J/MNRAS/486/4917 Torus properties of 24 X-ray galaxies (Garcia-Bernete+, 2019)
Torus model properties of an ultra-hard X-ray selected sample of Seyfert
galaxies.
Garcia-Bernete I., Ramos Almeida C., Alonso-Herrero A., Ward M.J.,
Acosta-Pulido J.A., Pereira-Santaella M., Hernan-Caballero A.,
Asensio Ramos A., Gonzalez-Martin O., Levenson N.A., Mateos S.,
Carrera F.J., Ricci C., Roche P., Marquez I., Packham C., Masegosa J.,
Fuller L.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 486, 4917-4935 (2019)>
=2019MNRAS.486.4917G 2019MNRAS.486.4917G (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; Galaxies, photometry ; Galaxies, Seyfert ;
X-ray sources ; Galaxies, IR
Keywords: galaxies: active - galaxies: nuclei - galaxies: Seyfert -
galaxies: photometry - techniques: spectroscopic -
techniques: high angular resolution
Abstract:
We characterize for the first time the torus properties of an
ultra-hard X-ray (14-195keV) volume-limited (DL<40Mpc) sample of 24
Seyfert (Sy) galaxies (BCS40 sample). The sample was selected from
the Swift/BAT nine-month catalogue. We use high angular resolution
nuclear infrared (IR) photometry and N-band spectroscopy, the CLUMPY
torus models and a Bayesian tool to characterize the properties of the
nuclear dust. In the case of the Sy1s, we estimate the accretion disc
contribution to the subarcsecond resolution nuclear IR SEDs
(∼0.4arcsec) which is, on average, 46±28, 23±13, and 11±5 per
cent in the J, H, and K bands, respectively. This indicates that the
accretion disc templates that assume a steep fall for longer
wavelengths than 1µm might underestimate its contribution to the
near-IR emission. Using both optical (broad versus narrow lines) and
X-ray (unabsorbed versus absorbed) classifications, we compare the
global posterior distribution of the torus model parameters. We
confirm that Sy2s have larger values of the torus covering factor
(CT∼0.95) than Sy1s (CT∼0.65) in our volume-limited Seyfert
sample. These findings are independent of whether we use an optical or
X-ray classification. We find that the torus covering factor remains
essentially constant within the errors in our luminosity range and
there is no clear dependence with the Eddington ratio. Finally, we
find tentative evidence that even an ultra-hard X-ray selection is
missing a significant fraction of highly absorbed type 2 sources with
very high covering factor tori.
Description:
The sample studied here consists of 24 Seyfert galaxies previously
presented in Garcia-Bernete et al. (2016MNRAS.463.3531G 2016MNRAS.463.3531G). It was drawn
from the Swift/BAT nine-month catalogue (Tueller et al.
2008ApJ...681..113T 2008ApJ...681..113T, Cat. J/ApJ/681/113). The ultra-hard 14-195keV
band of the parent sample is far less sensitive to the effects of
obscuration than optical or softer X-ray wavelengths, making this AGN
selection one of the least biased for NH<1024cm-2 to date.
We obtained subarcsecond resolution N-band spectra (7.5-13µm) of
two Seyfert galaxies (NGC 4138 and UGC 6728) using the low
spectral resolution (R∼175) grating available in the instrument
CanariCam (CC; Telesco et al. 2003SPIE.4841..913T 2003SPIE.4841..913T; Packham et al.
2005RMxAC..24....7P 2005RMxAC..24....7P), on the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC).
NGC 4138 and UGC 6728 were observed on 2016 March 14 and 15.
We also obtained NIR imaging data (J, H, and K bands) with the
Canarias InfraRed Camera Experiment (CIRCE; Garner et al.
2014SPIE.9147E..4AG) on the 10.4-m GTC.
We downloaded the fully reduced NIR imaging data of NGC 4138
(unpublished, to our knowledge) from the ESA Hubble Legacy Archive
(http://archives.esac.esa.int/hst/). This Seyfert 1.9 galaxy was
observed in 2008 February with the Near Infrared Camera and
Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) and the narrow F190N filter
(λc=1.9µm).
