J/MNRAS/520/684 DES, ZTF, LOSS CCSNe and galaxy properties (Grayling+, 2023)
Core-collapse supernovae in the Dark Energy Survey:
Luminosity functions and host galaxy demographics.
Grayling M., Gutierrez C.P., Sullivan M., Wiseman P., Vincenzi M.,
Galbany L., Moller A., Brout D., Davis T.M., Frohmaier C., Graur O.,
Kelsey L., Lidman C., Popovic B., Smith M., Toy M., Tucker B.E., Zontos Z.,
Abbott T.M.C., Aguena M., Allam S., Andrade-Oliveira F., Annis J.,
Asorey J., Bacon D., Bertin E., Bocquet S., Brooks D., Carnero Rosell A.,
Carollo D., Carrasco Kind M., Carretero J., Costanzi M., Da Costa L.N.,
Pereira M.E.S., De Vicente J., Desai S., Diehl H.T., Doel P., Everett S.,
Ferrero I., Friedel D., Frieman J., Garcia-Bellido J., Gatti M., Gruen D.,
Gschwend J., Gutierrez G., Hinton S.R., Hollowood D.L., Honscheid K.,
James D.J., Kuehn K., Kuropatkin N., Lewis G.F., Malik U., March M.,
Menanteau F., Miquel R., Morgan R., Ogando R.L.C., Palmese A.,
Paz-Chinchon F., Pieres A., Plazas Malagon A.A., Rodriguez-Monroy M.,
Romer A.K., Roodman A., Sanchez E., Scarpine V., Sevilla-Noarbe I.,
Suchyta E., Tarle G., To C., Tucker D.L., Varga T.N.,
(The Des Collaboration)
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 520, 684-701 (2023)>
=2023MNRAS.520..684G 2023MNRAS.520..684G (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae ; Transient ; Galaxies ; Photometry ; Spectroscopy ;
Optical ; Magnitudes, absolute ; Redshifts ; Stars, masses
Keywords: surveys - supernovae: general
Abstract:
We present the luminosity functions and host galaxy properties of the
Dark Energy Survey (DES) core-collapse supernova (CCSN) sample,
consisting of 69 Type II and 50 Type Ibc spectroscopically and
photometrically confirmed supernovae over a redshift range
0.045 < z < 0.25. We fit the observed DES griz CCSN light curves and
K-correct to produce rest-frame R-band light curves. We compare the
sample with lower redshift CCSN samples from Zwicky Transient Facility
(ZTF) and Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). Comparing
luminosity functions, the DES and ZTF samples of SNe II are brighter
than that of LOSS with significances of 3.0σ and 2.5σ,
respectively. While this difference could be caused by redshift
evolution in the luminosity function, simpler explanations such as
differing levels of host extinction remain a possibility. We find that
the host galaxies of SNe II in DES are on average bluer than in ZTF,
despite having consistent stellar mass distributions. We consider a
number of possibilities to explain this - including galaxy evolution
with redshift, selection biases in either the DES or ZTF samples, and
systematic differences due to the different photometric bands
available - but find that none can easily reconcile the differences in
host colour between the two samples and thus its cause remains
uncertain.
Description:
Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are among the most complex and
diverse astrophysical events, demonstrating a wide range of
spectroscopic and photometric properties. CCSNe result from the
cessation of fusion in the cores of massive stars after the formation
of iron leading to the core collapsing, there is a great deal that
remains uncertain about the exact mechanisms of this process. Studying
the properties of populations of CCSNe can help constrain our
knowledge of the processes involved in the explosion.
The most straightforward population diagnostic is the luminosity
function LF, the distribution of peak luminosities observed across the
SN population. An accurate knowledge of the LF is important in
simulating CCSN explosions to ensure they exhibit the range of
properties of the observed population. LF are also important when
simulating sky surveys to ensure simulated SNe are created with
realistic properties. Simulations of this nature are used for a number
of applications, for example calculating SN rates, optimizing
observing strategies and preparing for upcoming surveys and modelling
the contamination of CCSNe in cosmological samples of SNe Ia.
