J/MNRAS/500/4749 LeMMINGs II e-MERLIN survey of nearby galaxies (Baldi+, 2021)
LeMMINGs - II. The e-MERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies.
The deepest radio view of the Palomar sample on parsec scale.
Baldi R.D., Williams D.R.A., McHardy I.M., Beswick R.J., Brinks E.,
Dullo B.T., Knapen J.H., Argo M.K., Aalto S., Alberdi A., Baan W.A.,
Bendo G.J., Corbel S., Fenech D.M., Gallagher J.S., Green D.A.,
Kennicutt R.C., Klockner H.-R., Kording E., Maccarone T.J., Muxlow T.W.B.,
Mundell C.G., Panessa F., Peck A.B., Perez-Torres M.A.,
Romero-Canizales C., Saikia P., Shankar F., Spencer R.E., Stevens I.R.,
Varenius E., Ward M.J., Yates J., Uttley P.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 500, 4749-4767 (2021)>
=2021MNRAS.500.4749B 2021MNRAS.500.4749B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Radio sources ; Morphology
Keywords: galaxies: active - galaxies: jet - galaxies: nuclei -
galaxies: star formation - radio continuum: galaxies
Abstract:
We present the second data release of high-resolution (=<0.2arcsec)
1.5-GHz radio images of 177 nearby galaxies from the Palomar sample,
observed with the e-MERLIN array, as part of the Legacy e-MERLIN
Multi-band Imaging of Nearby Galaxies Sample (LeMMINGs) survey.
Together with the 103 targets of the first LeMMINGs data release, this
represents a complete sample of 280 local active (LINER and Seyfert)
and inactive galaxies (HII galaxies and absorption line galaxies,
ALG). This large program is the deepest radio survey of the local
Universe, ≥1017.6W/Hz, regardless of the host and nuclear type: we
detect radio emission ≥0.25mJy/beam for 125/280 galaxies (44.6 per
cent) with sizes of typically =<100pc. Of those 125, 106 targets show
a core which coincides within 1.2arcsec with the optical nucleus.
Although we observed mostly cores, around one third of the detected
galaxies features jetted morphologies. The detected radio core
luminosities of the sample range between ∼1034 and 1040erg/s.
LINERs and Seyferts are the most luminous sources, whereas HII
galaxies are the least. LINERs show FR I-like core-brightened radio
structures while Seyferts reveal the highest fraction of symmetric
morphologies. The majority of HII galaxies have single radio core or
complex extended structures, which probably conceal a nuclear
starburst and/or a weak active nucleus (seven of them show clear
jets). ALGs, which are typically found in evolved ellipticals,
although the least numerous, exhibit on average the most luminous
radio structures, similar to LINERs.
Description:
Detailed information on the e-MERLIN 1.5-GHz observations can be found
in Baldi et al. (2018MNRAS.476.3478B 2018MNRAS.476.3478B) (Paper I). The sub-sample
presented in this work was observed from 2017 March to 2019 March,
divided into observing blocks of typically 10 targets, grouped based
on their right ascensions to minimize the slewing of the seven
telescopes.
The observing strategy was identical to that used for the galaxies in
Paper I: it consisted in following the target and the phase calibrator
in at least six visits (cycles) to maximize uv-coverage given
allocated time. A target-phase calibrator cycle usually lasted ∼10min,
with ∼3min on the phase calibrator and ∼7min on the target. The phase
calibrators were selected from the VLBA calibrator lists (Beasley et
al. 2002ApJS..141...13B 2002ApJS..141...13B, Cat. J/ApJS/141/13) and/or form the latest
RFC catalogue (http://astrogeo.org.), chosen for being unresolved on
e-MERLIN baseline scales. The bandpass calibrator (OQ 208) and the
flux calibrator (3C 286) were typically observed for several minutes
each. In this work, we present the data from 17 scheduling blocks
which include the 177 Palomar galaxies presented in Table 1.
