VII/139 Observations of Galaxies 1985-1989 (Verter 1990)
CO Observations of Galaxies 1985-1989
Verter F.
<Pub. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 102, 1281, (1990)>
=1990PASP..102.1281V 1990PASP..102.1281V
ADC_Keywords: Bibliography; Galaxy catalogs; CO; References
Description:
In this catalog a complete list of new publications which include CO
observations of external galaxies has been edited so that new
observations are reported only once, preferably in refereed journals
(pub.dat). Therefore the catalog of publications also serves as an
inventory of distinct observational projects.
This catalog lists all publications that have appeared since the
submission of Verter (1985) and before the end of 1989. For each
publication, the number and nature of the observations are summarized.
Introduction:
This paper is a five year update to the Verter (1985) catalog of CO
observations of galaxies. The goal of the present catalog is to give an
overview of recent research on extragalactic molecular gas, as conducted
through observations of emission from CO isotopes. This overview is
intended to cover the number of galaxies observed, the nature of the
observations, the number of individuals involved, the telescopes used,
the degree of international, multi-observatory, and multi-wavelength
collaboration, etc. The heart of the catalog is a complete inventory
(Table 1) of research projects incorporating CO observations of galaxies
which were published in 1985 - 1989, and a summary of their contents
(Table 2).
The Verter (1985) catalog contained all observations of CO isotopes in
galaxies that were published, or available to the author in preprint
form, prior to summer 1984. It contained data from 84 papers. The data
were listed by individual galaxy; there were 94 galaxy detections and
approximately 200 upper limits known at that time.
The present catalog lists all published reports containing new
observations of CO isotopes in galaxies that have appeared since the
Verter (1985) catalog, through the end of 1989. This includes work which
was incorporated in Verter (1985) in preprint form and was subsequently
published. No preprints are included in the present catalog because it
is too difficult to compile a complete listing of submitted work. This
catalog contains 142 publications. The number of galaxies with CO
detections is now approximately = 650, too large to list individually.
Publication List:
pub.dat is an alphabetical listing of the 142 publications containing
observations of CO isotopes in galaxies. For each article, the reference
and the title are provided. A comment in parentheses indicates those
articles which were incorporated in Verter (1985) in preprint form.
pub.dat was compiled with three goals:
(1) to be as complete as possible in recording CO observations of
galaxies,
(2) to avoid repetition, and (3) to emphasize refereed publications.
The completeness of the catalog is fairly easy to insure. Initially,
pub.dat was developed over the past five years by perusing the
literature on a regular basis and maintaining a list of articles that
referred to molecular observations of galaxies. Finally, the completeness
of the list was checked by going through the yearly indices of the
refereed journals Ap. J., Astron. and Ap., A. J., M.N.R.A.S., and Pub.
Astron. Soc. Japan, as well as the subject index of Astronomy and
Astrophysics Abstracts.
Preventing repetition of data in the catalog is a more difficult matter.
The only insurance that the same data is not covered more than once is
to read all of the articles and become familiar with their contents. In
this manner it becomes obvious if the same observations were reported
under different permutations of the authors' names or in different
contexts. pub.dat only lists publications which present new
observations, and does not include analyses of previously reported data.
For example, pub.dat lists Verter (1987), which derives a luminosity
function from reported observations, but does not list Verter (1988),
which uses the same observations in a correlation study.
Because of the preference for refereed journal articles, the following
types of research reports appear in pub.dat only if they have not been
superseeded by a refereed journal article on the same project: Ph.D.
theses, conference proceedings, B.A.A.S. abstracts, articles in the ESO
Messenger, etc. When non-refereed sources are cited, only one,
preferably most recent, report will be listed for a given project.
There is one set of exceptions to the above rules, made on behalf of the
Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) Extragalactic CO
Survey. This survey is a multi-year effort to observe CO(1-0) emission
in a large and complete sample of galaxies. The selection criteria are:
all galaxies at declination above -20deg. with B(T) < 12 mag, or 100
microns IR flux density > 10 Jy, or 60 microns IR flux density > 5 Jy.