More, the host galaxies of SNe provide further demographic information
about their properties and sample the stellar populations from which
the progenitor star is drawn. CCSNe are generally found across a wide
variety of star-forming host galaxy environments. The SNe Ib/c have
also been shown to more closely trace underlying star formation in
their host galaxies than SNe II. Here, we use DES, ZTF and LOSS
surveys which provide samples of CCSNe from which we measure
luminosity functions, demographic informations and and host galaxy
properties (i.e photometry, spectroscopy, host galaxies and CCSNe
sample are presented in section 2). After sample selections, we have
69 SNe II and 50 SNe Ibc in DES, 37 SNe II and 21 SNe Ibc in LOSS, and
176 SNe II and 89 SNe Ibc in ZTF. As explicited in section 3, we
contructed our LF based on these samples. Then, we compute host galaxy
properties (stellar masses, rest-frame colours, SFRs) with SED fits
(see section 2.4 and section 4).
We present appendix D in two tables, tabled1.dat for SNe properties
(classes, surveys, photo/spectro sources, redshifts and peak rMag to
produce LFs as well as weights) and host galaxy properties (stellar
masses, U-R and B-V rest-frame colours). And tabled2.dat for only
DECam griz simultaneous photometry with dates, MJDs and explosion
dates for 123 unique sources.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tabled1.dat 84 442 *Supernova and host galaxy properties for our
DES, LOSS and ZTF samples
tabled2.dat 125 5542 *DECam griz photometry of our DES CCSN sample
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Note on tabled1.dat and tabled2.dat: All photometry has been corrected for the
effects of Milky Way extinction using dust maps presented in Schlegel et al.
(1998ApJ...500..525S 1998ApJ...500..525S) and re-calibrated in Schlafly & Finkbeiner
(2011ApJ...737..103S 2011ApJ...737..103S), assuming RV = 3.1. All quoted magnitudes are in the
AB system of Oke & Gunn (1983ApJ...266..713O 1983ApJ...266..713O).
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See also:
J/MNRAS/503/3931 : Core-collapses supernovae host galaxies (Taggart+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/498/2575 : Rapidly evolving transients discovered by DES
(Wiseman+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/495/4040 : SN host galaxies in the dark energy survey I (Wiseman+,2020)
J/MNRAS/494/4426 : Effect of host galaxies on SN luminosity (Smith+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/472/273 : OzDES DR1 (Childress+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/458/84 : Host galaxies of Superluminous Supernovae (Angus+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/412/1419 : Nearby supernova rates (Leaman+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/412/1441 : SNe luminosity functions (Li+, 2011)
J/A+A/623/A143 : Code Pegase.3 (Fioc+, 2019)
J/A+A/589/A110 : SN II in host HII regions (Anderson+, 2016)
J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)
J/ApJ/855/107 : PMAS Integral-field SN hosts COmpilation (PISCO)
(Galbany+, 2018)
J/ApJ/837/120 : Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) revisited
(Graur+, 2017)
J/ApJ/830/13 : Host-galaxy NUV-NIR data of 32 superluminous SNe
(Perley+, 2016)
J/ApJ/770/107 : Host galaxies of SNIa from SNfactory (Childress+, 2013)
J/ApJ/741/97 : Light curves of Ibc supernovae (Drout+, 2011)
J/ApJ/738/162 : SN Ia candidates from the SDSS-II SN Survey (Sako+, 2011)
J/ApJS/244/24 : A z=0 Multiwavelength Galaxy Synthesis (z0MGS). I.
