J/MNRAS/522/56 ALMA 3-mm sources in the Orion-KL region (Vargas-Gonzalez+, 2023)
A systematic survey of millimetre-wavelength flaring variability of young
stellar objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster.
Vargas-Gonzalez J., Forbrich J., Rivilla V. M., Menten K. M., Gudel M.,
Hacar A.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 522, 56 (2023)>
=2023MNRAS.522...56V 2023MNRAS.522...56V (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Interferometry ; Protostars ; YSOs ; Radio sources ; Stars, flare
Keywords: instrumentation: high angular resolution - stars: coronae -
stars: variables: T Tauri, HerbigAe/Be - stars: protostars -
radio continuum: stars
Abstract:
High-energy processes are ubiquitous even in the earliest stages of
protostellar evolution. Motivated by the results of our systematic
search for intense centimetre radio flares in Young Stellar Objects
(YSOs) and by rare findings of strong millimetre-wavelength
variability, we have conducted a systematic search for such
variability in the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) using Atacama Large
Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA). Rapid variability on
time-scales of minutes to hours in the (centimetre)
millimetre-wavelength range indicates (gyro)synchrotron radiation.
Additionally, mass accretion will also affect the
millimetre-wavelength luminosity but typically on longer time-scales.
Beyond studies of individual YSOs, our characterization of strong
millimetre-wavelength variability with ALMA in the ONC sets first
systematic constraints on the occurrence of such variability in a
large number of YSOs (∼130). We report the discovery of an order of
magnitude millimetre-flare within just a few minutes from a known YSO
previously reported as a radio flaring source at cm-wavelengths (the
ORBS source). We also present an assessment of the systematic
variability effects caused by the use of time-sliced imaging of a
complex region. These are mostly due to the impact of a changing
synthesized beam throughout the observations. We use simulated ALMA
observations to reproduce and quantify these effects, and set a lower
limit for the variability that can be studied using our method in a
complex region such as the ONC. Our results demonstrate that the
utility of time domain analysis of YSOs extends into the
millimetre-wavelength range, potentially interfering with the
conversion of observed fluxes into dust masses.
Description:
ALMA 3-mm catalogue for 133 point-like sources in the Orion-KL region
of the Orion Nebula Cluster. This catalogue is based on multi-epoch
ALMA Band 3 (90GHz-105GHz) continuum observations carried out in
December 2017. The averaged peak flux density measurements reported
here were obtained using the combined image from eight ALMA
observations (for more information, see paper). For each source we
report their position, peak flux densities, source structure, and
known counterparts at optical, infrared and X-ray wavelengths.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 120 133 3-mm source catalogue
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See also:
J/ApJ/540/236 : KH photometry of Orion Nebula Cluster (Hillenbrand+, 2000)
J/A+A/441/195 : Circumstellar disks in Trapezium cluster (Vicente+, 2005)
J/AJ/136/2136 : HST/ACS Atlas of Great Orion Nebula proplyds (Ricci+, 2008)
J/ApJ/826/16 : ALMA and GeMS observations of OMC1 region (Eisner+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/93 : Population of compact radio sources in ONC (Forbrich+, 2016)
J/A+A/587/A153 : VISION I. VISTA Orion A Survey (Meingast+, 2016)
J/ApJ/923/221 : ALMA obs. of protoplanetary disks in ONC+OMC1 (Otter+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/506/3169 : VLA compact radio sources in ONC (Vargas-Gonzalez+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 h RAh Right Ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 14 F8.5 s RAs Right Ascension (J2000)
15- 20 F6.4 s e_RAs Right Ascension uncertainty
22 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
23- 24 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
26- 27 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
29- 35 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
37- 42 F6.4 arcsec e_DEs Declination uncertainty
44- 46 I3 --- ID Source identification number
48- 53 F6.3 mJy/beam Speak Peak flux density at 3-mm
55- 59 F5.3 mJy/beam e_Speak Peak flux density 3-mm uncertainty
61- 64 F4.2 arcsec Bmaj ?=- Major axis of the synthesized beam FWHM
66- 69 F4.2 arcsec Bmin ?=- Minor axis of the synthesized beam FWHM
71- 73 I3 deg PA ?=- Synthesized beam position angle
75- 76 I2 deg e_PA ?=- Synthesized beam position angle
uncertainty
78- 80 I3 --- COUP ?=- X-ray counterpart in COUP survey (1)
82- 97 A16 --- VISION Infrared counterpart in VISION (2)
99-102 A4 --- [FRM2016] Centimetre radio counterpart in
Forbrih et al., 2016ApJ...822...93F 2016ApJ...822...93F (3)
104-106 I3 --- [VFD2021] ?=- Centimetre radio counterpart in
Vargas-Gonzalez et al.,
2021MNRAS.506.3169V 2021MNRAS.506.3169V (4)
108-110 I3 --- [O21] ?=- Millimetre radio counterpart in
Otter et al., 2021ApJ...923..221O 2021ApJ...923..221O (5)
112-120 A9 --- Ctp Additional counterparts of known
circumstellar discs (6)
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Note (1): Chandra Orion Ultra-deep Project (COUP) by Getman et al.
(2005ApJS..160..319G 2005ApJS..160..319G, Cat. J/ApJS/160/319, A deep X-ray survey).
Note (2): Vienna Survey In Orion (VISION) by Meingast et al.
(2016A&A...587A.153M 2016A&A...587A.153M, Cat. J/A+A/587/A153, A near-infrared survey
with the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Visible and Infrared
Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA)).
Note (3): Source identification number in Forbrih et al.
(2016ApJ...822...93F 2016ApJ...822...93F, Cat. J/ApJ/822/93, A deep centimetre-wavelength
survey in the ONC with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA)).
Note (4): Source identification number in Vargas-Gonzalez et al.
(2021MNRAS.506.3169V 2021MNRAS.506.3169V, Cat. J/MNRAS/506/3169, A wide centimetre-wavelength
survey in the ONC with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA)).
Note (5): Source identification number in Otter et al.
(2021ApJ...923..221O 2021ApJ...923..221O, Cat. J/ApJ/923/221, A millimetre-wavelength
survey with the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA)).
Note (6): Additional counterparts associated with known circumstellar discs in:
Hillenbrand & Carpenter (2000ApJ...540..236H 2000ApJ...540..236H, Cat. J/ApJ/540/236),
Vicente & Alves (2005A&A...441..195V 2005A&A...441..195V, Cat. J/A+A/441/195)
Ricci, Robberto & Soderblom (2008AJ....136.2136R 2008AJ....136.2136R, Cat. J/AJ/136/2136).
Eisner et al. (2016ApJ...826...16E 2016ApJ...826...16E, Cat. J/ApJ/826/16, 2018ApJ...860...77E 2018ApJ...860...77E).
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Acknowledgements:
Jaime Vargas-Gonzalez, jvargas(at)carnegiescience.edu
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 08-May-2024