47 (2025)>
=2025ApJS..276...47G 2025ApJS..276...47G
ADC_Keywords: Stars, M-type; Spectra, infrared; Abundances, [Fe/H]; Optical;
Stars, diameters; Stars, masses; Spectral types; Exoplanets
Keywords: M dwarf stars ; Extrasolar gaseous giant planets ; Metallicity ;
Spectroscopy ; Astrostatistics ; Stellar properties
Abstract:
We investigate the stellar metallicity ([Fe/H] and [M/H]) dependence
of giant planets around M dwarfs by comparing the metallicity
distribution of 746 field M dwarfs without known giant planets with a
sample of 22 M dwarfs hosting confirmed giant planets. All metallicity
measurements are homogeneously obtained through the same methodology
based on the near-infrared spectra collected with a single instrument
SpeX mounted on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. We find that
(1) giant planets favor metal-rich M dwarfs at a 4σ-5σ
confidence level, depending on the band of spectra used to derive
metallicity;
(2) hot (a/R*≤20) and warm (a/R*>20) Jupiters do not show a
significant difference in the metallicity distribution.
Our results suggest that giant planets around M and FGK stars, which
are already known to prefer metal-rich hosts, probably have a similar
formation channel. In particular, hot and warm Jupiters around
M dwarfs may have the same origin as they have indistinguishable
metallicity distributions. With the refined stellar and planetary
parameters, we examine the stellar metallicities and the masses of
giant planets where we find no significant correlation. M dwarfs with
multiple giant planets or with a single giant planet have similar
stellar metallicities. Mid-to-late type M stars hosting gas giants do
not show an apparent preference to higher metallicities compared with
those early M dwarfs with gas giants and field M dwarfs.
Description:
The field M dwarf sample is constructed based on the SpeX
spectroscopic survey carried out by Terrien+ 2012ApJ...747L..38T 2012ApJ...747L..38T
between 2011 and 2013. All targets were observed with SpeX in the
short cross-dispersed (SXD) mode at a spectral resolving power of
∼2000 covering the JHK bands simultaneously. Later work from
Terrien+ (2015, J/ApJS/220/16) provided the [Fe/H] and [M/H]
measurements for most stars.
To obtain precise stellar properties, we crossmatch the full catalog
with Gaia DR3 (Gaia Col. 2023, I/355) through their Two Micron All Sky
Survey (2MASS) identifiers (see II/246) to retrieve the stellar
kinematic properties.
We collected at least two ABBA nod sequences (eight exposures) for
every giant-planet host star in our planet sample on 2023 August 9 and
11, and December 28 using SpeX with the same observation configuration
as Terrien+ (2012), under program 2023B078. See Section 3.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 160 746 Field M dwarf catalog
table3.dat 158 22 Stellar properties of the M dwarf giant-planet sample
sp/* . 22 Individual normalized SpeX spectra of the 22 Mdwarfs
with confirmed giant planets (Data behind Figure 2)
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See also:
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/298 : LSPM-North Catalog (Lepine+ 2005)
II/336 : AAVSO Photometric All Sky Survey (APASS) DR9 (Henden+, 2016)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
J/A+A/415/1153 : [Fe/H] for 98 extra-solar planet-host stars (Santos+, 2004)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/A+A/511/A21 : Radial velocities of GJ876 planetary system (Correia+, 2010)
J/ApJ/719/890 : Keck radial velocities of GJ 876 (Rivera+, 2010)
J/AJ/142/138 : All-sky catalog of bright M dwarfs (Lepine+, 2011)
J/A+A/533/A141 : Stellar parameters for 582 HARPS FGK stars (Sousa+, 2011)
J/A+A/541/A40 : Metallicity of solar-type stars (Maldonado+, 2012)
J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/52 : Abund. of late K & M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/791/54 : Nearby M Dwarfs parameters (Gaidos+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/166 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HATS-6 (Hartman+, 2015)
J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)
J/ApJ/800/85 : Teff, radii and luminosities of cool dwarfs (Newton+, 2015)
