J/MNRAS/523/327 Multiwavelength, UV and z data of high-z galaxies (Adams+, 2023)
The total rest-frame UV luminosity function from 3 < z < 5:
a simultaneous study of AGN and galaxies from -28 < MUV < -16.
Adams N.J., Bowler R.A.A., Jarvis M.J., Varadaraj R.G., Haussler B.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 523, 327-346 (2023)>
=2023MNRAS.523..327A 2023MNRAS.523..327A (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxy catalogs ; Positional data ; Photometry ; Optical ;
Infrared ; Ultraviolet ; Redshifts ; Magnitudes, absolute ;
Combined data
Keywords: galaxies: evolution - galaxies: formation - galaxies: high-redshift
Abstract:
We present measurements of the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity
function (LF) at redshifts z = 3, z = 4, and z = 5, using 96894,
38655, and 7571 sources, respectively, to map the transition between
active galactic nuclei (AGN) and galaxy-dominated ultraviolet emission
shortly after the epoch of reionization (EoR). Sources are selected
using a comprehensive photometric redshift approach, using 10 deg2 of
deep extragalactic legacy fields covered by both HSC and VISTA. The
use of template fitting spanning a wavelength range of 0.3-2.4 µm
achieves 80-90 per cent completeness, much higher than the classical
colour-colour cut methodology. The measured LF encompasses
-26 < MUV < -19.25. This is further extended to -28.5 < MUV < -16 using
complementary results from other studies, allowing for the
simultaneous fitting of the combined AGN and galaxy LF. We find that
there are fewer UV luminous galaxies (MUV < -22) at z ∼ 3 than z ∼ 4,
indicative of an onset of widespread quenching alongside dust
obscuration, and that the evolution of the AGN LF is very rapid, with
their number density rising by around two orders of magnitude from
3 < z < 6. It remains difficult to determine if a double power law
functional form is preferred over the Schechter function to describe
the galaxy UV LF. Estimating the hydrogen ionizing photon budget from
our UV LFs, we find that AGN can contribute to, but cannot solely
maintain, the reionization of the Universe at z = 3-5. However, the
rapidly evolving AGN LF strongly disfavours a significant contribution
within the EoR.
Description:
Over the past 30 yr, survey programmes exploiting various combinations
of area and depth have allowed for the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV,
1500 Å) luminosity function (LF) of galaxies and active galactic
nuclei (AGN) to be measured across a wide range of luminosities and
cosmic time. However, at high redshifts (z > 3) there are many
outstanding questions on the shape and evolution of the UV LF. Here,
the space density is low enough that Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
programmes do not provide enough cosmic volume to produce
statistically significant samples of objects. Many recent measurements
of the UV LF probing the redshift range of 3 < z < 5 have used
colour-colour cuts in order to select galaxy samples. In this study,
we measure the UV LF consistently across three redshift bins:
2.75 < z < 3.5, 3.5 < z < 4.5, and 4.5 < z < 5.2 using ∼10 deg2 of
sky containing deep photometry in both the optical and near-infrared.
This is performed with the aim of constraining the comoving space
density of UV-faint AGN and UV-luminous galaxies, in order to better
understand the rise in AGN after reionization and determine if the
bright end of the galaxy population can be better described with a
Schechter function or DPL functional form. We conduct this measurement
with the use of deep optical and near-infrared photometry available
from HyperSuprimeCam and the VISTA telescope in the legacy science
fields of COSMOS, XMM-LSS, and Extended Chandra Deep Field South
(E-CDFS). The surveys covering these fields provide an ideal
depth-area combination, enabling rare sources as bright as MUV = -26
to be detected while being simultaneously deep enough to obtain
complete samples of sources as faint as MUV ∼ -20.5 at z ∼ 5. We
combine these measurements with results of studies that use other data
sets, whose depth-area combinations are more optimized for exploring
brighter and fainter luminosities, to expand the luminosity range to
-28.5 < MUV < -16 and enable for the simultaneous modelling of the
entire observable LF at these redshifts (i.e. see section
Introduction).