We compiled the highest angular resolution IR (∼1-30µm) nuclear
fluxes available from the literature for our sample. The compiled
nuclear NIR fluxes are from both ground- and space-based (i.e. Hubble
Space Telescope; HST) data (see Table 2). In the case of the MIR
nuclear fluxes, we used the measurements of the unresolved MIR
emission calculated in Garcia-Bernete et al. (2016MNRAS.463.3531G 2016MNRAS.463.3531G).
We retrieved 31.5µm high angular resolution (FWHM∼3.1arcsec)
nuclear fluxes of six Seyfert galaxies (see Table 4), which were
observed with the long-wavelength camera (LWC; λ>25µm)
within the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope
(FORCAST; Herter et al. 2012ApJ...749L..18H 2012ApJ...749L..18H) on the 2.5-m SOFIA
telescope.
Finally, we compiled N-band spectra (7.5-13µm) for the majority of
the sample (17/24 sources), which were obtained with different
instruments (GTC/CC, VLT/VISIR, Gemini/T-ReCS, and MICHELLE).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 73 24 BCS40 sample
table2.dat 126 24 Summary of the NIR fluxes and MIR spectroscopy
employed in this work
table3.dat 38 12 Summary of the GTC/CIRCE NIR imaging
observations
table4.dat 88 24 Summary of the nuclear MIR emission derived from
the AGN contribution based on spectral
decomposition of Spitzer/IRS spectra and the
SOFIA/FORCAST 31.5µm fluxes
table5.dat 67 3 Spectral shape information of the nuclear IR
SEDs
table6.dat 53 9 Accretion disc measurements derived from the
fitting of Sy1s
table7.dat 38 13 Constraints on the torus widths derived from
ionization cone opening angles
table9.dat 137 24 AGN and torus model properties derived from the
fits and X-ray properties
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Source name
15 A1 --- f_Name Flag on Name (1)
17- 18 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
20- 21 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
23- 26 F4.1 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
28 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
29- 30 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
32- 33 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
35- 36 I2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
38- 42 F5.2 Mpc DL Luminosity distance
44- 46 I3 pc/arcsec Scale Spatial scale
48- 50 F3.1 --- SType Seyfert type (2)
52- 55 F4.2 --- b/a Galaxy inclination (2)
57- 60 F4.1 mag b_Av ? Lower bound on Av
62- 64 F3.1 mag Av ? Foreground extinction due to the host
galaxy
66- 69 F4.1 mag B_Av ? Upper bound on Av
71- 73 A3 --- r_Av Reference for Av (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
* = This galaxy is part of the Virgo Cluster (Binggeli, Sandage & Tammann
1985AJ.....90.1681B 1985AJ.....90.1681B, Cat. J/AJ/90/1681)
Note (2): Seyfert type and galaxy inclination (b/a) were taken from the
NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)
Note (3): References as follows:
a = Veilleux, Goodrich & Hill (1997ApJ...477..631V 1997ApJ...477..631V)
b = Reynolds et al. (1997MNRAS.291..403R 1997MNRAS.291..403R)
c = Alloin et al. (1981A&A...101..377A 1981A&A...101..377A)