In a change from Paper I, where the data reduction was carried out
using the AIPS software package, here the data have been calibrated
with casa (McMullin et al. 2007ASPC..376..127M 2007ASPC..376..127M), the Common Astronomy
Software Applications package.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 127 177 Optical and radio properties of the sample
table2.dat 195 203 Properties of the detected and core-identified
sources
table3.dat 151 72 Properties of the unidentified sources
table4.dat 125 88 Radio contour levels
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name Source name
9- 10 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
12- 13 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
15- 19 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
21 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
22- 23 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
28- 31 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
33- 36 F4.1 Mpc Dist Distance from Ho et al.
(1997ApJS..112..315H 1997ApJS..112..315H,
Cat. J/ApJS/112/315)
38- 54 A17 --- Type Morphological galaxy type given from RC3
(de Vaucouleurs et al.
1991rc3..book.....D 1991rc3..book.....D)
56- 62 A7 --- ClassHo97 Optical spectroscopic classification
taken from Ho et al.
(1997ApJS..112..315H 1997ApJS..112..315H,
Cat. J/ApJS/112/315) (1)
64- 66 A3 --- ClassBPT Optical spectroscopic classification
based on BPT diagrams and from the
literature
68- 72 A5 --- r_ClassBPT Reference for ClassBPT (2)
74- 78 A5 --- LEM LeMMINGs observation block
80- 81 A2 --- Q Raw data and calibration quality (3)
83- 91 A9 arcsec2 Beam Restoring beam size in arcsec in full
resolution map
93- 98 F6.1 deg PA [] Position angle in full resolution map
100-105 I6 uJy/beam rms rms in full resolution map
107-111 A5 --- det Radio detection status of the source (4)
113 A1 --- morph Radio morphological class (5)
115 A1 --- l_logLcore Limit flag on logLcore
117-121 F5.2 10-7W logLcore Logarithm of the radio core luminosity (6)
123-127 F5.2 10-7W logLtot ? Logarithm of the total luminosity (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): H=HII, S=Seyfert, L=LINER, T=Transition object, and ALG=Absorption i
line galaxy. The number attached to the class designates the AGN type
(1 or 2); quality ratings are given by ':' and '::' for uncertain and
highly uncertain classification, respectively. Two classes are given
for some ambiguous cases.
Note (2): Reference as follows:
a = Keel (1983ApJ...269..466K 1983ApJ...269..466K)
b = van den Bosch et al. (2015ApJS..218...10V 2015ApJS..218...10V, Cat. J/ApJS/218/10)
c = Moustakas & Kennicutt (2006ApJS..164...81M 2006ApJS..164...81M, Cat. J/ApJS/164/81)
d = Florido et al. (2012A&A...543A.150F 2012A&A...543A.150F)
e = Buttiglione et al. (2010A&A...509A...6B 2010A&A...509A...6B)
f = Gavazzi et al. (2013A&A...558A..68G 2013A&A...558A..68G, Cat. J/A+A/558/A68)
g = Heckman (1980A&A....87..152H 1980A&A....87..152H)
h = Balmaverde & Capetti (2013A&A...549A.144B 2013A&A...549A.144B)
i = SDSS
j = Gavazzi et al. (2013A&A...558A..68G 2013A&A...558A..68G, Cat. J/A+A/558/A68)
k = Cazzoli et al. (2018MNRAS.480.1106C 2018MNRAS.480.1106C)
l = Shields et al. (2007ApJ...654..125S 2007ApJ...654..125S)
m = Nyland et al. (2016MNRAS.458.2221N 2016MNRAS.458.2221N, Cat. J/MNRAS/458/2221)
n = Serra et al. (2008A&A...483...57S 2008A&A...483...57S)
o = Wegner et al. (2003AJ....125.2373W 2003AJ....125.2373W)