We use a multiwavelength data set spanning up to 14 photometric bands
covering 0.3-2.4 µm across three extragalactic fields (XMM-LSS,
COSMOS, E-CDFS). Measurements in the photometric bands are derived from
the CFHTLS, VOICE (CDFS and ES1), HSC DR2 optical regime and VIDEO NIR
data (for XMM-LSS and CDFS) while UltraVISTA DR4 provides the
near-infrared coverage in COSMOS. Optical data are used for designate
regions COSMOS (COS), XMM-Deep (XMMD), XMM-UltraDeep (XMMU), CFHT-D1
(D1), and Chandra Deep Field South (E-CDFS) (i.e. see more in section
2). Next as selected in section 2.2, with multiwavelength data in
these extragalactic fields, we select our sample following an SED
template fitting procedure. Object classification and redshift
estimates are made using the template fitting photometric redshift
code lephare. This code minimizes the Χ2 of various SED templates
for galaxies, AGN, and Milky Way stars using the multiband photometry
and uncertainties. We provide measured fluxes in multiband photometry,
computed redshifts for galaxies and QSOs, also QSO/AGN source
classifications and finally absolute/apparent UV magnitudes. We divide
sources in three samples, z3.dat for 2.75 < z < 3.5, z4.dat
for 3.5 < z < 4.5 and z5.dat 4.5 < z < 5.5 as designed in section 2.3
sample selection. More, section 3 is focused on metho to compute LFs
UV.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
z3.dat 858 215988 Multiwavelength photometric/astrometrics fluxes
and computed redshifts with absolute UV mag for
galaxies comprise between 2.75 < z < 3.5
z5.dat 858 14974 Multiwavelength photometric/astrometrics fluxes
and computed redshifts with absolute UV mag for
galaxies comprise between 4.5 < z < 5.2
z4.dat 835 52570 Multiwavelength photometric/astrometrics fluxes
and computed redshifts with absolute UV mag for
galaxies comprise between 3.5 < z < 4.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/MNRAS/513/3719 : Photometric Redshifts in COSMOS and XMM-LSS (Hatfield+,2022)
J/MNRAS/488/1035 : AGN UV luminosity function (Kulkarni+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/472/273 : OzDES DR1 (Childress+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/440/2810 : Galaxy luminosity function at z ≃ 7 (Bowler+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/432/2696 : Galaxy luminosity function at z = 7-9 (McLure+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/425/2116 : Arizona CDFS Environment Survey, ACES (Cooper+, 2012)
J/A+A/647/A150 : VANDELS ESO public spectroscopic survey. DR4 (Garilli+,2021)
J/A+A/609/A84 : VIPERS spectroscopic redshifts (PDR-2) (Scodeggio+, 2018)
J/A+A/600/A110 : VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS) DR1 (Tasca+, 2017)
J/A+A/559/A14 : VIMOS VLT Deep Survey final data release (Le Fevre+, 2013)
J/ApJ/869/123 : Keck Lyman continuum spectroscopic survey (KLCS)
(Steidel+, 2018)
J/ApJ/858/77 : DEIMOS 10K spectroscopic survey in COSMOS field
(Hasinger+, 2018)
J/ApJ/854/73 : Full-data results of HFF: galaxies z∼6-9 (Ishigaki+, 2018)
J/ApJ/817/118 : SFR-M* relation from ZFOURGE (Tomczak+, 2016)
J/ApJ/810/71 : UV mag of candidate galaxies at 3~<z~<8.5
(Finkelstein+, 2015)
J/ApJ/803/34 : z∼4-10 galaxies from HST legacy fields (Bouwens+, 2015)
J/ApJ/796/60 : ECDFS galaxies photometric redshifts & counterparts
(Hsu+, 2014)
J/ApJ/794/75 : HST-COS UV spectra observations of AGNs (Stevans+, 2014)
J/ApJ/793/115 : UV-continuum slopes beta for z∼4-8 galaxies (Bouwens+, 2014)
J/ApJ/768/105 : z∼5 QSO luminosity function from SDSS Stripe 82
(McGreer+, 2013)
J/ApJ/755/169 : 3<z<5 quasar luminosity function in the COSMOS
(Masters+, 2012)
J/ApJ/690/1236 : COSMOS photometric redshift catalog (Ilbert+, 2009)
J/ApJ/675/49 : High-redshift QSOs in the SWIRE survey (Siana+, 2008)
J/ApJS/220/12 : FMOS-COSMOS survey III. 0.7<z<2.5 galaxies (Silverman+,2015)
J/ApJS/184/218 : The zCOSMOS 10k-bright spectroscopic sample (Lilly+, 2009)
J/AJ/162/47 : UV luminosity in ∼25000 2<z<9 galaxies (Bouwens+, 2021)
J/AJ/131/2766 : Quasar luminosity function from SDSS-DR3 (Richards+, 2006)
III/334 : VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) (Jarvis+,2013)
II/373 : The fourth UltraVISTA data release (DR4) (Moneti+, 2019)
II/314 : UKIDSS-DR8 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/179 : Southern Spectrophotometric Standards. I + II
(Hamuy+, 1992-1994)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: z3.dat z5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 I8 --- ID The Unique name identifier (UID)
10- 20 F11.5 --- Xpos The X pixel position on image (X_IMAGE)
22- 43 F22.16 --- Ypos The Y pixel position on image (Y_IMAGE)
45- 64 F20.16 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (RA)
66- 85 F20.16 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (DEC)