J/ApJS/220/16 : SpeX NIR survey of 886 nearby M dwarfs (Terrien+, 2015)
J/ApJ/831/64 : Mass-metallicities for giant planets (Thorngren+, 2016)
J/A+A/602/A107 : 231 transiting planets eccentricity and mass (Bonomo+, 2017)
J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey. IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)
J/A+A/609/A117 : CARMENES RV curves of 7 M-dwarf (Trifonov+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/87 : Cool dwarfs from K2 Campaigns 1-17 (Dressing+, 2019)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby bin. (Mann+, 2019)
J/other/Sci/365.1441 : GJ 3512 radial velocity & light curves (Morales+, 2019)
J/A+A/627/A161 : CARMENES multiwavelength measurements (Passegger+, 2019)
J/A+A/644/A68 : Abundance signature of M dwarf stars (Maldonado+, 2020)
J/A+A/656/A162 : CARMENES stellar atmospheric parameters (Marfil+, 2021)
J/A+A/650/A201 : 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era first update (Reyle+, 2021)
J/AJ/164/238 : Radial velocity of GJ 463 with HRS and HIRES (Endl+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/125 : LC & radial velocity of 4 giants planets (Jordan+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/81 : Radial velocity and phot. flux of TOI-3757 (Kanodia+, 2022)
J/A+A/658/A194 : Stellar parameters of 18 M dwarfs (Passegger+, 2022)
J/A+A/663/A48 : Two Saturn-mass planets around M dwarfs (Quirrenbach+, 2022)
J/A+A/673/A105 : Deep Transfer Learning of Teff & [M/H] (Bello-Garcia+, 2023)
J/AJ/165/120 : g and i'-band LCs of TOI-5205 with SDSS (Kanodia+, 2023)
J/AJ/166/90 : Light curves and radial velocities for TOI-1899 (Lin+, 2023)
J/AJ/166/11 : Stellar properties & RV var. for M-dwarfs (Pass+, 2023)
J/A+A/677/A122 : GJ 328, 649 and 849 HARPS-N observations (Pinamonti+, 2023)
J/AJ/168/202 : TOI-762 and TIC 46432937: LCs data (Hartman+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 26 F8.2 mas/yr pmRA [-2003/2892] Proper motion in Right Ascension
from Gaia DR3 (I/355)
28- 31 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in pmRA
33- 40 F8.2 mas/yr pmDE [-1772/10363] Proper motion in Declination
from Gaia DR3 (I/355)
42- 45 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in pmDE
47- 52 F6.2 mas plx [10.2/547] Parallax from Gaia DR3 (I/355)
54- 57 F4.2 mas e_plx [0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in plx
59- 63 F5.2 mag Vmag [6.6/16.7] V-band apparent magnitude from
APASS (II/336)
65- 68 F4.2 mag e_Vmag [0.01/1.2] Uncertainty in Vmag
70- 74 F5.2 mag Jmag [3.89/12.4] J-band apparent magnitude from
2MASS (II/246)
76- 79 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.02/0.3] Uncertainty in Jmag
81- 85 F5.2 mag Hmag [3.3/11.8] H-band apparent magnitude from
2MASS (II/246)
87- 90 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in Hmag
92- 96 F5.2 mag Kmag [3.26/11.6] K-band apparent magnitude from
2MASS (II/246)
98- 101 F4.2 mag e_Kmag [0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in Kmag
103- 106 F4.2 --- SpT [0.01/5.5] M spectral subtype
from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (1)
108- 112 F5.2 [-] MFeHH [-0.61/0.6] Metallicity [Fe/H] from H-band
from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)
114- 118 F5.2 [-] MFeHK [-0.63/0.9] Metallicity [Fe/H] from K-band
from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)
120- 124 F5.2 [-] MMHH [-0.45/0.4] Metallicity [M/H] from H-band
from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)
126- 130 F5.2 [-] MMHK [-0.51/0.6] Metallicity [M/H] from K-band
from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)
132- 135 F4.2 Msun Ms [0.14/0.81] Stellar mass; this work (2)
137- 140 F4.2 Msun e_Ms [0.02/0.03] Uncertainty in Ms
142- 145 F4.2 Rsun Rs [0.16/0.9] Stellar radius; this work (3)
147- 150 F4.2 Rsun e_Rs [0.02/0.03] Uncertainty in Rs
152- 155 I4 K Teff [2812/8125] Stellar effective temperature;
this work (4)
157- 160 I4 K e_Teff [78/3083] Uncertainty in Teff
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): M spectral subtype defined in Newton+ 2014, J/AJ/147/20
Note (2): Stellar mass from M*-MK relation in Mann+ 2019, J/ApJ/871/63
Note (3): Stellar radius from R*-MK relation in Mann+ 2015, J/ApJ/804/64