p = Pismis et al. (2001Ap&SS.276..539P 2001Ap&SS.276..539P)
q = Kennicutt (1992ApJ...388..310K 1992ApJ...388..310K)
r = Lira et al. (2007MNRAS.382.1552L 2007MNRAS.382.1552L, Cat. J/MNRAS/382/1552)
s = Baldi & Capetti (2009A&A...508..603B 2009A&A...508..603B)
t = Garcia-Lorenzo et al. (2015A&A...573A..59G 2015A&A...573A..59G, Cat. J/A+A/573/A59)
Note (3): Quality flag as follows:
++ = very good (68/177)
+ = good (89/177)
m = moderate (20/177)
Note (4): Radio detection status of the source as follows:
I = detected and core identified
U = undetected
unI = detected but core unidentified
I+unI = detected and core identified with additional unknown source(s) in the
field
Note (5): Radio morphological class as follows:
A = core/core-jet
B = one-sided jet
C = triple
D = doubled-lobed
E = jet+complex
Note (6): To convert the radio luminosities from erg/s to monochromatic
luminosities (W/Hz) at 1.5GHz, an amount +16.18 should be subtracted
to the logarithm of the luminosities presented here
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name Source name
9- 14 A6 --- Comp Radio component (1)
16 A1 --- l_thetaMf Limit flag on thetaMf
18- 21 F4.2 arcsec thetaMf ? Deconvolved FWHM along the major axis
from the full-resolution radio map
23 A1 --- l_thetamf Limit flag on thetamf
25- 28 F4.2 arcsec thetamf ? Deconvolved FWHM along the minor axis
from the full-resolution radio map
30- 34 F5.1 deg PAdf ? Position angle of the deconvolved
component from the full-resolution radio
map
36- 42 F7.3 mJy/beam rmsf ? Rms of the radio map close to the
specific component from the full-resolution
radio map
44- 45 I2 h RAh ? Right ascension (J2000)
47- 48 I2 min RAm ? Right ascension (J2000)
50- 55 F6.3 s RAs ? Right ascension (J2000)
57 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
58- 59 I2 deg DEd ? Declination (J2000)
61- 62 I2 arcmin DEm ? Declination (J2000)
64- 68 F5.2 arcsec DEs ? Declination (J2000)
70 A1 --- l_Fpeakf Limit flag on Fpeakf
72- 79 F8.2 mJy/beam Fpeakf ? Peak flux density from the
full-resolution radio map
81- 86 F6.2 mJy/beam e_Fpeakf ? Error on Fpeakf
88- 95 F8.2 mJy Ftotf ? Integrated flux density from the
full-resolution radio map
97- 99 I3 --- u-vl ? uv-taper scale of the low-resolution
radio map (in kλ units)
101 A1 --- l_thetaMl Limit flag on thetaMl
103-106 F4.2 arcsec thetaMl ? Deconvolved FWHM along the major axis
from the low-resolution radio map
108 A1 --- l_thetaml Limit flag on thetaml
110-113 F4.2 arcsec thetaml ? Deconvolved FWHM along the minor axis
from the low-resolution radio map
115-120 F6.1 deg PAdl ? Position angle of the deconvolved
component from the low-resolution radio map
122-128 F7.3 mJy/beam rmsl ? Rms of the radio map close to the
specific component from the low-resolution
radio map
130 A1 --- l_Fpeakl Limit flag on Fpeakl
132-140 F9.2 mJy/beam Fpeakl Peak flux density from the low-resolution
radio map (2)
142-148 F7.2 mJy/beam e_Fpeakl ? Error on Fpeakl
150-195 A46 --- Morph Radio morphology (A, B, C, D, E) and size
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Radio component: core, jet, lobe, blob, or unidentified component if
not labelled (W or E stand for West or East)
Note (2): At the bottom of each target the total flux density of the radio
source associated with the galaxy is given in mJy, measured from the
low-resolution map
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name Source name
9- 16 A8 --- Comp Radio component (1)