87- 93 A7 --- VISTATile VISTA_Tile based on VIDEO data releases and
naming system (VISTA_tile)
95- 99 A5 --- VISTAName VISTA_Tile based on VIDEO data releases and
naming system (VISTAtileused)
101-123 E23.17 mW/m2 Fu ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in u band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_u)
125-147 E23.17 mW/m2 Fg ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in g band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_g)
149-171 E23.17 mW/m2 Fr ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in r band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_r)
173-195 E23.17 mW/m2 Fi ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in i band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_i)
197-219 E23.17 mW/m2 FgHSC ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in g band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-G)
221-243 E23.17 mW/m2 FrHSC ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in r band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-R)
245-267 E23.17 mW/m2 FiHSC ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in i band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-I)
269-291 E23.17 mW/m2 FzHSC ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in z band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-Z)
293-315 E23.17 mW/m2 FZ ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in Z band of the
VISTA as described in section 2.1 (flux_Z)
317-339 E23.17 mW/m2 FY Flux density measured with 2 arcsec diameter
circular apertures in Y band of the VISTA as
described in section 2.1 (flux_Y)
341-363 E23.17 mW/m2 FJ Flux density measured with 2 arcsec diameter
circular apertures in J band of the VISTA as
described in section 2.1 (flux_J)
365-387 E23.17 mW/m2 FH Flux density measured with 2 arcsec diameter
circular apertures in H band of the VISTA as
described in section 2.1 (flux_H)
389-411 E23.17 mW/m2 FKs Flux density measured with 2 arcsec diameter
circular apertures in Ks band of the VISTA
as described in section 2.1 (flux_Ks)
413-435 E23.17 mW/m2 e_Fu []?=-99 Error of Fu (err_u)
437-459 E23.17 mW/m2 e_Fg []?=-99 Error of Fg (err_g)
461-482 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fr ?=-99 Error of Fr (err_r)
484-505 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fi ?=-99 Error of Fi (err_i)
507-528 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FgHSC ?=-99 Error of FgHSC (err_HSC-G)
530-551 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FrHSC []?=-99 Error of FrHSC (err_HSC-R)
553-574 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FiHSC ?=-99 Error of FiHSC (err_HSC-I)
576-597 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FzHSC ?=-99 Error of FzHSC (err_HSC-Z)
599-620 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FZ []?=-99 Error of FZ (err_Z)
622-643 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FY [] Error of FY (err_Y)
645-666 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FJ []?=-99 Error of FJ (err_J)
668-689 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FH [] Error of FH (err_H)
691-712 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FKs []?=-99 Error of FKs (err_Ks)
714-723 F10.7 --- zphBest Best-fitting photoz for galaxy template
(Z_Phot)
725-735 E11.8 --- ChiGal Chi Square of best-fitting galaxy template
(Chi_Gal)
737-747 F11.8 --- zQSOBest Best-fitting photoz for QSO/AGN template
(Z_QSO)
749-758 E10.8 --- ChiQSO Chi Square of best-fitting QSO/AGN template
(Chi_QSO)
760-769 E10.8 --- ChiStar Chi square of star template (Chi_Star)
771-774 A4 --- Field1 Location of object in fields as CDFS, COS
and XMM (Field)
776 A1 --- Class Flag to indicated if galaxy or QSO/AGN are
best fitting (G/Q) (Class)
778-796 F19.15 mag UVMag Absolute UV magnitude (MUV)
798-817 E20.17 Mpc3 Vmax Maximum volume of universe in which the
object could have been detected and uses to
calculate the UV LF (Vmax) (G1)
819-827 F9.7 --- zObsMax Maximum redshift object would have been
observeble at in its field and used in Vmax
calculation (MaxObsZ) (MaxObsZ)
829-834 F6.4 --- zph Photometric redshift (ZPhot)
836-839 A4 --- Field2 Secondary field name (field) (G2)
841-858 F18.15 mag UVmag Apparent magnitude of UV flux (AppMag)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: z4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.5 --- Xpos The X pixel position on image (X_IMAGE)
13- 23 F11.5 --- Ypos The Y pixel position on image (Y_IMAGE)
25- 43 F19.15 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (RA)
45- 64 F20.16 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (DEC)
66- 72 A7 --- VISTATile VISTA_Tile based on VIDEO data releases and
naming system (VISTA_tile)
74- 78 A5 --- VISTAName VISTA_Tile based on VIDEO data releases and