d = Storchi-Bergmann et al. (1999MNRAS.304...35S 1999MNRAS.304...35S)
e = Ward et al. (1987ApJ...316..138W 1987ApJ...316..138W)
f = Ward & Morris (1984MNRAS.207..867W 1984MNRAS.207..867W)
g = Contini & Viegas (1999ApJ...523..114C 1999ApJ...523..114C)
h = Rodriguez-Ardila et al. (2017MNRAS.465..906R 2017MNRAS.465..906R)
i = Lira et al. (1999MNRAS.305..109L 1999MNRAS.305..109L)
j = Packham et al. (1996MNRAS.278..406P 1996MNRAS.278..406P)
k = Marconi et al. (2000ApJ...528..276M 2000ApJ...528..276M)
l = Goodrich, Veilleux & Hill (1994ApJ...422..521G 1994ApJ...422..521G)
m = Halpern & Filippenko (1984ApJ...285..475H 1984ApJ...285..475H)
n = Winge et al. (2000MNRAS.316....1W 2000MNRAS.316....1W)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Source name
15 A1 --- l_FJ Limit flag on FJ
17- 21 F5.2 mJy FJ ? NIR J-band flux
23- 26 F4.2 mJy e_FJ ? Error on FJ
28 A1 --- l_FH Limit flag on FH
30- 35 F6.2 mJy FH ? NIR H-band flux
37- 41 F5.2 mJy e_FH ? Error on FH
43 A1 --- l_FK Limit flag on FK
45- 49 F5.1 mJy FK NIR K-band flux
51- 54 F4.1 mJy e_FK ? Error on FK
56 A1 --- l_FL Limit flag on FL
58- 62 F5.1 mJy FL ? NIR L-band flux
64- 65 I2 mJy e_FL ? Error on FL
67 A1 --- l_FM Limit flag on FM
69- 73 F5.1 mJy FM ? NIR M-band flux
75-107 A33 --- Filter Instruments/filters used to obtain the NIR
fluxes
109-113 A5 --- refNIR References for the NIR data (1)
115-118 F4.2 arcsec Slit ? N-band spectroscopy slit width
120-122 I3 deg PA ? N-band spectroscopy position angle
124-126 A3 --- refNsp References for N-band spectroscopy data (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References as follows:
a = Skrutskie et al. (2006AJ....131.1163S 2006AJ....131.1163S, Cat. VII/233)
b = Alonso-Herrero et al. (2001AJ....121.1369A 2001AJ....121.1369A)
c = Kotilainen et al. (1992MNRAS.256..149K 1992MNRAS.256..149K)
d = Carollo et al. (2002AJ....123..159C 2002AJ....123..159C)
e = Sosa-Brito et al. (2001ApJS..136...61S 2001ApJS..136...61S)
f = This work
g = Alonso-Herrero et al. (1998ApJ...495..196A 1998ApJ...495..196A)
h = Quillen et al. (2001ApJ...547..129Q 2001ApJ...547..129Q)
i = Burtscher et al. (2015A&A...578A..47B 2015A&A...578A..47B)
j = Kishimoto et al. (2007A&A...476..713K 2007A&A...476..713K)
k = Alonso-Herrero et al. (2003AJ....126...81A 2003AJ....126...81A)
l = Prieto et al. (2010MNRAS.402..724P 2010MNRAS.402..724P)
m = Prieto, Reunanen & Kotilainen (2002ApJ...571L...7P 2002ApJ...571L...7P)
n = Ward et al. (1987ApJ...315...74W 1987ApJ...315...74W)
Note (2): References as follows:
f = This work
o = Honig et al. (2010A&A...515A..23H 2010A&A...515A..23H)
p = Gonzalez-Martin et al. (2013A&A...553A..35G 2013A&A...553A..35G)
q = Garcia-Bernete et al. (2015MNRAS.449.1309G 2015MNRAS.449.1309G)
r = Alonso-Herrero et al. (2016MNRAS.455..563A 2016MNRAS.455..563A)
s = Alonso-Herrero et al. (2011ApJ...736...82A 2011ApJ...736...82A)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Name Star name
10- 11 A2 --- Filter Filter used (J,H,Ks)
13- 22 I10 "Y:M:D" Date Observation date
24- 26 I3 s Texp Total on-source exposure time