18 A1 --- l_thetaMf Limit flag on thetaMf
20- 23 F4.2 arcsec thetaMf ? Deconvolved FWHM along the major axis
from the full-resolution radio map
25 A1 --- l_thetamf Limit flag on thetamf
27- 30 F4.2 arcsec thetamf ? Deconvolved FWHM along the minor axis
from the full-resolution radio map
32- 36 F5.1 deg PAdf ? Position angle of the deconvolved
component from the full-resolution radio
map
38- 42 F5.3 mJy/beam rmsf ? Rms of the radio map close to the
specific component from the full-resolution
radio map
44- 45 I2 h RAh ? Right ascension (J2000)
47- 48 I2 min RAm ? Right ascension (J2000)
50- 55 F6.3 s RAs ? Right ascension (J2000)
57 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
58- 59 I2 deg DEd ? Declination (J2000)
61- 62 I2 arcmin DEm ? Declination (J2000)
64- 69 F6.3 arcsec DEs ? Declination (J2000)
71- 75 F5.2 mJy/beam Fpeakf ? Peak flux density from the
full-resolution radio map
77- 80 F4.2 mJy/beam e_Fpeakf ? Error on Fpeakf
82- 87 F6.2 mJy Ftotf ? Integrated flux density from the
full-resolution radio map
89- 91 I3 --- u-vl ? Uv-taper scale of the low-resolution
radio map (in kλ units)
93 A1 --- l_thetaMl Limit flag on thetaMl
95- 99 F5.2 arcsec thetaMl ? Deconvolved FWHM along the major axis
from the low-resolution radio map
101 A1 --- l_thetaml Limit flag on thetaml
103-106 F4.2 arcsec thetaml ? Deconvolved FWHM along the minor axis
from the low-resolution radio map
108-112 F5.1 deg PAdl ? Position angle of the deconvolved
component from the low-resolution radio map
114-118 F5.3 mJy/beam rmsl ? Rms of the radio map close to the
specific component from the low-resolution
radio map
120 A1 --- l_Fpeakl Limit flag on Fpeakl
122-127 F6.2 mJy/beam Fpeakl Peak flux density from the low-resolution
radio map (2)
129-133 F5.2 mJy/beam e_Fpeakl ? Error on Fpeakl
135-151 A17 --- Morph Radio morphology, size and offset from the
optical centre, if present
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Radio component: (core, SNR, or X-ray source [XS]) or unidentified
component if not labelled
Note (2): At the bottom of each target the total flux density of the radio
source associated with the galaxy is given in mJy, measured from the
low-resolution map
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Source name
18 A1 --- f_Name [*] Flag on Name (1)
20- 28 A9 arcsec2 Beamf FWHM of the elliptical Gaussian restoring
beam of the full-resolution maps
30- 35 F6.1 deg PAf Position angle of the restoring beam of the
full-resolution maps
37- 69 A33 mJy/beam Levelsf Radio contour levels of the full-resolution
maps
71- 73 I3 --- u-vl Uv-taper scale of the low-resolution radio
maps (in kλ units)
75- 83 A9 arcsec2 Beaml FWHM of the elliptical Gaussian restoring
beam of the low-resolution radio maps
85- 90 F6.1 deg PAl Position angle of the restoring beam of the
low-resolution radio maps
92- 125 A34 mJy/beam Levelsl Radio contour levels of the low-resolution
radio maps
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
* = secondary radio source detected in the field of the main target
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Baldi et al., Paper I 2018MNRAS.476.3478B 2018MNRAS.476.3478B
Baldi et al., Paper III 2021MNRAS.508.2019B 2021MNRAS.508.2019B
Williams et al., Paper IV 2022MNRAS.510.4909W 2022MNRAS.510.4909W
Dullo et al., Paper V 2023A&A...675A.105D 2023A&A...675A.105D, Cat. J/A+A/675/A105
Dullo et al., Paper VI 2023MNRAS.522.3412D 2023MNRAS.522.3412D
(End) Ana Fiallos [CDS] 11-Oct-2023