The FCRAO Survey is by far the largest source of new galaxy detections
in CO; by the beginning of 1990 about 270 galaxies had been observed,
and about 2/3 of them detected (Young, private communication). Strictly
speaking, these detections have been reported in one publication, Young
etal. (1989). However, pub.dat lists almost all refereed publications
which analyze subsets of this data, even though there is substantial
overlap between their samples.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
pub.dat 80 377 List of publications
table2.dat 83 142 Nature of Observations
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See also:
VII/64 : Catalog of CO Observations of Galaxies (Verter, 1985)
Contains bibliography for 1985 and earlier data
Byte-by-byte Description of file: pub.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 80 A80 --- ref *References to publications
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Note on ref:
The name of the first author used in table2.dat is in brackets
table2.dat summarizes the nature of the CO observations that are being
taken by the various authors, and the telescopes which they used.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- author *Name of first author
17- 18 I2 --- N_author *Total number of authors
19 A1 --- note *[ *] Note on number of authors
20- 23 I4 yr year Year of publication
25- 37 A13 --- obs Telescopes used (see table 1)
39- 49 A11 --- trans *Transistions measured
51- 59 A9 --- gal *Number of galaxies observed
61- 83 A23 --- source *Source selection
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Note on author:
The alphabetical listing of publications is exactly the same as in
pub.dat. The author's initials are only given if there is another person
with the same last name who publishes in this field.
Note on N_author:
Includes the first author.
Note on note:
An asterisk appears after two publications from the ESO Messenger; in
these cases the complete list of collaborators does not appear on the
by-line of the article, but is inferred from the text.
Note on trans:
Column five of table2.dat notes the CO transitions at which observations
were taken. The number N indicates a rotational transition from level J
= N to N-1.
All observations are presumed to refer to the 12CO isotope, unless 13CO
observations are indicated by the prefix ``13-". For papers that are
primarily devoted to CO(1-0) data, observations of higher CO transitions
and isotopes are only noted if they formed a significant element of the
project. The term ``significant" was not applied strenuously, but
indicates that the paper devoted more attention to the data at the
higher transition than to merely mention it in passing.
Note on gal:
The following notations are used to indicate various types of
observations:
N = N galaxies were detected
(N) = N galaxies had upper limits
N∼M = N galaxies were detected at three of more points, as in a map.
In counting the number of galaxies detected, interacting systems which
overlap spatially were treated as one object. A listing of published CO
maps of galaxies also appears in Young (1990), and is useful for looking
up maps by galaxy name, although the listing is not complete.
Note on source:
For papers which are devoted to a few objects, their names are given;
otherwise, the nature of the project or type of objects surveyed is
described.
Studies which are drawn from the data base of the FCRAO Extragalactic CO
Survey are indicated by a leading (F).
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TABLE 1: Telescopes Used in CO Observations of Galaxies
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
observatory dish resolution
abbrev. full name (m) 115GHz 230GHz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
BIMA Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Array 6 x3 6"
BTL AT&T Bell Laboratories 7 102"
CSO CalTech Submillimeter Observatory 10.4 --- 30"
ESO 3.6 European Southern Observatory 3.6 --- 60"
FCRAO Five College Radio Astronomy Obs. 14 45"
IRAM Institut Radio Astronomy Millimetrique 30 23" 14"
JCMT James Clerk Maxwell Telescope 15 --- 23"
NMA Nobeyama Millimeter Array 10 x5 6"
NRAO National Radio Astronomy Observatory 12 60" 30"
NRO Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 17"
OSO Onsala Space Observatory 20 33"
OVRO Owens Valley Radio Observatory 10.4 x3 6"
SEST Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope 15 44" 23"
S.mini Southern hemisphere twin of Columbia U. 1.2 480"
"mini" telescope (original now at CfA)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1 defines the commonly used abbreviations for the observatories at
which the data in this catalog were taken. For each observatory, columns
one through five list its abbreviation, full name, antenna diameter, and
the FWHM beam sizes at the rest frequencies of the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1)
transitions. Beam sizes are only given for those transitions at which
data from that telescope are reported in this catalog.
It stands to reason that there must be a new, but growing, category of
papers on molecular gas in external galaxies which contain no CO isotope
data and thus go uncounted in this catalog. Some notable examples of
this phenomenon are the recent work of
Baan and Haschick (1987),
Bell and Seaquist (1988),
Carlstrom (1988),
Henkel, Mauersberger, and Schilke (1988),
Ho etal. (1987),
Israel etal. 1989,
Nguyen-Q-Rieu, Nakai, and Jackson (1989),
Stacey etal. (1989),
Walker, Carlstrom, and Martin (1989).
As a consequence of the proliferation of accessible molecular lines, the
past five year period is probably the last one in which a catalog of CO
isotope observations can be used as a barometer of research on molecular
gas in external galaxies.