28- 33 A6 --- PSFname PSF star name
35- 38 F4.2 arcsec FWHM Full-Width at Half-Maximum of the PSF
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Source name
15- 19 F5.1 mJy F4.5 ? Spitzer/IRS flux density at 4.5um
21- 24 F4.1 mJy e_F4.5 ? Error on F4.5
26 A1 --- l_F5.5 Limit flag on F5.5
28- 32 F5.1 mJy F5.5 Spitzer/IRS flux density at 5.5um
34- 37 F4.1 mJy e_F5.5 ? Error on F5.5
39- 43 F5.1 mJy F18 ? Spitzer/IRS flux density at 18um
45- 49 F5.1 mJy e_F18 ? Error on F18
51 A1 --- l_F25 Limit flag on F25
53- 58 F6.1 mJy F25 Spitzer/IRS flux density at 25um
60- 64 F5.1 mJy e_F25 ? Error on F25
66 A1 --- l_F30 Limit flag on F30
68- 73 F6.1 mJy F30 Spitzer/IRS flux density at 30um
75- 79 F5.1 mJy e_F30 ? Error on F30
81 A1 --- f_F30 Flag on F30 (1)
83 A1 --- l_F31.5 Limit flag on F31.5
85- 88 I4 mJy F31.5 ? SOFIA/FORCAST flux density at 31.5um (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = F30 corresponds to nuclear flux calculated at 28µm instead of 30µm
Note (2): SOFIA/FORCAST 31.5µm flux reported by Fuller et al.
(2016MNRAS.462.2618F 2016MNRAS.462.2618F)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- SyType Average Seyfert templates (Sy1, Sy1.8/1.9,
and Sy2)
11- 14 F4.2 --- H/N H/N flux ratio (1.6/8.8µm)
16- 19 F4.2 --- e_H/N Error on H/N
21- 24 F4.2 --- N/Q N/Q flux ratio (8.8/18µm)
26- 29 F4.2 --- e_N/Q Error on N/Q
31- 34 F4.1 --- alphaIR IR slope (1.6-25µm)
36- 38 F3.1 --- e_alphaIR Error on alphaIR
40- 43 F4.1 --- alphaNIR NIR slope (1.6-8.0µm)
45- 47 F3.1 --- e_alphaNIR Error on alphaNIR
49- 52 F4.1 --- alphaMIR MIR slope (8-18µm)
54- 56 F3.1 --- e_alphaMIR Error on alphaMIR
58- 62 F5.2 --- SSil Strength of the 9.7µm silicate feature (1)
64- 67 F4.2 --- e_SSil Error on SSil
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The strength of the 9.7µm silicate feature is computed as
SSil=ln(fcont/f9.7), where fcont and f9.7 are the flux densities of
the continuum and the feature, which we measured at 9.7µm
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Source name
15- 18 F4.2 --- FracJ Fractional contribution of the accretion disc
component to the J-band emission
20- 23 F4.2 --- e_FracJ ? Error on FracJ
25 A1 --- f_FracJ Flag on FracJ (1)
27- 30 F4.2 --- FracH Fractional contribution of the accretion disc
component to the H-band emission
32- 35 F4.2 --- e_FracH ? Error on FracH
37 A1 --- f_FracH Flag on FracH (1)
39- 42 F4.2 --- FracK Fractional contribution of the accretion disc
component to the K-band emission
44- 47 F4.2 --- e_FracK ? Error on FracK
49 A1 --- f_FracK Flag on FracK (1)
51- 53 A3 --- refs References for the optical photometry (2)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = Value derived from NIR upper limits
Note (2): References as follows:
a = Bentz et al. (2016ApJ...830..136B 2016ApJ...830..136B)
b = Munoz Marin et al. (2007AJ....134..648M 2007AJ....134..648M)
c = Ho & Peng (2001ApJ...555..650H 2001ApJ...555..650H)
d = Prieto et al. (2010MNRAS.402..724P 2010MNRAS.402..724P)
e = Bentz et al. (2013ApJ...767..149B 2013ApJ...767..149B)
f = Lauer et al. (2005AJ....129.2138L 2005AJ....129.2138L, Cat. J/AJ/129/2138)