(Leroy+, 2019)
J/ApJS/213/35 : SHELS complete galaxy redshift survey for R≤20.6
(Geller+, 2014)
II/159 : Asiago Supernova Catalogue 1988 (Barbon+, 1989)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- SN Supernovae name
14 A1 --- n_SN Note on SNe II in ZTF (Note) (4)
16- 19 A4 --- Survey The survey of the SN is taken from (Survey)
(1)
21- 23 A3 --- Class [II Ibc] Supernovae class type (Class) (2)
25- 28 A4 --- Source Photometric or spectroscopic sources (Source)
(3)
30- 34 F5.3 --- z Redshift (z)
36- 41 F6.2 mag rMag Peak r-band absolute magnitude (Mmax)
43- 46 F4.2 mag e_rMag Uncertainty of rMag (errMmax)
48- 52 F5.2 --- Weight The weight from Vmax correction each object
makes to the luminosity function as explained
in equation 1 of section 3.1 (weight)
54- 58 F5.2 [Msun] log(M*) ? Host galaxy stellar mass (M)
60- 63 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(M*) ? Uncertainty of log (M*) (errM)
65- 69 F5.2 mag U-R ? Host galaxy rest-frame U-R colour (U-R)
71- 74 F4.2 mag e_U-R ? Uncertainty of U-R (errU-R)
76- 79 F4.2 mag B-V ? Host galaxy rest-frame B-V colour (B-V)
81- 84 F4.2 mag e_B-V ? Uncertainty of B-V (errB-V)
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Note (1): Surveys are as follows:
DES = Dark Energy Survey, 69 Type II and 50 Type Ibc
spectroscopically and photometrically confirmed supernovae
SNe, 119 occurences in our sample
LOSS = Lick Observatory Supernova Search, 37 Type II and 21 Type Ibc
spectroscopically confirmed SNe, 58 occurences in our sample
ZTF = The Zwicky Transient Facility's Bright Transient Survey,
176 Type II and 89 Type Ibc spectroscopically confirmed
supernovae SNe, 265 occurences in our sample
Note (2): Supernovae class types are as follows:
II = SNe type II, 282 occurences in our sample
Ibc = SNe type Ibc, 160 occurences in our sample
Note (3): Photometric or spectroscopic sources are as follows:
spec = Spectroscopic sources, 265 ZTF, 58 LOSS and 42 DES sources,
365 occurences in our sample
phot = Photometric sources, 77 DES sources,
77 occurences in our sample
Note (4): SNe II in ZTF with Mmax less than -16 which have used only for the
fits presented in Section 3.3, to help constrain the peak of the
luminosity function, and not in the rest of the analysis.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- SN Supernovae name
13- 20 I8 --- Date Observational date UTC as YYYYDDMM (UTC)
22- 29 F8.2 d MJD Modified Julian date (JD-2400000.5) (MJD)
31- 38 F8.2 d texp Date of explosion (JDtexp-2400000.5) (texp)
40- 45 F6.2 d Phase Phase with respect to explosion date (Phase)
47- 56 F10.5 mag gmag ? The g band magnitude in the AB system (g) (1)
58- 66 F9.3 mag e_gmag ? Uncertainty of gmag (errg)
68- 76 F9.4 mag rmag ? The r band magnitude in the AB system (r) (1)
78- 85 F8.3 mag e_rmag ? Uncertainty of rmag (errr)
87- 96 F10.5 mag imag ? The i band magnitude in the AB system (i) (1)
98-106 F9.3 mag e_imag []? Uncertainty of imag (erri)
108-117 F10.5 mag zmag ? The z band magnitude in the AB system (z) (1)
119-125 F7.3 mag e_zmag ? Uncertainty of zmag (errz)
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Note (1): fλ which are in units of 10-19.erg.s-1.cm-2.Å-1,
flux densities are converted into AB mangitudes with
mg,r,i,z = -2.5.log(fλ) - ZP, where ZP is the zero point
20.802, 21.436, 21.866 and 22.214 for g,r,i,z bands respectively.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0 [see https://spdx.org/licenses/]
(End) Luc Trabelsi [CDS] 05-Mar-2026