Note (4): Stellar effective temperature from Teff-Color relation
in Mann+ 2015, J/ApJ/804/64
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 32 A14 --- OName Other name
34- 35 I2 --- r_OName [1/22] Reference on OName (1)
37- 39 F3.1 --- SpT [0/5] Spectral type
41- 45 F5.2 [-] MFeHH [-0.55/0.51] Metallicity [Fe/H] from H-band
47- 50 F4.2 [-] e_MFeHH [0.09/0.17] MFeHH uncertainty
52- 56 F5.2 [-] MFeHK [-0.32/0.72] Metallicity [Fe/H] from K-band
58- 61 F4.2 [-] e_MFeHK [0.08/0.12] MFeHK uncertainty
63- 67 F5.2 [-] MMHH [-0.29/0.37] Metallicity [M/H] from H-band
69- 72 F4.2 [-] e_MMHH [0.09/0.13] MMHH uncertainty
74- 78 F5.2 [-] MMHK [-0.24/0.51] Metallicity [M/H] from K-band
80- 83 F4.2 [-] e_MMHK [0.08/0.11] MMHK uncertainty
85- 88 F4.2 Msun Ms [0.13/0.62] Stellar mass
90- 93 F4.2 Msun e_Ms [0.02/0.03] Ms uncertainty
95- 98 F4.2 Rsun Rs [0.16/0.64] Stellar radius
100- 103 F4.2 Rsun e_Rs [0.02/0.03] Rs uncertainty
105- 108 I4 K Teff [668/3925] Effective temperature
110- 112 I3 K e_Teff [80/110] Teff uncertainty
114- 154 A41 --- File Name of the FITS file in subdirectory "sp";
column added by CDS
156- 158 A3 --- r_File Note on file (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Reference as follows:
1 = Haghighipour+ (2010ApJ...715..271H 2010ApJ...715..271H); Trifonov+ (2018A&A...609A.117T 2018A&A...609A.117T);
Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R);
2 = Howard+ (2010ApJ...721.1467H 2010ApJ...721.1467H); Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R);
3 = Johnson+ (2007ApJ...670..833J 2007ApJ...670..833J); Anglada-Escude+ (2012ApJ...746...37A 2012ApJ...746...37A);
Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R)
4 = Morales+ (2019Sci...365.1441M 2019Sci...365.1441M); Lopez-Santiago+ (2020AJ....160..273L 2020AJ....160..273L);
5 = Endl+ (2022AJ....164..238E 2022AJ....164..238E); Sozzetti (2023A&A...670L..17S 2023A&A...670L..17S);
6 = Johnson+ (2010PASP..122..149J 2010PASP..122..149J); Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R);
Pinamonti+ (2023A&A...677A.122P 2023A&A...677A.122P);
7 = Butler+ (2006PASP..118.1685B 2006PASP..118.1685B); Bonfils+ (2013A&A...549A.109B 2013A&A...549A.109B);
Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R); Pinamonti+ (2023A&A...677A.122P 2023A&A...677A.122P);
8 = Marcy+ (1998ApJ...505L.147M 1998ApJ...505L.147M); Correia+ (2010A&A...511A..21C 2010A&A...511A..21C);
Rivera+ (2010ApJ...719..890R 2010ApJ...719..890R); Trifonov+ (2018A&A...609A.117T 2018A&A...609A.117T);
Rosenthal+ (2021ApJS..255....8R 2021ApJS..255....8R);
9 = Hartman+ (2015AJ....149..166H 2015AJ....149..166H);
10 = Jordan+ (2022AJ....163..125J 2022AJ....163..125J);
11 = Apps+ (2010PASP..122..156A 2010PASP..122..156A);
12 = Johnson+ (2012AJ....143..111J 2012AJ....143..111J); Bonomo+ (2017A&A...602A.107B 2017A&A...602A.107B);
13 = Bayliss+ (2018MNRAS.475.4467B 2018MNRAS.475.4467B);
14 = Canas+ (2020AJ....160..147C 2020AJ....160..147C); Lin+ (2023AJ....166...90L 2023AJ....166...90L);
15 = Canas+ (2022AJ....164...50C 2022AJ....164...50C); Hartman+ (2023AJ....166..163H 2023AJ....166..163H);
16 = Canas+ (2022AJ....164...50C 2022AJ....164...50C); Hartman+ (2023AJ....166..163H 2023AJ....166..163H);
17 = Kanodia+ (2022AJ....164...81K 2022AJ....164...81K);
18 = Gan+ (2023AJ....166..165G 2023AJ....166..165G); Hartman+ (2023AJ....166..163H 2023AJ....166..163H);
Delamer+ (2024ApJ...962L..22D 2024ApJ...962L..22D);
19 = Parviainen+ (2021A&A...645A..16P 2021A&A...645A..16P); Kagetani+ (2023PASJ...75..713K 2023PASJ...75..713K);
Hartman+ (2023AJ....166..163H 2023AJ....166..163H);
20 = Kanodia+ (2023AJ....165..120K 2023AJ....165..120K);
21 = Gan+ (2022MNRAS.511...83G 2022MNRAS.511...83G);
22 = Quirrenbach+ (2022A&A...663A..48Q 2022A&A...663A..48Q).
Note (2): The spectra of NGTS1, TOI-519, and TOI-530 were retrieved from
Gore+ 2024ApJS..271...48G 2024ApJS..271...48G
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): [Fe/H] from H-band and K-band and [M/H] from H-band and K-band
defined in Mann+ 2013, J/AJ/145/52
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
Licences: cc-by
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 30-Oct-2025