g = Bentz et al. (2016ApJ...831....2B 2016ApJ...831....2B)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- SyType Seyfert template (Sy1, Sy1.8/1.9, and Sy2)
11- 18 A8 --- Name Source name
20- 24 A5 deg sigma Width of clouds angular distribution from
litterature
26 A1 --- f_sigma Flag on sigma (1)
28- 30 A3 --- r_sigma References for sigma (2)
32- 38 A7 deg Interval Interval used (in degrees)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = Derived from NLR kinematics modelling
Note (2): References as follows:
a = Mundell et al. (1995MNRAS.275...67M 1995MNRAS.275...67M)
b = Fischer et al. (2013ApJS..209....1F 2013ApJS..209....1F)
c = Muller-Sanchez et al. (2011ApJ...739...69M 2011ApJ...739...69M)
d = Christopoulou et al. (1997MNRAS.284..385C 1997MNRAS.284..385C)
e = Wilson & Tsvetanov (1994AJ....107.1227W 1994AJ....107.1227W)
f = Garcia-Lorenzo, Arribas & Mediavilla (2001A&A...378..787G 2001A&A...378..787G)
g = Rosario et al. (2010MNRAS.408..565R 2010MNRAS.408..565R)
h = Ferruit, Wilson & Mulchaey (2000ApJS..128..139F 2000ApJS..128..139F)
i = Bryant & Hunstead (1999MNRAS.308..431B 1999MNRAS.308..431B)
j = Wilson, Baldwin & Ulvestad (1985ApJ...291..627W 1985ApJ...291..627W)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- SyType Seyfert template (Sy1, Sy1.8/1.9, and Sy2)
11- 23 A13 --- Name Source name
25- 29 F5.2 [10-7W] logLAGN Logarithm of the AGN bolometric luminosity
31- 35 F5.2 [10-7W] logLtorus Logarithm of the torus bolometric luminosity
37- 41 E5.1 Msun Mtorus Torus gas mass
43- 48 E6.1 Msun E_Mtorus Upper error on Mtorus (1σ)
50- 54 E5.1 Msun e_Mtorus Lower error on Mtorus (1σ)
56- 59 F4.1 pc rTorus Torus outer radius
61- 63 F3.1 pc E_rTorus Upper error on rTorus (1σ)
65- 67 F3.1 pc e_rTorus Lower error on rTorus (1σ)
69- 75 F7.3 --- Pesc Escape probability
77- 82 F6.3 --- E_Pesc ? Upper error on Pesc (1σ)
84- 89 F6.3 --- e_Pesc ? Lower error on Pesc (1σ)
91- 94 F4.2 --- CT Torus covering factor derived from the
torus model
96-100 F5.3 --- E_CT Upper error on CT (1σ)
102-106 F5.3 --- e_CT Lower error on CT (1σ)
108-112 F5.2 [cm-2] logNH Logarithm of the hydrogen column density
114-118 F5.2 [10-7W] logLint Logarithm of the intrinsic 2-10keV X-ray
luminosity (1)
120-124 F5.2 [10-7W] logLcor Logarithm of the absorption-corrected
14-195keV X-ray luminosity (1)
126-129 F4.2 [Msun] logMBH Logarithm of the black hole mass
131 A1 --- r_logMBH References for logMBH (2)
133-137 F5.2 [-] logEdd Logarithm of the derived Eddington Ratio (3)
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Note (1): X-ray luminosities taken from Ricci et al. (2017ApJS..233...17R 2017ApJS..233...17R,
Cat. J/ApJS/233/17)
Note (2): References as follows:
a = This work
b = Koss et al. (2017ApJ...850...74K 2017ApJ...850...74K, Cat. J/ApJ/850/74)
c = Vasudevan et al. (2010MNRAS.402.1081V 2010MNRAS.402.1081V)
Note (3): The Eddington Ratio was obtained following the same methodology as
in Ricci et al. (2017Natur.549..488R 2017Natur.549..488R)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Ana Fiallos [CDS] 26-Oct-2022