naming system (VISTAtileused)
80-102 E23.17 mW/m2 Fu ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in u band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_u)
104-126 E23.17 mW/m2 Fg ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in g band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_g)
128-150 E23.17 mW/m2 Fr ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in r band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_r)
152-174 E23.17 mW/m2 Fi ?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in i band of the
CFHT VST as described in section 2.1 (flux_i)
176-198 E23.17 mW/m2 FgHSC [] Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in g band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-G)
200-222 E23.17 mW/m2 FrHSC []?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in r band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-R)
224-246 E23.17 mW/m2 FiHSC []?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in i band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-I)
248-270 E23.17 mW/m2 FzHSC []?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in z band of the
HSC as described in section 2.1 (flux_HSC-Z)
272-294 E23.17 mW/m2 FZ []?=-99 Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in Z band of the
VISTA as described in section 2.1 (flux_Z)
296-318 E23.17 mW/m2 FY [] Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in Y band of the
VISTA as described in section 2.1 (flux_Y)
320-342 E23.17 mW/m2 FJ [] Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in J band of the
VISTA as described in section 2.1 (flux_J)
344-366 E23.17 mW/m2 FH [] Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in H band of the
VISTA as described in section 2.1 (flux_H)
368-390 E23.17 mW/m2 FKs [] Flux density measured with 2 arcsec
diameter circular apertures in Ks band of
the VISTA as described in section 2.1
(flux_Ks)
392-413 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fu []?=-99 Error of Fu (err_u)
415-436 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fg []?=-99 Error of Fg (err_g)
438-459 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fr []?=-99 Error of Fr (err_r)
461-482 E22.17 mW/m2 e_Fi []?=-99 Error of Fi (err_i)
484-505 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FgHSC ?=-99 Error of FgHSC (err_HSC-G)
507-528 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FrHSC []?=-99 Error of FrHSC (err_HSC-R)
530-551 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FiHSC ?=-99 Error of FiHSC (err_HSC-I)
553-574 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FzHSC ?=-99 Error of FzHSC (err_HSC-Z)
576-597 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FZ []?=-99 Error of FZ (err_Z)
599-620 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FY Error of FY (err_Y)
622-643 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FJ ?=-99 Error of FJ (err_J)
645-666 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FH Error of FH (err_H)
668-689 E22.17 mW/m2 e_FKs ?=-99 Error of FKs (err_Ks)
691-696 F6.4 --- zphBest Best-fitting photoz for galaxy template
(Z_Phot)
698-708 E11.8 --- ChiGal Chi Square of best-fitting galaxy template
(Chi_Gal)
710-713 F4.2 --- zQSOBest Best-fitting photoz for QSO/AGN template
(Z_QSO)
715-724 E10.8 --- ChiQSO Chi Square of best-fitting QSO/AGN template
(Chi_QSO)
726-737 F12.8 --- ChiStar Chi square of star template (Chi_Star)
739-746 I8 --- ID The Unique name identifier (UID)
748 A1 --- Class Flag to indicated if galaxy or QSO/AGN are
best fitting (G/Q) (Class)
750-753 A4 --- Field1 Location of object in fields as CDFS, COS
and XMM (Field)
755-773 F19.15 mag UVMag Absolute UV magnitude (MUV)
775-794 E20.17 Mpc3 Vmax Maximum volume of universe in which the
object could have been detected and uses to
calculate the UV LF (Vmax) (G1)
796-804 F9.7 --- zObsMax Maximum redshift object would have been
observeble at in its field and used in Vmax
calculation (MaxObsZ) (MaxObsZ)
806-811 F6.4 --- zph Photometric redshift (ZPhot)
813-816 A4 --- Field2 Secondary field name (field) (G2)
818-835 F18.15 mag UVmag Apparent magnitude of UV flux (AppMag)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): As explained in section 3.2 Measuring the UV LF with the 1/Vmax
method, a maximum volume in which the object could have been detected
(Vmax) is thus the co-moving volume contained within the range
zmin < z < zmax, where zmin is the lower boundary of the redshift bin
and zmax is either the maximum bound of the redshift bin or zdet if
it is found to be lower.
Note (G2): Field names are as follows:
C = COSMOS
V = CDFS
XMM1 = XMM-UDEEP
XMM3 = XMM-DEEP
D1 = D1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
License: CC-BY-4.0
(End) Luc Trabelsi [CDS] 29-Jul-2026