In order to continue to be useful, this catalog would have to be
expanded to cover all molecular line observations, and since the effort
required is prohibitive for one individual, the catalog will instead be
discontinued.
Acknowledgments:
Verter expresses thanks to Yoshiaki Taniguchi for providing a complete
inventory of Nobeyama Radio Observatory Reports, and to Virginia Trimble
and Harley Thronson for their comments on this paper. During the course
of this work, that author was supported by a National Research Council
Fellowship, and by NASA-ADP grants to proposals 074-89 and 092-89.
The ADC wishes to thank Dr. Verter for forwarding this catalog and its
to discussion.
References:
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Abt, H. A. 1985, Pub. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 97, 1050.
Abt, H. A. 1990, preprint submitted to Pub. Astron. Soc. Pacific
Baan, W. A., and Haschick, A. D. 1987, Astroph. J. 318, 139.
Bell, M., and Seaquist, E. 1988, Astroph. J. 329, L17.
Carlstrom, J. E. 1988, Ph.D. thesis, U. California at Berkeley
de Boer, K. S., Azzopardi, M., Baschek, B., Dennefeld, M., Israel, F.
P., Molaro, P., Seggewiss, W., Spite, F., and Westerlund, B. E. 1989,
ESO Messenger, 57, 27.
Gordon, M. A. 1990, Astroph. J. Let 350, L29.
Harris, A. I., Wild, W., Stutzki, J., Jaffe, D. T., Jackson, J. M.,
Eckart, A., Lugten, J. B., and Genzel, R. 1989, Bull. Am. Astron.
Soc. 21, 1188.
Haynes, M. P., and Giovanelli, R. 1983, Astroph. J. 275, 472.
Haynes, M. P., and Giovanelli, R. 1984, Astron. J. 89, 758.
Henkel, C., Mauersberger, R., and Schilke, P. 1988, Astron. & Astrophy.
201, L23.
Ho, P. T. P., Martin, R. N., Henkel, C., and Turner, J. L. 1987,
Astroph. J. 320, 663.
Israel, F. P. 1989, ESO Messenger, 57, 19.
Israel, F. P., Hawarden, T. G., Wade, R., Geballe, T. R., and van
Dishoeck, E. F. 1989, Mon. Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 236, 89.
Kenney, J. D., and Young, J. S. 1986, Astroph. J. Let. 301, L13.
Kenney, J. D., and Young, J. S. 1988a, Astroph. J.sup 66, 261.
Kenney, J. D., and Young, J. S. 1988b, Astroph. J. 326, 588.
Kenney, J. D. P., and Young, J. S. 1989, Astroph. J. 344, 171.
Mirabel, I. F., Kazes, I., and Sanders, D. B. 1988, Astroph. J. Let.
324, L59.
Nguyen-Q-Rieu, Nakai, N., and Jackson, J. M. 1989, Astron. & Astrophy.
220, 57.
Ohta, K., Sasaki, M., and Saito, M. 1988, Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan, 40,
653.
Rickard, L. J, Palmer, P., Morris, M., Zuckerman, B., and Turner, B. E.
1975, Astroph. J. Let. 199, L75.
Sandage, A., Binggeli, B., and Tammann, G. A. 1985, Astron. J. 90, 1759.
Scoville, N. Z., Sanders, D. B., Sargent, A. I., Soifer, B. T., and
Tinney, C. G. 1989, Astroph. J. Let. 345, L25.
Stacey, G. J., Genzel, R., Lugten, J. B., and Townes, C. H. 1989, in The
Physics and Chemistry of Interstellar Molecular Clouds, eds. G.
Winnewisser and J. T. Armstrong (New York: Springer-Verlag) p.266
Verter, F. 1985, Astroph. J. Supp. 57, 261.
Verter, F. 1987, Astroph. J. Supp. 65, 555.
Verter, F. 1988, Astroph. J. Supp. 68, 129.
Walker, C. E., Carlstrom, J. E., and Martin, R. N. 1989 Bull. Am.
Astron. Soc.21, 1165.
Wootten, A., and Schwab, F. R., eds., 1988, Science with a Millimeter
Array, MMA Design Study Volume I, (Green Bank: NRAO).
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Wyoming Conference, eds. H. A. Thronson Jr. and J. M. Shull
(Dordrecht: Kluwer) p.67
Young, J. S., Xie, S., Kenney, J. D. P., and Rice, W. L. 1989, Astroph.
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(End) Nancy Grace Roman [SSDOO/ADC] Mar-1-1996